Youth and Crime.
SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
Edited by:
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
Foreword by:
Dr. Arry Bainus MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
2015
SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
© 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et.all.
First Published May, 2015
Published By
Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI)
Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30
Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198
Telp. (0274) 9494 558
E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com
ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
ii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
CONTENTS
Contents .............................................................................................
Acknowledgement ..............................................................................
Foreword ............................................................................................
Introduction .......................................................................................
Chapter 1
Globalizing Information Technology:Issues and
Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia’s Democracy
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ari Ganjar Herdiansah
and Wahyu Gunawan ............................................
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
iii
ix
xi
xiii
1
ASEAN Community 2015: A New Human Resources Paradigm
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Arry Bainus and Ali Maksum ........................................................................
15
Communication Strategy through Media Education: An Efort to Achieve Harmony and Sustainability in Indonesia-Malaysia Relations
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Fitaha Aini, Tofan Rakhmat Zaky and Forina Lestari ................................
27
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
iii
Chapter 4
Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Tia Devianti and R. A.
Tachya Muhamad ....................................................
Chapter 5
Crafting Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal:
Role of Nepalese Political and Welfare Institutions
Bala Raju Nikku, Pradipta Kadambari, Pranita
Bhushan Udas and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...........
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Urban Poverty and Housing
Chapter 8
Mohd Haizzan Yahaya and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin..........................................................................
Human Traicking
Syarif Muhidin Abdurahman and Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin ...................................................................
iv
77
93
101
Youth and Crime
Kumarashwaran Vadevelu, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
and Wahyu Gunawan ..............................................
Chapter 10
53
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy: Achieving Educated and Civilized Society for Social Welfare
Fitaha Aini & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ..................
Chapter 9
39
Concluding Remarks ..........................................
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
107
125
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and
International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His
current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive
realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such
publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI),
Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International
Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University
of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security
and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a
dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University
Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology
Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political
sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns
are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the
politics of community.
Bala Raju Nikku, MSW, Ph.D is a Visiting Sr. Lecturer, Social Work
ProgramSchool of Social SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM)&
Member at Large, International Association of Schools of Social Work
(IASSW) Founding Director, Nepal School of Social Work.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
v
Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has
published book and journals in the ield of communication and media. In
2013, she published her irst book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar MalaysiaIndonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia
(Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media
Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication
programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy
(2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development
Planning.
Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing,
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia
(USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She
has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal
dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at
Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development
Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning,
Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional
Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of
the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf,
Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives
(DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs,
Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work
Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His
current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who
identiied as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently,
he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group
(AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and
Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user
community.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University Sains
Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing and being
supervised by Dr. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and associate professor Dr.
Azlinda Azman.
vi
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya.
He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and
Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology
in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and
Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).
Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University
of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from
University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration
from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior
Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head
of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a
Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work
Sertiication of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).
Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department
of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and
rural community.
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas
Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty
of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now,
a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 –
present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are
mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of
International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
Wahyu Gunawan is aPhD candidate at Padjadjaran University and a
senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. He is
eager in engaging on community development particularly in rural areas.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
vii
Has background in rural government studies and sociology, he now expert
in sociology of government in rural community.
viii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving
me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy
Practices in Contemporary Issues. he publication of this book would
not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I
have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of
Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty
Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha
Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.
he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance
and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many
individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we
wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran
University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali
Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this
book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at
Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for
providing continuous support towards my success.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ix
x
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
FOREWORD
Dr. Arry Bainus, MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and
Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and
success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices
in Contemporary Issues”. his is a very interesting and important book
which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many
academics, not only from sociology and political ields, but also from other
ields as well. he various issues addressed in this book are in fact very
much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be
understand and scrutinize for better intervention.
I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword
to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more
discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant
solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us
today.
I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their
ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers
to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this
book kind will be published in the near future.
hank you.
Wassalam.
Bandung, 2015
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xi
xii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
INTRODUCTION
In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful
his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era,
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he main
objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of
sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of
social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies
and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory
chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for
human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony.
his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied
social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human
life through many perspectives; political and international strategy,
culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. he various
theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy
directions.
In the irst chapter, focus on the Information Technology (IT)
developments that more increasingly integrated in almost every social aspect
have shaped Indonesia’s contemporary democracy. Chapter two, ASEAN
Community 2015 and discusses the dilemma of Indonesian workers
especially those who categorized as illegal in Malaysia. Both countries have
recognized their positive contribution whether for Malaysia or Indonesia.
It was undeniable that all sectors in Malaysia especially construction and
plantation were using Indonesian workers services. At the same time,
Indonesia also indirectly obtained advantages through the remittance
which totally contribute to the national economic development. However,
what happened in Malaysia is illegal workers were arrested and treat as a
criminal. It should be stopped and substituted by the constructive policies
which could give beneits to the both countries. Indonesia and Malaysia
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xiii
and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors
especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the
ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as
possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take
positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has
contribute to the development of “Ummah.”
In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media
education: an efort to achieve harmony and sustainability in IndonesiaMalaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public
so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative
news. A critical community is a community who is able to diferentiate the
written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is
not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian
should be aware that each of them has had a signiicant contribution one
to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian
people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence
of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development.
However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend
to lead to conlict situations. he role of media and media educationis
importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving
modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who
are based theory of cultural conlict and acculturation. Chapter fourth,
the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century.
his section concludes that hird World back to dig the philosophical values
that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is
relected in the ive principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty,
humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people.
he problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development
and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work
harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of
the great nations of the world.herefore, the cultural heritages is an essential
economic asset in facing the escalation of human development.
In the chapter ifth takes up the theme of crafting federal democratic
Republic of Nepal: role of Nepalese political and welfare institutions.
Nepal is one of the least developed, post conlict recovery countries going
through a series of transitions and eforts of nation building. his chapter
concludes that the citizen mobilisation that took place over a period of time
due to the experiments with democracy building in Nepal in the past sixty
years should be sustained, to further ensure the vibrancy and consolidation
xiv
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
of democracy, resulting in crafting a uniied republic out of a multi ethnic
Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model
or best practice in the broadcast media industry. his concept is suitable
due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the
values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires
an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of
research product for design and implementation of public policies. his
will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies
that the government is currently designing.
In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However,
these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well
planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from
the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of
urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely
related to the development and history of the country. After the British
colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing
on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted
when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search
of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban
migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories,
because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard
work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and
build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence
they are known as urban pioneers.
In chapter eigth focus on human traicking, issues and Challenges.
Human trafcking has become global issue and problem. he researchers
concluded that the relevant region is suspect as illegal and such region
is indicated as human traicking (if the elements of coercion and sexual
exploitation are met). he challenges of the government has the right and
responsibility to provide all the protections to its citizen inside as well as
outside the country. here is still optimistic that emphasizing spiritual values
in the public administration and services will enhance the performance
of the government. Finally, the latest chapter nine concern onyouth and
crime as social problem. However, the Malaysia’s social policies makers
can make this recommendation as a guide in outlining or implement a
rehabilitation program for youths involved in crime. At the same time
and hopefully this research will also beneit the school management and
Penang Welfare Department in using this research to improve existing
rehabilitation programs in these institutions. In addition, through this
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xv
research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in
spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s
involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide
as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as
criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia.
his book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader
“Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It
is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international
seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion
with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. hat
experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely
inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who
engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the
author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
xvi
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Chapter
9
Youth and Crime
Kumarashwaran Vadevelu, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin,
and Wahyu Gunawan
READERS GUIDE
hischapter focus on the psychosocial
aspect of youth who involve in crime and
their perception towards the rehabilitation
programme at Tunas Bakti School in
Penang, Malaysia. Basically, this research
will explain the psychosocial aspect of
youth who involve in crime such as
cognitive, social, physical, spiritual and
psychological. he researcher wants to
explore the relationship between the
psychosocial aspect and the involvement
of youth in crime. Besides that, this
research is also aim to explore the youth
perception towards the rehabilitation
programme. he objective of this research
are to identify whether the psychosocial
Youth and Crime
107
aspect do inluence the youth to involve in crime and the second objectives
of this research are to ind out whether the rehabilitation programme is
appropriate or via versus. he researcher employs qualitative techniques in
this research and a total of eight respondents have been interviewed in this
research. Based on the research inding, a total of eight respondents’ admit
their involvement in crime is inluenced by the psychosocial aspect such as
cognitive, social, physical, spiritual and psychological. Meanwhile, most of
the respondents’ of this research indicate that the rehabilitation programme
is not appropriate. his research is very important to social work practice
because based on the research indings the researcher will indentiied the
appropriate programme and services for the youth who involve in crime.
