Little bee's motivation to build a relationship with Sarah as seen in Chris Cleave's little bee
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LITTLE BEE’S MOTIVATION TO BUILD A RELATIONSHIP WITH
SARAH AS SEEN IN CHRIS CLEAVE’S LITTLE BEE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
KRESENTIA ANITA AYU KARTIKASARI
Student Number: 094214094
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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LITTLE BEE’S MOTIVATION TO BUILD A RELATIONSHIP WITH
SARAH AS SEEN IN CHRIS CLEAVE’S LITTLE BEE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
KRESENTIA ANITA AYU KARTIKASARI
Student Number: 094214094
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
Nomor mahasiswa
: Kresentia Anita Ayu Kartikasari
: 094214094
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
LITTLE BEE’S MOTIVATION TO BUILD A RELATIONSHIP WITH
SARAH AS SEEN IN CHRIS CLEAVE’S LITTLE BEE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain
untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun
memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 14 November 2013
Yang menyatakan,
Kresentia Anita Ayu Kartikasari
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously
submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of
my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by
any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate
thesis.
Yogyakarta, November 14, 2013
Kresentia Anita Ayu Kartikasari
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“It always seems impossible until it is done”
-Nelson Mandela-
Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow.
The important thing is not to stop questioning.
(Albert Einstein)
My idea of success is just doing your best every day.
That’s all you can do.
-Anonim-
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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to
My Lord Jesus
My beloved father and mother
My brother and sister
My love
My friends
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would to give my biggest gratitude to my beloved Jesus. His love
never ends in my life. He gives me strength to reach my dream.
My deep gratitude goes to my advisor, Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari,
S.S.,M.Ed., for her guidance and inspiration. She really helps and guides me in the
process of my writing. My gratitude also goes to my co-advisor, Ni Luh Putu
Rosiandani, S.S., M.Hum., for her corrections and notes on my undergraduate thesis.
I also want to thank my academic advisor, Dra. Bernardine Ria Lestari M.S., the USD
lecturers, the secretariat staff, and the library staff who have helped me in my study.
I want to give my greatest gratitude to my beloved father, Antonius Is Andono,
who always supports and gives advice to me. He has worked so hard to fulfill my
needs so that I can finish my study. I would like to thank my beloved mother, Anna
Dwibudi Antari, who always loves and prays for me. I also thank Mas Andre and Dek
Tya who always care and support me in doing my undergraduate thesis.
I give my special thank to my love, Mas Vian. He is the rainbow that colors
my heart after the rain. He understands and supports me all the times. I also thank my
best friends: Celi, Rika, Marshell, and Juli and also 2009 group: Meryl, Nilam, Intan,
Yanti, Yuni, Uci, Agnes, Mbak Lid, and Anin, for their stories and supports.
Kresentia Anita Ayu Kartikasari.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………….
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……………………………………………………...
i
ii
iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...............................................................
MOTTO PAGE ………………………………………………………………
DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………
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ix
xi
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………...
A. Background of the Study …………………………………………..
B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………….
C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………….
D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………………...
1
1
3
4
4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………………..
A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………….
B. Review of Related Theories ………………………………………..
1. Character and Characterization ……………………………..
2. Conflict ……………………………………………………...
3. Motivation …………………………………………………..
C. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………..
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6
9
9
11
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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………………...
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………..
B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………….
C. Method of the Study ………………………………………………
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17
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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………………………
A. The Characterization of Little Bee ………………………………....
1. Determined ………………………………………………….
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2. Smart …………...…………………………………………....
3. Brave ………………………………………………………...
B. The Conflict of Little Bee …………………….…………………….
1. Little Bee and the Oil Company …………………………….
2. Little Bee and the Immigration Detention Center …………...
C. Little Bee’s Motivation to Build a Relationship with Sarah ….…….
1. Motivation to fulfill the physiological needs ………………..
2. Motivation to fulfill the safety needs ………………………..
3. Motivation to fill the love needs ………………..….………..
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ……………………………………………...
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BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………….
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APPENDIX …………………………………………………………………...
Summary of Little Bee .………………………………………………...
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ABSTRACT
KRESENTIA ANITA AYU KARTIKASARI. Little Bee’s Motivation to Build A
Relationship with Sarah as Seen in Chris Cleave’s Little Bee. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
The writer discusses the motivation of Little Bee, in Chris Cleave’s Little Bee. The
novel tells about an illegal woman of Nigeria who struggles to survive for her life.
She has experienced the bad experiences that force her to do many things to save her
life. The writer analyzes the motivation of Little Bee in order to find the reasons of
building a relationship with Sarah.
There are three problems that are formulated to analyze the motivation of Little Bee.
The first is to find out the characteristics of Little Bee in the novel. The second is to
reveal the conflicts of the character, Little Bee. The last is to find her motivation to
build a relationship with Sarah.
The writer applied the library research. The main data were collected from the novel
entitled Little Bee written by Chris Cleave. To support the analysis, the writer applied
the criticisms and articles from the internet. The theories are used in this study are the
theory of character and characterization, the theories of conflict, and the theories of
motivation. The psychological approach is also applied in this study.
The study finds out that Little Bee is a determined person. She keeps on moving and
trying to do something in order to survive. She is a smart person. She always has a
brilliant idea to survive. She also applies her trick to get Sarah’s sympathy. She is
also a brave person. The writer reveals the external conflicts of the character, Little
Bee, which leads her to build a relationship with Sarah. The conflict is between Little
Bee and the oil company. The conflict exists because they have different wills. She
wants to live and stay in her village peacefully with her family, but the oil company
want to possess and control the oil source in the village. She also faces a conflict with
the immigration detention center. She wants to live in England and refuses to come
back to her village, but the immigration center must deport the person who does not
have any legal paper to her origin. The writer also presents the reasons behind the
motivation of Little Bee. The conflict pushes her to build a relationship with Sarah.