In addition, based on the research indings, the researcher will indentiied
the appropriate intervention for the youth who involve in crime. Hence,
at the end of this study, the researcher suggest that the parent’s or caregiver
should play an very important role in order to make sure their children is
not involve in crime.
INTRODUCTION
his research explained about juvenile’s psycho social aspect based on ive
dimensions which are cognitive, social, physical, spiritual and psychological
at the School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang. he
School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar is a juvenile correctional institution
which is manage by Social Welfare Department of Malaysia which is
underMinistry of Women, Family and Welfare Development of Malaysia.
In recent years, the incidence of juvenile delinquency, such as murder,
drugs, prostitute, abandoned babies and gangsterism have took place in our
country. In general, factors associated with the phenomenon of adolescent
delinquency is based on three aspects which are sociology, psychology
and biological (Fadila & Zabri, 2001). he incidence of crime among
teenagers is one of the social ills in our society. Adolescence period is often
considered the most beautiful moment in human life. At this stage, the
teens went through the variety of changes in himself either physically or
mentally. his condition makes them unstable, anxious, restlessness and
unable to control their emotions (Hasnah & Rahman, 1995).
A fact which must be agreed by all members of the community is that
teenagers are now more willing to act if compared to youth violence in
former times. Teenagers in now not only involved in regular ights during
108
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
the school environment, even willing to take drastic measures in order
to achieve victory events leading to murder (Surahaya, 2006). Teenagers
are now more involved in criminal activities not only unfavorable efects
to themselves, but also to the family, community and nation in the long
term run. his is because teenagers are the future leaders of the successor
state igures available on this time. Among the crimes that typically involve
a large number of adolescents in Malaysia are criminal extortion, ‘Black
Metal’, criminal drugs, crime, theft, sex crimes, theft crimes, bullying and
gangsterism (Surahaya, 2006).
According to Fadila and Zakaria (2001), most adolescents problematic
in moral misconduct usually have a poor disciplinary record while they
were in school again. his condition describes delinquency bad behaviour
in high school students since they likely to involve in moral activities when
they’re outside the school environment or when they enter the stage of
adulthood. Youth crime has become one of the problems that attracted
among the leaders, members of the scholars, the press and parents. Mass
media reported that many teenagers are arrested because involve during
drug addicts clean up operations, student arrested with a group of gangsters,
ighting, robbery and other crimes.
EARLY HISTORY AND RULES OF JUVENILE CRIME
According to Regoli and Hewitt (2003), the deinition of juvenile crime
is a minor criminal behaviour that is contrary to the rules of a country.
According to Trojanowicz and Morash (1992), there are four keywords in
understanding of juvenile crime that teenagers who engage in behaviour
criminal theories that explain the causes of crime among juveniles,
programs and methods that are efective in preventing juvenile crime and
what public opinion against the juvenile in trouble.
History of the rules of juvenile crime has long been written since the early
AD. For example, the Code of Hammurabi in 2270 AD describe juveniles
who commit crimes such as running away from home, not following the
advice of their parents and others. he code of regulations has stated that
each sentence to be imposed on each behaviour crimes committed by
a juvenile. (Bernad, 1992). While the last two thousand years ago, the
Romans were also recorded another program on the regulation of juvenile
crime general rules and regulations of the church. Regulations on the
responsibility on each people according to age is a particular responsibility
Youth and Crime
109
to state and society especially the youth and adults (Bernad, 1992).
LEGAL DEFINITION OF YOUTHIN MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Adolescent refers to a transitional period between childhood with a
maturity period in the life of a biological (Fadila & Zabri, 2001). Children
Act 2001 has deined a child in section 2 as a person under the age of 18
years and in relation to criminal proceedings, a person who has attained the
age of responsibility crime as prescribed in section 82 of the Penal Code.
hus in the Children Act 2001, Act 611 applies to all children under the
age of 18 years, other than in any criminal proceedings. his is in line with
the Age of Majority Act 1971 set age of majority as 18 years. Deinition of
children difers from one Act to another Act. For example, Section 87 of
the Law Reform Act (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 (hereinafter referred
to as AMU) provides deinition of a child as a person under the age of 18
years. While the deinition of a child under the Adoption Act 1952 is a
person who is not married and under the age of 21. In addition, the Act
1961 Child care is dividing the assessment of children to two that is for
Muslim children, the age of majority is 18 years, while for non-Muslim
children, adult age is 21 years.
A CASE STUDY: SCHOOL OF TUNAS BAKTI TELOK AIR
TAWAR BUTTERWORTH, PENANG MALAYSIA
he School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang
established in accordance with Children Act 2001 (Act 611) in agreement
with Chapter 4, Section 65-72. Establishment of the school aims to
education, training and retention that include treatment
i. Children who are found guilty have been proved by Court for
Children, Sec. 91 (1) (f)
ii. Children who are not controlled Part vii of Section 46 (2) (aa)
iii. Children who need care and protection Area of 12 acres, the school
was founded in 1951 by he original name of Camp School, which
aims to provide protection and care to children victims of war and
orphans who have no guardian.
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Restructuring activities and resident classiication was made on 1959
and was named School Supervision and training in the form of activity
speciic guidance on cases between the ages of 10 to 14 years. Year 1978
adjustment was made again with the title of the Tunas Bakti School and
activities form of vocational and academic introduced. Reorganization
of young ofenders’ institution institutions access to the letter Director
General of Social Welfare circular No. 4 of 2001 as the zone-zone has the
form of school academic and vocational training to children for the states
of Perlis, Kedah and Penang. Currently the form of vocational training
only involves the ield cuisine and landscape. However, eforts to direction
are being pursued. In line with the supply requirements of Section 93
(1) (d) and (e) Children Act 2001 and the Convention on the rights of
children, Social Welfare Department of Malaysia has decided to the entry
of children into the Tunas Bakti School reclassiied.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
his research was carried out for those juvenile who involved in crimes
in Malaysia which are recently become more common and this issue is
a conversation had talked about the local community. Criminal cases
within juveniles such as rape, robbery, sexual harassment, etc are a form
of violence that threatens the safety of the people of Malaysia as enshrined
in the Children Act 2001. herefore, before the research is conducted,
researchers have identiied a number of problems to be studied in the context
of juvenile crime at School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth,
Penang. Problems like studied by the researchers is a crime among youth
in Malaysia which are more common and this issue is a conversation talked
by the community. Crime among juveniles has been somewhat disturbing
the peace until the occurrence of well-being of Malaysia multiple cases
in Malaysia. his is proved by the statistics of juvenile rise in juvenile
rehabilitation institutions in Malaysia from 2003 to 2005 which will be
described in the table below.
Table 1
Number of Inmates In Tunas Bakti School (STB) in 2003 Until 2005 in Malaysia
Institution
STB Jerantut
STB Kota Kinabalu
2003
207
66
2004
257
87
2005
Boys
294
81
Girls
0
0
Youth and Crime
111
STB Kuching
STB Telok Air Tawar
STB Sungai Besi
STB Taiping
STB Sungai Lereh (G)
STB Marang (G)
Total
149
126
429
226
154
0
1,357
129
118
342
199
190
143
1,465
67
97
267
230
0
0
1,036
0
0
0
0
215
147
362
Tunas Bakti School, which recorded the highest total number of
occupants Iron River, is a STB that is a total of 429 inmates. Whereas
in 2004 is the Tunas Bakti School, which recorded the total number of
inmates the lowest was STB Kota Kinabalu, a total of 87 residents. In the
year 2005, the number of male residents is higher than the female juvenile
1036 people. From these statistics, it is clear that it there is increasing in
Malaysia and juvenile cases, thus supporting statement of the problem in
this research.
Table 2:
Number of Inmates Probation Hostels in 2003 Until 2005 in Malaysia
Institution
Asrama Pokok Sena
Asrama Silibin
Asrama Subang Jaya
Asrama Bukit Baru
Asrama Rusila
Asrama Sentosa
Asrama Paya Terubong
Asrama Bukit Senyum
Asrama Bahagia (G)
Asrama Dato Keramat (G)
Asrama Jitra (G)
Total
2003
44
22
11
32
40
33
39
70
36
28
0
355
2004
60
13
12
36
38
27
31
60
38
11
12
338
2005
Boys
57
13
12
44
42
31
30
49
0
0
0
278
Girls
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
13
46
67
Table 2 describes the number of probation hostel residents in 2003
to 2005 as an institution in Malaysia. here are 11 probation hostels
throughout Malaysia until 2007. In 2003, the number of residents is the
highest in a probation hostel in Hostels below the wind is at 44 people. In
2004, the lowest number of residents in a probation hostel is at the Hostel
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Dato ‘Keramat (P) which amounted to 11 people. In 2005 the number of
female residents in the entire probation hostel is smaller compared with
the male occupant of 67 people. In addition, the research identiied in this
research defect is present psycho-social aspects of the youths involved in
crime in their daily life. his means that a psycho-social juvenile is in terms
of ive dimensions, namely cognitive, physical, spiritual, psychological and
social not working well. Teenagers do not undergo normal life because they
tend to commit crimes that either in the presence of national legislation
that may threaten the life of another. his is proved by the statistics the
number of teenagers involved in abuse of drugs in Malaysia from 1988 to
2005 as described in Table 3.
Table 3:
Data Collected regarding drugs in Malaysia from the year 1988 until 2005
Addicts By Education Proile
New
Repeat
Not Schooling
299
416
Primer School
1910
3179
SRP/LCE/PMR
5672
7040
SPM/MCE/SPVM
3905
4195
STP/HSC/STPM
154
170
Diploma
185
115
Degree
38
24
Etc (Technical Certiicate )
49
33
JUMLAH
715
5089
12712
8100
324
300
62
82
No Information
5424
3177
2247
Table 3 shows the accumulated data of drug addicts in Malaysia from
1988 to 2005 was of 289.763 people according to standard education.
Categories of recurrent drug addicts were the level of education PMR /
SRP / LCE that of 7040 people. While drug addicts new the lowest was
from the category of a total of 49 people. From these statistics, it is clear
that increasing case abuse of drugs among the youth of Malaysia and, thus
support of this research problem for which there is dysfunction in terms
of psycho-social one juvenile. In addition, the research in this research is
to see juvenile rehabilitation program conducted by the School of Tunas
Bakti Butterworth, Penang was inefective in changing to the residents
there from psycho-social terms. his is because rehabilitation programs
available in the institutions are not very involved participation of family
Youth and Crime
113
members of inmates there. Family support is very important in bringing
about change is good to the residents of the juvenile as the juvenile behavior
changes more become a kind and so forth.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
he focus of the study was basedfocus onthese questionsbelow:
1. To what extent the respondents’ perception of crime as a whole.
2. What are the views of respondents on crime will include the
cognition.
3. How do patterns of social interaction in the context of the social
system of the respondents that may inluence them towards
committing crime which include social aspects.
4. How do the respondents view on religion and the spirit of the
respondents in life that will include aspects of spirituality.
5. To what extent do the respondents view on the health of the centre
juvenile reformatory, which to some extent inluence the level of
respondents’ health and other residents that would include changes
physical aspects of the respondent.
6. To what extent respondents their opinion on emotion before,
during and after Committing which will include the psychological
respondents in this research.
7. To what extent the respondents’ views on the current recovery
program this school is in the process towards recovery positive
behavior which prevents them involving in crime in the future.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
In this research, there are a number of objectives have been achieved
by researchers. One of the objectives of this research was to look at the
juvenile’s psycho social aspect in terms of dimensions of cognitive, social,
physical, spiritual and psychological in School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air
Tawar Butterworth, Penang. hrough this research, researchers have
examined the psycho-social problems face by the eight respondents in
this juvenile correctional institution who committed crime in their past.
Researchers can determine the factors that causes the these respondents
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
who involved in a crime thru the psycho social assessment
In addition, the objectives of this research have explored the causes
of the psycho social problem which afects the juveniles achieving well
being in their life. he study also reveal that all the problems faced by
these juveniles that contribute them in committing in crime eventually
have afected their social aspect in terms of dimensions of cognitive, social,
physical, spiritual and psychological.
One objective of this research is to improve the rehabilitation program
inherent in increasing positive behaviours that prevent the juvenile in the
institution not to repeat the crime in their future after coming out from
this juvenile correctional institution. Rehabilitation programs should be
based on the focus of the juvenile probation prevention, development and
rehabilitation in order to form a good personality in these juvenile.
he objective of this research is to further strengthen behaviour of
positive good character among juveniles. Formation of good character
important for the residents there that this will prepare them in dealing
with the local community to contribute their social responsibility service
towards the local communities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
Research carried out had studied the youth’s psycho social involved
in crimes ranging from cognitive, physical, emotional, and social and
spirituality that is likely to contribute to juvenile crime in Malaysia. In
addition, through this research, it is hoped Malaysians especially the
parents can spend more time with their children so that their children will
not involve in crime. he parents should not pursuit of materialistic world
just to forget their responsibilities in educate their children so that they
succeed in life at the time future.
In addition, research is conducted so that the responsibility educate
the youth to a positive way is not simply located in the parents, but all
Malaysians, including the government, the school and others in their role
in build the character of young adolescents toward a positive personality.
Hopefully, through this research will give an awareness among the staf
at the School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang in
providing rehabilitation programs juvenile efective and more efective for
juvenile rehabilitation process at this institution can bring positive change
Youth and Crime
115
that is not to repeat the crime to juveniles there.
METHODOLOGY
In this research, respondents in the study population were made up
of residents in the School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth.
his school was selected in this research because this school is a juvenile
correctional institution who commits crimes. By the population at this
school is appropriate to take as appropriate to the focus of this research.
While the samples taken in this research are a total of eight respondents
from the total population in the Tunas Bakti School Butterworth, Penang,
which consist of 60 people. Selection of eight respondents in this research
is based on purposive sampling or purposive sampling where it meets the
focus of this study. he sample of eight respondents because the respondents
are sent to the school of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang
for committing this crime and to meet the focus of this research.
he instruments have been used is a qualitative method in this research,
namely by means of in-depth interviews (in-depth interview) to obtain
information with more of the youths involved in crime. his study was
conducted using a case study. A case study is a study to examine and
explain a small group in depth. observation of not participating (non
participant observation) are also used in this research in psycho-social study
of teenagers involved in crime and their perception of the rehabilitation
programs available in these institutions in the recovery process behaviour
towards residents positive.
RESULTS
Researchers have found that there were some psycho-social factors that
contribute towards crime among teenager’s especially involving eighth
respondents in this research. Here are the factors that contribute towards
crime among the respondents in this research.
COGNITIVE FACTORS
he aspect of cognitive especially the respondents thought patterns
have inluence the respondents toward committing to the crime. For
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
example, although some of the respondents knew that this criminal act
was wrong in the sight of our national legislation, but the respondents
have continuing committing the criminal act. Researchers found that only
one of the respondents who didn’t knew the concept or criminal purposes.
he third respondents stated that he didn’t understand the crime concept
because his teacher didn’t explain the deinition of crime in generally. At
the same time the third respondent stated that his parents didn’t explained
why he should not involved in crime. his clearly indicates that teachers
and parents are less emphasized on the description of the criminal purpose
of the third respondent who is a contributor to crime among youth in
Malaysia.
In addition, most of the respondents stated that they committed in
crime because of the inluenced by their friends. his clearly proved that
the mind or cognitive mindset of an adolescent also afect action on their
behavior. At the same time, most of the respondents in the research don’t
think in advance of doing things in their daily life. his is because when
some of the respondents in the requests by their friends to commit crimes
such as stealing a motorcycle and sniing glue, these respondents didn’t
think irst of the side efects that can happen to their life if their involved
in crime.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS (EMOTIONAL)
Psychological factors are also to some extent having contributed to the
crime rates among the respondents in this research. here are a number
of respondents indicated that they were brave and didn’t think in a long
period before committed in a crime. For example, the sixth respondent
stated that he didn’t think long before committing a crime. At the same
time he was not afraid to steal the iron brace as he was only thinking of
selling the stolen goods to get money. his clearly shows that courage can
also contribute to crime. If a person was afraid in committing a crime and
always think before doing something, then it can prevent the occurrence
of crime among teenagers.
Respondent inancial factors may also contribute to crime. For example,
the irst and sixth respondents thinking about how to sell stole goods to
earn money. Furthermore sixth respondent wished to sell the stolen metal
to get some money because at that time he really needed the money. his
Youth and Crime
117
clearly shows that inancial factors may also contribute to the perpetrator
of a crime. his is because some of the respondents have committed in
crime by their act of interest.
PHYSICAL FACTORS
he researchers found that physical factors of the respondents were also
inluenced the occurrence of juvenile crime. Our society often assumes
that only an individual whose body healthy and strong who can commit
a crime. But in this research, researchers have discovered a remarkable
discovery that can be correlated with the occurrence of a crime. Researchers
found that even a teenager who has a physical defect such as limping on
the foot that can prevent individuals from committing crimes, but the
opposite situation have happened. Researchers have found that although
the irst respondent has a physical disable which is limping on the foot but
the irst respondent had committed the crime to steal her sister handset.
At the same time, he had also been sniing glue and smoking marijuana.
his clearly shows that the body disability doesn’t prevent someone from
committing crimes.
In addition, bad habits factors such as sniing glue that may cause
danger to the health was also one of the factor that had contributed
criminal behavior among the respondents in this research. his was proven
when the irst and second respondents admits that they have smoked or
sniing glue, and this has caused them to commit crimes without didn’t
aware of their actions. For example, the second respondent in this research
had committed crimes of sexual harassment on women, by rubbing the
female breast. He admitted that when he rubbed her breasts, he did not
realize the consequences of his actions towards sniing glue until his mind
of conscious became back to normal stage. his clearly proved that the
bad habits that may endanger health, such as sniing glue can contribute
to a crime without realizing they are sniing glue towards committing in
crime act
Although all respondents have bad habits that may endanger their
health, but they didn’t realized that bad habits can be harmful to their
health. For example, the sixth respondent sniing glue as he wanted to
release the stress of life. In addition, each time he pressed for a problem
then he would snif glue to release the pressure on him. his clearly proved
that sniing glue to release stress is one factor that can contribute to crime
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
among teenagers.
SOCIAL FACTORS
Social aspects had also inluenced a person involved in the teenage a
crime. Researchers found that most of the respondents were involved in
crime as inluenced by their friends. For example, the seventh and sixth
respondents admitted that he was involved with crime as inluenced by his
friends. his clearly shows that friend’s bad attitude can inluence a person
involved in crime. In addition, there are also some of the respondents
admitted that they were involved in crime because of themselves. For
example, 2nd, fourth and sixth respondent admit that they committed
in crime because on their own stand. For example, the irst respondent
admitted that he sniing glue because he wanted to feel the sniing of
glue. his clearly shows that the factor itself may also have contributed to
the involvement of youth in a crime.
In this study, the researchers found that the patterns of social interaction
in the social system of micro, mezzo and macro levels of the respondents
did not contribute towards increasing the conidence among respondents.
Most of the respondents didn’t like to discuss problems faced by them
especially with their fathers. For example, the ifth respondents stated that
his father will ignore the problems faced by the respondents. his clearly
proved that there are some parents who are not familiar with their child’s
problems. If parents do not take the time and listened to their children,
these children will most likely mixing with friends with who commit
crimes.
Meanwhile, researchers found that as the village community or in
residential areas wouldn’t concern with the problem faced by the local
residents. At the same time, local communities don’t give encouragement
and motivation to the respondents toward achieving success in their daily
life. For example, the fourth respondent stated that the village used to
abuse him and always accuse him in every single robbery that occurred in
the village. Negative stigma factor is one of the factors that can contribute
to crime among teenagers.
Youth and Crime
119
SPIRITUALITY FACTORS
In this study, the researchers found that the spiritual factors didn’t
directly contribute towards involving in crime by the eight respondents.
his is because the eight respondents do worship to their respective religious
conviction every day. Not even one of the respondents expressed that
those religious factors that encourage them to commit crimes. However,
the researchers found that all respondents do worship the religious in this
rehabilitation school so that they can become good human beings and also
to apologize to God and both of their parents on what they did in the past
which they involved in crime.
SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION
Researchers found that the management of the School of Tunas Bakti
School Telok Butterworth can enhance the rehabilitation programs at this
school. hrough a number of proposals, the school’s management will
hopefully improve psycho-social among inmates at this school. Based on
these results, researchers would like to submit some suggestions to enhance
the rehabilitation programs in the schools of this recovery. Research suggests
that the Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar School’s management should use
several types of treatment methods such as Psychotherapy, Reality herapy,
Cognitive problem solving herapies and other means the appropriate
treatment with the residents in this school.
For example Cognitive herapies suitable for problem solving and
according to Trojanowicz and Morash (1992), Cognitive problem solving
herapies is a therapy that is often used against the youths involved in
crime. he main focus is to teach therapy juveniles so think before you
do an action. In this therapy, the juvenile will be taught to think a sane,
rational, logical and objective before doing an action. his therapy will
teach juveniles to avoid blaming others for their own actions. Juvenile
problem may not be able to analyze their interpersonal problems because
they do not understand other people. Juvenile cannot see the relationsh
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
Edited by:
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Centre for Socioglobal Studies
Padjadjaran University
Foreword by:
Dr. Arry Bainus MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
2015
SOCIOLOGY AND POLICY PRACTICES
IN CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
© 2015 Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin et.all.
First Published May, 2015
Published By
Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI)
Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30
Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198
Telp. (0274) 9494 558
E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com
ISBN: 978-602-9276-55-8
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
ii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
CONTENTS
Contents .............................................................................................
Acknowledgement ..............................................................................
Foreword ............................................................................................
Introduction .......................................................................................
Chapter 1
Globalizing Information Technology:Issues and
Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia’s Democracy
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ari Ganjar Herdiansah
and Wahyu Gunawan ............................................
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
iii
ix
xi
xiii
1
ASEAN Community 2015: A New Human Resources Paradigm
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Arry Bainus and Ali Maksum ........................................................................
15
Communication Strategy through Media Education: An Efort to Achieve Harmony and Sustainability in Indonesia-Malaysia Relations
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Fitaha Aini, Tofan Rakhmat Zaky and Forina Lestari ................................
27
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
iii
Chapter 4
Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Tia Devianti and R. A.
Tachya Muhamad ....................................................
Chapter 5
Crafting Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal:
Role of Nepalese Political and Welfare Institutions
Bala Raju Nikku, Pradipta Kadambari, Pranita
Bhushan Udas and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ...........
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Urban Poverty and Housing
Chapter 8
Mohd Haizzan Yahaya and Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin..........................................................................
Human Traicking
Syarif Muhidin Abdurahman and Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin ...................................................................
iv
77
93
101
Youth and Crime
Kumarashwaran Vadevelu, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
and Wahyu Gunawan ..............................................
Chapter 10
53
Indonesian Broadcasting Policy: Achieving Educated and Civilized Society for Social Welfare
Fitaha Aini & Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin ..................
Chapter 9
39
Concluding Remarks ..........................................
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
107
125
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and
International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His
current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive
realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such
publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI),
Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.
Arry Bainus, Ph.D is a senior lecturer at Department of International
Relation Padjadjaran University. He recived his doctoral degree in University
of Indonesia. He focuses his studies on issues arround national security
and defence, including political study on Indonesian Army. Now he is a
dean at Faculty of Social and Political Science Padjadjaran University
Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Ph.D is a lecturer at Department of Sociology
Padjadjaran University. In 2014 he received his doctoral degree in political
sociology at University of Malaya, Malaysia. His main academic concerns
are political sociology of Islamic society, political communication, and the
politics of community.
Bala Raju Nikku, MSW, Ph.D is a Visiting Sr. Lecturer, Social Work
ProgramSchool of Social SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia (USM)&
Member at Large, International Association of Schools of Social Work
(IASSW) Founding Director, Nepal School of Social Work.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
v
Fitaha Aini, MA, is a communication lecturer in Indonesia. She has
published book and journals in the ield of communication and media. In
2013, she published her irst book entitled Kebebasan Akhbar MalaysiaIndonesia. She completed her study in Science University of Malaysia
(Persuasive Communication) in 2008 and University of Malaya (Media
Studies) in 2011. Her previous research was evaluation of communication
programs (2009-2014) and formulation of communication policy
(2015-2019) in Indonesia under the Ministry of National Development
Planning.
Forina Lestari, M.Sc. obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing,
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia
(USM, 2008).Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She
has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal
dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at
Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development
Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning,
Ministry of Public Works(2013), Directorate General of Regional
Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of
the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf,
Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives
(DPR, 2011).Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs,
Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).
Kumarashwaran VadeveluMSW is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work
Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His
current Ph.D studies regarding social support system among youth who
identiied as transgender women dealing with HIV/AIDS issues. Currently,
he’s working as an outreach worker with AIDS Action and Research Group
(AARG), Universiti Sains Malaysia under the programme of Needle and
Syringe Exchange Program (NSEP) which is dealing with the drug user
community.
Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University Sains
Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing and being
supervised by Dr. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin and associate professor Dr.
Azlinda Azman.
vi
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya.
He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and
Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology
in Faculty Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and
Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).
Syarif Muhidin, Prof. Dr., obtained his Ph.D. from University
of Pedjadjaran (UNPAD) Bandung (1997), Master of Science from
University of Wales (1979), Diploma in Social Policy & Administration
from University College of Swansea (1977). Currently, he is Visiting Senior
Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), prior as Visiting Lecturer at
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 2010-2012, and formerly as the Head
of Research Institute of University of Langlangbuana (UNLA), last he is a
Honorable Member (Dewan Kehormat) of the Institute for Social Work
Sertiication of Indonesia (2012-up to the present).
Tahcya Muhamad, R. A. Drs. MSi is a senior lecturer at Department
of Sociology Padjadjaran University.He is expert in sociology of family and
rural community.
Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas
Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty
of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now,
a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 –
present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing.Current Researches are
mainly about Capacity Building For Decentralization (2008-now).
Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, S.Ip MA is a researcher at the Department of
International and Strategic Studies, Universiti Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
He is activist in Art Movement in Malaysia.
Wahyu Gunawan is aPhD candidate at Padjadjaran University and a
senior lecturer at Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University. He is
eager in engaging on community development particularly in rural areas.
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
vii
Has background in rural government studies and sociology, he now expert
in sociology of government in rural community.
viii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving
me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Policy
Practices in Contemporary Issues. he publication of this book would
not have been possible without the guidance and knowlwdge wich I
have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of
Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty
Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha
Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.
he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance
and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many
individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we
wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran
University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali
Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this
book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Padjadjaran University.All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at
Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for
providing continuous support towards my success.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
ix
x
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
FOREWORD
Dr. Arry Bainus, MA
Dean, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
Padjadjaran University
I would like to express my sincere wishes to Muhamad Fadhil
Nurdin, PhD as Head Department of Sociology Faculty of Social and
Political Sciences Padjadjaran University for his great dedication and
success in completing this book titled “Sociology and Policy Practices
in Contemporary Issues”. his is a very interesting and important book
which I personally feel able to impart more knowledge to the many
academics, not only from sociology and political ields, but also from other
ields as well. he various issues addressed in this book are in fact very
much current issues that is happening around the globe, which need to be
understand and scrutinize for better intervention.
I am really honoured to be given the opportunity to give a foreword
to this special book. It is hoped that this book able to generate more
discussions and awareness on quest for searching for the more relevant
solutions to all social, political and economic issues occurring around us
today.
I would like to congratulate all chapter contributors for sharing their
ideas and knowledge, which I am sure able to set platform for more writers
to venture into the highlighted issues. I sincerely hope that more of this
book kind will be published in the near future.
hank you.
Wassalam.
Bandung, 2015
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xi
xii
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
INTRODUCTION
In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful
his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era,
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues. he main
objective is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of
sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of
social and political issues, practices and insttitutions approachs, policies
and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory
chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for
human beings in the dinamics world to build a human harmony.
his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied
social and political sciences can contribute to the development of human
life through many perspectives; political and international strategy,
culture, history, communi-cation, poverty and social probles. he various
theme have been selected are discussed from social fenomena to policy
directions.
In the irst chapter, focus on the Information Technology (IT)
developments that more increasingly integrated in almost every social aspect
have shaped Indonesia’s contemporary democracy. Chapter two, ASEAN
Community 2015 and discusses the dilemma of Indonesian workers
especially those who categorized as illegal in Malaysia. Both countries have
recognized their positive contribution whether for Malaysia or Indonesia.
It was undeniable that all sectors in Malaysia especially construction and
plantation were using Indonesian workers services. At the same time,
Indonesia also indirectly obtained advantages through the remittance
which totally contribute to the national economic development. However,
what happened in Malaysia is illegal workers were arrested and treat as a
criminal. It should be stopped and substituted by the constructive policies
which could give beneits to the both countries. Indonesia and Malaysia
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xiii
and the countries in ASEAN should build strong partnership in all sectors
especially migrant workers which seen obtain small attention. Facing the
ASEAN Community 2015 both countries should prepare as maximize as
possible by empowering all aspects including migrant workers. By take
positive action towards migrant workers both countries indirectly has
contribute to the development of “Ummah.”
In the thrird chapter discusses communication strategy through media
education: an efort to achieve harmony and sustainability in IndonesiaMalaysia relations - concludes a guidance should be provided to the public
so that they can be more critical and wise in dealing with any negative
news. A critical community is a community who is able to diferentiate the
written and hidden message of writing. A wise community is the one who is
not provoked by provocative and negative news. Indonesian and Malaysian
should be aware that each of them has had a signiicant contribution one
to another. A good example can be seen through the assistant of Malaysian
people in the disaster recovery process in Indonesia and the existence
of Indonesia migrant workers in the Malaysia’s economic development.
However, Indonesia-Malaysia rela-tions is always changing and tend
to lead to conlict situations. he role of media and media educationis
importantas a communication strategy to implement the problem solving
modelin understanding the global situation and the public policies who
are based theory of cultural conlict and acculturation. Chapter fourth,
the author emphasized Indonesian Culture Heritages in the 21St Century.
his section concludes that hird World back to dig the philosophical values
that are in each country. For instance, the basic values of the Indonesian nation is
relected in the ive principles of Pancasila namely the divinity in God Almighty,
humanity, unity and nationality, deliberation and social justice for all people.
he problem is how to translate basic values into the concept of development
and preserve cultural heritage. Apparently, the third world thinkers have to work
harder to formulate a philosophical values - ideological cultural heritage as part of
the great nations of the world.herefore, the cultural heritages is an essential
economic asset in facing the escalation of human development.
In the chapter ifth takes up the theme of crafting federal democratic
Republic of Nepal: role of Nepalese political and welfare institutions.
Nepal is one of the least developed, post conlict recovery countries going
through a series of transitions and eforts of nation building. his chapter
concludes that the citizen mobilisation that took place over a period of time
due to the experiments with democracy building in Nepal in the past sixty
years should be sustained, to further ensure the vibrancy and consolidation
xiv
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
of democracy, resulting in crafting a uniied republic out of a multi ethnic
Nepal. Chapter six explores the broadcast media industry and the role model
or best practice in the broadcast media industry. his concept is suitable
due to it contains freedom which is up-to-date without abandoning the
values of religion, culture and national spirit. Overall, Indonesia requires
an (endogenous) big push to strengthen and institutionalize the use of
research product for design and implementation of public policies. his
will be a crucial factor in determining the success of the welfare policies
that the government is currently designing.
In the chapter seven related with poverty phenomena. However,
these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well
planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from
the previous period was also relatively small. In addition, the struggle of
urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely
related to the development and history of the country. After the British
colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing
on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted
when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search
of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban
migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories,
because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard
work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and
build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence
they are known as urban pioneers.
In chapter eigth focus on human traicking, issues and Challenges.
Human trafcking has become global issue and problem. he researchers
concluded that the relevant region is suspect as illegal and such region
is indicated as human traicking (if the elements of coercion and sexual
exploitation are met). he challenges of the government has the right and
responsibility to provide all the protections to its citizen inside as well as
outside the country. here is still optimistic that emphasizing spiritual values
in the public administration and services will enhance the performance
of the government. Finally, the latest chapter nine concern onyouth and
crime as social problem. However, the Malaysia’s social policies makers
can make this recommendation as a guide in outlining or implement a
rehabilitation program for youths involved in crime. At the same time
and hopefully this research will also beneit the school management and
Penang Welfare Department in using this research to improve existing
rehabilitation programs in these institutions. In addition, through this
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
xv
research, it is expected that the people of Malaysia be aware especially in
spending the time with their children or less able to prevent their children’s
involvement in crime. Finally, researchers expect this research can provide
as important reference material for dealing with negative behavior such as
criminal involvement among adolescents in Malaysia.
his book examines the social and political fenomena in the broader
“Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues” perspective. It
is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international
seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion
with my professors and colleagues, PhD and Master students. hat
experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely
inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who
engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the
author’s responsibility.
Wassalam.
Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin
xvi
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Chapter
9
Youth and Crime
Kumarashwaran Vadevelu, Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin,
and Wahyu Gunawan
READERS GUIDE
hischapter focus on the psychosocial
aspect of youth who involve in crime and
their perception towards the rehabilitation
programme at Tunas Bakti School in
Penang, Malaysia. Basically, this research
will explain the psychosocial aspect of
youth who involve in crime such as
cognitive, social, physical, spiritual and
psychological. he researcher wants to
explore the relationship between the
psychosocial aspect and the involvement
of youth in crime. Besides that, this
research is also aim to explore the youth
perception towards the rehabilitation
programme. he objective of this research
are to identify whether the psychosocial
Youth and Crime
107
aspect do inluence the youth to involve in crime and the second objectives
of this research are to ind out whether the rehabilitation programme is
appropriate or via versus. he researcher employs qualitative techniques in
this research and a total of eight respondents have been interviewed in this
research. Based on the research inding, a total of eight respondents’ admit
their involvement in crime is inluenced by the psychosocial aspect such as
cognitive, social, physical, spiritual and psychological. Meanwhile, most of
the respondents’ of this research indicate that the rehabilitation programme
is not appropriate. his research is very important to social work practice
because based on the research indings the researcher will indentiied the
appropriate programme and services for the youth who involve in crime.
In addition, based on the research indings, the researcher will indentiied
the appropriate intervention for the youth who involve in crime. Hence,
at the end of this study, the researcher suggest that the parent’s or caregiver
should play an very important role in order to make sure their children is
not involve in crime.
INTRODUCTION
his research explained about juvenile’s psycho social aspect based on ive
dimensions which are cognitive, social, physical, spiritual and psychological
at the School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang. he
School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar is a juvenile correctional institution
which is manage by Social Welfare Department of Malaysia which is
underMinistry of Women, Family and Welfare Development of Malaysia.
In recent years, the incidence of juvenile delinquency, such as murder,
drugs, prostitute, abandoned babies and gangsterism have took place in our
country. In general, factors associated with the phenomenon of adolescent
delinquency is based on three aspects which are sociology, psychology
and biological (Fadila & Zabri, 2001). he incidence of crime among
teenagers is one of the social ills in our society. Adolescence period is often
considered the most beautiful moment in human life. At this stage, the
teens went through the variety of changes in himself either physically or
mentally. his condition makes them unstable, anxious, restlessness and
unable to control their emotions (Hasnah & Rahman, 1995).
A fact which must be agreed by all members of the community is that
teenagers are now more willing to act if compared to youth violence in
former times. Teenagers in now not only involved in regular ights during
108
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
the school environment, even willing to take drastic measures in order
to achieve victory events leading to murder (Surahaya, 2006). Teenagers
are now more involved in criminal activities not only unfavorable efects
to themselves, but also to the family, community and nation in the long
term run. his is because teenagers are the future leaders of the successor
state igures available on this time. Among the crimes that typically involve
a large number of adolescents in Malaysia are criminal extortion, ‘Black
Metal’, criminal drugs, crime, theft, sex crimes, theft crimes, bullying and
gangsterism (Surahaya, 2006).
According to Fadila and Zakaria (2001), most adolescents problematic
in moral misconduct usually have a poor disciplinary record while they
were in school again. his condition describes delinquency bad behaviour
in high school students since they likely to involve in moral activities when
they’re outside the school environment or when they enter the stage of
adulthood. Youth crime has become one of the problems that attracted
among the leaders, members of the scholars, the press and parents. Mass
media reported that many teenagers are arrested because involve during
drug addicts clean up operations, student arrested with a group of gangsters,
ighting, robbery and other crimes.
EARLY HISTORY AND RULES OF JUVENILE CRIME
According to Regoli and Hewitt (2003), the deinition of juvenile crime
is a minor criminal behaviour that is contrary to the rules of a country.
According to Trojanowicz and Morash (1992), there are four keywords in
understanding of juvenile crime that teenagers who engage in behaviour
criminal theories that explain the causes of crime among juveniles,
programs and methods that are efective in preventing juvenile crime and
what public opinion against the juvenile in trouble.
History of the rules of juvenile crime has long been written since the early
AD. For example, the Code of Hammurabi in 2270 AD describe juveniles
who commit crimes such as running away from home, not following the
advice of their parents and others. he code of regulations has stated that
each sentence to be imposed on each behaviour crimes committed by
a juvenile. (Bernad, 1992). While the last two thousand years ago, the
Romans were also recorded another program on the regulation of juvenile
crime general rules and regulations of the church. Regulations on the
responsibility on each people according to age is a particular responsibility
Youth and Crime
109
to state and society especially the youth and adults (Bernad, 1992).
LEGAL DEFINITION OF YOUTHIN MALAYSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Adolescent refers to a transitional period between childhood with a
maturity period in the life of a biological (Fadila & Zabri, 2001). Children
Act 2001 has deined a child in section 2 as a person under the age of 18
years and in relation to criminal proceedings, a person who has attained the
age of responsibility crime as prescribed in section 82 of the Penal Code.
hus in the Children Act 2001, Act 611 applies to all children under the
age of 18 years, other than in any criminal proceedings. his is in line with
the Age of Majority Act 1971 set age of majority as 18 years. Deinition of
children difers from one Act to another Act. For example, Section 87 of
the Law Reform Act (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976 (hereinafter referred
to as AMU) provides deinition of a child as a person under the age of 18
years. While the deinition of a child under the Adoption Act 1952 is a
person who is not married and under the age of 21. In addition, the Act
1961 Child care is dividing the assessment of children to two that is for
Muslim children, the age of majority is 18 years, while for non-Muslim
children, adult age is 21 years.
A CASE STUDY: SCHOOL OF TUNAS BAKTI TELOK AIR
TAWAR BUTTERWORTH, PENANG MALAYSIA
he School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang
established in accordance with Children Act 2001 (Act 611) in agreement
with Chapter 4, Section 65-72. Establishment of the school aims to
education, training and retention that include treatment
i. Children who are found guilty have been proved by Court for
Children, Sec. 91 (1) (f)
ii. Children who are not controlled Part vii of Section 46 (2) (aa)
iii. Children who need care and protection Area of 12 acres, the school
was founded in 1951 by he original name of Camp School, which
aims to provide protection and care to children victims of war and
orphans who have no guardian.
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Restructuring activities and resident classiication was made on 1959
and was named School Supervision and training in the form of activity
speciic guidance on cases between the ages of 10 to 14 years. Year 1978
adjustment was made again with the title of the Tunas Bakti School and
activities form of vocational and academic introduced. Reorganization
of young ofenders’ institution institutions access to the letter Director
General of Social Welfare circular No. 4 of 2001 as the zone-zone has the
form of school academic and vocational training to children for the states
of Perlis, Kedah and Penang. Currently the form of vocational training
only involves the ield cuisine and landscape. However, eforts to direction
are being pursued. In line with the supply requirements of Section 93
(1) (d) and (e) Children Act 2001 and the Convention on the rights of
children, Social Welfare Department of Malaysia has decided to the entry
of children into the Tunas Bakti School reclassiied.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
his research was carried out for those juvenile who involved in crimes
in Malaysia which are recently become more common and this issue is
a conversation had talked about the local community. Criminal cases
within juveniles such as rape, robbery, sexual harassment, etc are a form
of violence that threatens the safety of the people of Malaysia as enshrined
in the Children Act 2001. herefore, before the research is conducted,
researchers have identiied a number of problems to be studied in the context
of juvenile crime at School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth,
Penang. Problems like studied by the researchers is a crime among youth
in Malaysia which are more common and this issue is a conversation talked
by the community. Crime among juveniles has been somewhat disturbing
the peace until the occurrence of well-being of Malaysia multiple cases
in Malaysia. his is proved by the statistics of juvenile rise in juvenile
rehabilitation institutions in Malaysia from 2003 to 2005 which will be
described in the table below.
Table 1
Number of Inmates In Tunas Bakti School (STB) in 2003 Until 2005 in Malaysia
Institution
STB Jerantut
STB Kota Kinabalu
2003
207
66
2004
257
87
2005
Boys
294
81
Girls
0
0
Youth and Crime
111
STB Kuching
STB Telok Air Tawar
STB Sungai Besi
STB Taiping
STB Sungai Lereh (G)
STB Marang (G)
Total
149
126
429
226
154
0
1,357
129
118
342
199
190
143
1,465
67
97
267
230
0
0
1,036
0
0
0
0
215
147
362
Tunas Bakti School, which recorded the highest total number of
occupants Iron River, is a STB that is a total of 429 inmates. Whereas
in 2004 is the Tunas Bakti School, which recorded the total number of
inmates the lowest was STB Kota Kinabalu, a total of 87 residents. In the
year 2005, the number of male residents is higher than the female juvenile
1036 people. From these statistics, it is clear that it there is increasing in
Malaysia and juvenile cases, thus supporting statement of the problem in
this research.
Table 2:
Number of Inmates Probation Hostels in 2003 Until 2005 in Malaysia
Institution
Asrama Pokok Sena
Asrama Silibin
Asrama Subang Jaya
Asrama Bukit Baru
Asrama Rusila
Asrama Sentosa
Asrama Paya Terubong
Asrama Bukit Senyum
Asrama Bahagia (G)
Asrama Dato Keramat (G)
Asrama Jitra (G)
Total
2003
44
22
11
32
40
33
39
70
36
28
0
355
2004
60
13
12
36
38
27
31
60
38
11
12
338
2005
Boys
57
13
12
44
42
31
30
49
0
0
0
278
Girls
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
13
46
67
Table 2 describes the number of probation hostel residents in 2003
to 2005 as an institution in Malaysia. here are 11 probation hostels
throughout Malaysia until 2007. In 2003, the number of residents is the
highest in a probation hostel in Hostels below the wind is at 44 people. In
2004, the lowest number of residents in a probation hostel is at the Hostel
112
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
Dato ‘Keramat (P) which amounted to 11 people. In 2005 the number of
female residents in the entire probation hostel is smaller compared with
the male occupant of 67 people. In addition, the research identiied in this
research defect is present psycho-social aspects of the youths involved in
crime in their daily life. his means that a psycho-social juvenile is in terms
of ive dimensions, namely cognitive, physical, spiritual, psychological and
social not working well. Teenagers do not undergo normal life because they
tend to commit crimes that either in the presence of national legislation
that may threaten the life of another. his is proved by the statistics the
number of teenagers involved in abuse of drugs in Malaysia from 1988 to
2005 as described in Table 3.
Table 3:
Data Collected regarding drugs in Malaysia from the year 1988 until 2005
Addicts By Education Proile
New
Repeat
Not Schooling
299
416
Primer School
1910
3179
SRP/LCE/PMR
5672
7040
SPM/MCE/SPVM
3905
4195
STP/HSC/STPM
154
170
Diploma
185
115
Degree
38
24
Etc (Technical Certiicate )
49
33
JUMLAH
715
5089
12712
8100
324
300
62
82
No Information
5424
3177
2247
Table 3 shows the accumulated data of drug addicts in Malaysia from
1988 to 2005 was of 289.763 people according to standard education.
Categories of recurrent drug addicts were the level of education PMR /
SRP / LCE that of 7040 people. While drug addicts new the lowest was
from the category of a total of 49 people. From these statistics, it is clear
that increasing case abuse of drugs among the youth of Malaysia and, thus
support of this research problem for which there is dysfunction in terms
of psycho-social one juvenile. In addition, the research in this research is
to see juvenile rehabilitation program conducted by the School of Tunas
Bakti Butterworth, Penang was inefective in changing to the residents
there from psycho-social terms. his is because rehabilitation programs
available in the institutions are not very involved participation of family
Youth and Crime
113
members of inmates there. Family support is very important in bringing
about change is good to the residents of the juvenile as the juvenile behavior
changes more become a kind and so forth.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
he focus of the study was basedfocus onthese questionsbelow:
1. To what extent the respondents’ perception of crime as a whole.
2. What are the views of respondents on crime will include the
cognition.
3. How do patterns of social interaction in the context of the social
system of the respondents that may inluence them towards
committing crime which include social aspects.
4. How do the respondents view on religion and the spirit of the
respondents in life that will include aspects of spirituality.
5. To what extent do the respondents view on the health of the centre
juvenile reformatory, which to some extent inluence the level of
respondents’ health and other residents that would include changes
physical aspects of the respondent.
6. To what extent respondents their opinion on emotion before,
during and after Committing which will include the psychological
respondents in this research.
7. To what extent the respondents’ views on the current recovery
program this school is in the process towards recovery positive
behavior which prevents them involving in crime in the future.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
In this research, there are a number of objectives have been achieved
by researchers. One of the objectives of this research was to look at the
juvenile’s psycho social aspect in terms of dimensions of cognitive, social,
physical, spiritual and psychological in School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air
Tawar Butterworth, Penang. hrough this research, researchers have
examined the psycho-social problems face by the eight respondents in
this juvenile correctional institution who committed crime in their past.
Researchers can determine the factors that causes the these respondents
114
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
who involved in a crime thru the psycho social assessment
In addition, the objectives of this research have explored the causes
of the psycho social problem which afects the juveniles achieving well
being in their life. he study also reveal that all the problems faced by
these juveniles that contribute them in committing in crime eventually
have afected their social aspect in terms of dimensions of cognitive, social,
physical, spiritual and psychological.
One objective of this research is to improve the rehabilitation program
inherent in increasing positive behaviours that prevent the juvenile in the
institution not to repeat the crime in their future after coming out from
this juvenile correctional institution. Rehabilitation programs should be
based on the focus of the juvenile probation prevention, development and
rehabilitation in order to form a good personality in these juvenile.
he objective of this research is to further strengthen behaviour of
positive good character among juveniles. Formation of good character
important for the residents there that this will prepare them in dealing
with the local community to contribute their social responsibility service
towards the local communities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
Research carried out had studied the youth’s psycho social involved
in crimes ranging from cognitive, physical, emotional, and social and
spirituality that is likely to contribute to juvenile crime in Malaysia. In
addition, through this research, it is hoped Malaysians especially the
parents can spend more time with their children so that their children will
not involve in crime. he parents should not pursuit of materialistic world
just to forget their responsibilities in educate their children so that they
succeed in life at the time future.
In addition, research is conducted so that the responsibility educate
the youth to a positive way is not simply located in the parents, but all
Malaysians, including the government, the school and others in their role
in build the character of young adolescents toward a positive personality.
Hopefully, through this research will give an awareness among the staf
at the School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang in
providing rehabilitation programs juvenile efective and more efective for
juvenile rehabilitation process at this institution can bring positive change
Youth and Crime
115
that is not to repeat the crime to juveniles there.
METHODOLOGY
In this research, respondents in the study population were made up
of residents in the School of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth.
his school was selected in this research because this school is a juvenile
correctional institution who commits crimes. By the population at this
school is appropriate to take as appropriate to the focus of this research.
While the samples taken in this research are a total of eight respondents
from the total population in the Tunas Bakti School Butterworth, Penang,
which consist of 60 people. Selection of eight respondents in this research
is based on purposive sampling or purposive sampling where it meets the
focus of this study. he sample of eight respondents because the respondents
are sent to the school of Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar Butterworth, Penang
for committing this crime and to meet the focus of this research.
he instruments have been used is a qualitative method in this research,
namely by means of in-depth interviews (in-depth interview) to obtain
information with more of the youths involved in crime. his study was
conducted using a case study. A case study is a study to examine and
explain a small group in depth. observation of not participating (non
participant observation) are also used in this research in psycho-social study
of teenagers involved in crime and their perception of the rehabilitation
programs available in these institutions in the recovery process behaviour
towards residents positive.
RESULTS
Researchers have found that there were some psycho-social factors that
contribute towards crime among teenager’s especially involving eighth
respondents in this research. Here are the factors that contribute towards
crime among the respondents in this research.
COGNITIVE FACTORS
he aspect of cognitive especially the respondents thought patterns
have inluence the respondents toward committing to the crime. For
116
Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
example, although some of the respondents knew that this criminal act
was wrong in the sight of our national legislation, but the respondents
have continuing committing the criminal act. Researchers found that only
one of the respondents who didn’t knew the concept or criminal purposes.
he third respondents stated that he didn’t understand the crime concept
because his teacher didn’t explain the deinition of crime in generally. At
the same time the third respondent stated that his parents didn’t explained
why he should not involved in crime. his clearly indicates that teachers
and parents are less emphasized on the description of the criminal purpose
of the third respondent who is a contributor to crime among youth in
Malaysia.
In addition, most of the respondents stated that they committed in
crime because of the inluenced by their friends. his clearly proved that
the mind or cognitive mindset of an adolescent also afect action on their
behavior. At the same time, most of the respondents in the research don’t
think in advance of doing things in their daily life. his is because when
some of the respondents in the requests by their friends to commit crimes
such as stealing a motorcycle and sniing glue, these respondents didn’t
think irst of the side efects that can happen to their life if their involved
in crime.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS (EMOTIONAL)
Psychological factors are also to some extent having contributed to the
crime rates among the respondents in this research. here are a number
of respondents indicated that they were brave and didn’t think in a long
period before committed in a crime. For example, the sixth respondent
stated that he didn’t think long before committing a crime. At the same
time he was not afraid to steal the iron brace as he was only thinking of
selling the stolen goods to get money. his clearly shows that courage can
also contribute to crime. If a person was afraid in committing a crime and
always think before doing something, then it can prevent the occurrence
of crime among teenagers.
Respondent inancial factors may also contribute to crime. For example,
the irst and sixth respondents thinking about how to sell stole goods to
earn money. Furthermore sixth respondent wished to sell the stolen metal
to get some money because at that time he really needed the money. his
Youth and Crime
117
clearly shows that inancial factors may also contribute to the perpetrator
of a crime. his is because some of the respondents have committed in
crime by their act of interest.
PHYSICAL FACTORS
he researchers found that physical factors of the respondents were also
inluenced the occurrence of juvenile crime. Our society often assumes
that only an individual whose body healthy and strong who can commit
a crime. But in this research, researchers have discovered a remarkable
discovery that can be correlated with the occurrence of a crime. Researchers
found that even a teenager who has a physical defect such as limping on
the foot that can prevent individuals from committing crimes, but the
opposite situation have happened. Researchers have found that although
the irst respondent has a physical disable which is limping on the foot but
the irst respondent had committed the crime to steal her sister handset.
At the same time, he had also been sniing glue and smoking marijuana.
his clearly shows that the body disability doesn’t prevent someone from
committing crimes.
In addition, bad habits factors such as sniing glue that may cause
danger to the health was also one of the factor that had contributed
criminal behavior among the respondents in this research. his was proven
when the irst and second respondents admits that they have smoked or
sniing glue, and this has caused them to commit crimes without didn’t
aware of their actions. For example, the second respondent in this research
had committed crimes of sexual harassment on women, by rubbing the
female breast. He admitted that when he rubbed her breasts, he did not
realize the consequences of his actions towards sniing glue until his mind
of conscious became back to normal stage. his clearly proved that the
bad habits that may endanger health, such as sniing glue can contribute
to a crime without realizing they are sniing glue towards committing in
crime act
Although all respondents have bad habits that may endanger their
health, but they didn’t realized that bad habits can be harmful to their
health. For example, the sixth respondent sniing glue as he wanted to
release the stress of life. In addition, each time he pressed for a problem
then he would snif glue to release the pressure on him. his clearly proved
that sniing glue to release stress is one factor that can contribute to crime
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Sociology and Policy Practices in Contemporary Issues
among teenagers.
SOCIAL FACTORS
Social aspects had also inluenced a person involved in the teenage a
crime. Researchers found that most of the respondents were involved in
crime as inluenced by their friends. For example, the seventh and sixth
respondents admitted that he was involved with crime as inluenced by his
friends. his clearly shows that friend’s bad attitude can inluence a person
involved in crime. In addition, there are also some of the respondents
admitted that they were involved in crime because of themselves. For
example, 2nd, fourth and sixth respondent admit that they committed
in crime because on their own stand. For example, the irst respondent
admitted that he sniing glue because he wanted to feel the sniing of
glue. his clearly shows that the factor itself may also have contributed to
the involvement of youth in a crime.
In this study, the researchers found that the patterns of social interaction
in the social system of micro, mezzo and macro levels of the respondents
did not contribute towards increasing the conidence among respondents.
Most of the respondents didn’t like to discuss problems faced by them
especially with their fathers. For example, the ifth respondents stated that
his father will ignore the problems faced by the respondents. his clearly
proved that there are some parents who are not familiar with their child’s
problems. If parents do not take the time and listened to their children,
these children will most likely mixing with friends with who commit
crimes.
Meanwhile, researchers found that as the village community or in
residential areas wouldn’t concern with the problem faced by the local
residents. At the same time, local communities don’t give encouragement
and motivation to the respondents toward achieving success in their daily
life. For example, the fourth respondent stated that the village used to
abuse him and always accuse him in every single robbery that occurred in
the village. Negative stigma factor is one of the factors that can contribute
to crime among teenagers.
Youth and Crime
119
SPIRITUALITY FACTORS
In this study, the researchers found that the spiritual factors didn’t
directly contribute towards involving in crime by the eight respondents.
his is because the eight respondents do worship to their respective religious
conviction every day. Not even one of the respondents expressed that
those religious factors that encourage them to commit crimes. However,
the researchers found that all respondents do worship the religious in this
rehabilitation school so that they can become good human beings and also
to apologize to God and both of their parents on what they did in the past
which they involved in crime.
SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION
Researchers found that the management of the School of Tunas Bakti
School Telok Butterworth can enhance the rehabilitation programs at this
school. hrough a number of proposals, the school’s management will
hopefully improve psycho-social among inmates at this school. Based on
these results, researchers would like to submit some suggestions to enhance
the rehabilitation programs in the schools of this recovery. Research suggests
that the Tunas Bakti Telok Air Tawar School’s management should use
several types of treatment methods such as Psychotherapy, Reality herapy,
Cognitive problem solving herapies and other means the appropriate
treatment with the residents in this school.
For example Cognitive herapies suitable for problem solving and
according to Trojanowicz and Morash (1992), Cognitive problem solving
herapies is a therapy that is often used against the youths involved in
crime. he main focus is to teach therapy juveniles so think before you
do an action. In this therapy, the juvenile will be taught to think a sane,
rational, logical and objective before doing an action. his therapy will
teach juveniles to avoid blaming others for their own actions. Juvenile
problem may not be able to analyze their interpersonal problems because
they do not understand other people. Juvenile cannot see the relationsh