Sarah is the only person who can fulfill Bee’s needs. Little Bee succeeds to fulfill
three of the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: the physiological needs, the safety needs,
the love needs.
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ABSTRAK
KRESENTIA ANITA AYU KARTIKASARI. Little Bee’s Motivation to Build A
Relationship with Sarah as Seen in Chris Cleave’s Little Bee. Yogyakarta: Jurusan
Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Penulis membahas motivasi dari Little Bee, didalam novel Little Bee karya Chris
Cleave. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang wanita illegal dari Nigeria yang
berjuang untuk kelangsungan hidupnya. Dia telah mengalami banyak pengalaman
buruk yang memaksanya untuk melakukan banyak hal guna menyelamatkan
hidupnya. Penulis menganalisa motivasi dari Little Bee supaya menemukan alasanalasan dalam membangun sebuah hubungan dengan Sarah.
Ada tiga masalah yang dirumuskan oleh penulis untuk menguraikan motivasi dari
Little Bee. Pertama, untuk menemukan gambaran Little Bee di novel ini. Kedua,
untuk mengungkapkan konflik dari Little Bee. Terakhir, untuk menemukan motivasi
dari Little Bee dalam membangun hubungan dengan Sarah.
Penulis menggunakan datakepustakaan. Data utama dikumpulkan dari novel yang
berjudul Little Bee karya Chris Cleave. Untuk mendukung analisa ini, penulis
menggunakan kritik-kritik dan artikel-artikel dari internet. Teori-teori yang digunakan
dalam analisa ini teori karakter dan penokohan, teori konflik, dan teori motivasi.
Pendekatan psikologi juga digunakan di dalam analisa ini.
Analisa ini menemukan bahwa Little Bee adalah seorang yang tekun. Dia terus
bergerak dan berusaha melakukan sesuatu supaya bertahan hidup. Dia adalah seorang
yang pintar. Dia selalu memiliki ide cemerlang untuk mempertahankan hidupnya. Dia
juga menggunakan akalnya untuk mendapatkan simpati Sarah. Dia juga seorang yang
berani. Penulis juga mengungkapkan konflik-konflik eksternal dari tokoh Little Bee,
yang mendorongnya untuk membangun hubungan dengan Sarah. Konflik terjadi
antara Little Bee dan perusahan minyak. Konflik terjadi karena mereka memiliki
keinginan-keinginan yang berbeda. Dia ingin hidup dan tinggal di desanya dengan
damai bersama keluarganya, tetapi perusahan minyak ingin memiliki dan menguasai
sumber minyak didesa tersebut. Dia juga mengahadapi konflik dengan pusat
penahanan imigrasi. Dia ingin tinggal di Inggris dan menolak untuk pulang ke
desanya, tetapi pusat imigrasi harus memulangkan seseorang yang tidak mempunyai
surat ijin resmi ke asalnya. Penulis juga menampilkan alasan-alasan dibalik motivasi
Little Bee. Konflik tersebut mendorongnya untuk membangun hubungan dengan
Sarah. Sarah adalah satu-satunya orang yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan
Bee. Little Bee berhasil untuk memenuhi tiga dari hirarki kebutuhan-kebutuhan karya
Maslow, anatar lain: kebutuhan-kebutuhan psikologi, keamanan, dan kasih sayang.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literatureis not only an imaginative and creative printed work but also an
image of human’s life. It is usually based on human’s experiences in the past and
dreams about future. Thus, the readers are able to enrich their knowledge of human’s
world by studying literature. In a book An Introduction to the Study of Literature,
Hudson stated that
Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they have
experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about life through the
medium of language(1958: 10).
From the quotation above, it can be concluded that literature is the picture of human
beings because it is the representation of human feeling toward his life. The authors
create literary works based on what they see, what they think and dream, and also
what they feel in life. Furthermore, the readers understand what the author said in his
written language.
Novel is the most creative and complex literary work because it tells about
human life with detaildescription and shows theplot that is easy to be understood.
Van De Laar and Schoonderwoerd stated that “A novel is a work of art in so far as it
introduces us into a living world we live in…” (1963: 163).Novel is a creative and
imaginative literary work which arouses the readers’ feeling and emotion through the
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story about a living world where they live in. In another word, it also helps the reader
to understand about human world and to face many kinds of human’s characteristics.
A novel can be studied in many perspectives. Psychological perspective is one
of perspectives that sees and analyzes the behavior of the character in the novel.
There are some aspects which influence the character’s behavior. Motivation is one
aspect that gives big influence to the character in action.According to Holman and
William in A Handbook to Literature, they argued about psychological novel.
Prose fiction that places unusual emphasis on interior characterization and on
the motives, circumstances, and internal action that spring from, and develop,
external action. The psychological novel, not content to state what happens,
goes on to explain the why of this action (1986: 402).
In other words, psychological novel is a fiction work that discusses about the action
of character. It pays more attention to the internal and external action of character and
analyzes the motivation or reasons behind the action.
The second novel of Chris Cleave, Little Bee, is a novel that will be analyzed
in this study. This novel is very interesting to be analyzed because it reveals the main
character’s motivation and struggle in building relationship with Sarah. Little Bee
wants to get a happy and peaceful life, but life never seems like that. The oil war that
happens in her village haschanged her life and given a bad impact toher future. It also
drives her to go to England and to stay in immigration detention center for two
years.In fact, England is a strange and new world for a village girl like Little Bee.
Thus,to fulfill her needs in England, she must build a relationship with Sarah because
she is the only person who can help and save Little Bee.
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Chris Cleave’s novel, Little Bee, is an inspiring novel. He uses flashback in
his novel so that the story will be more colored and also presents his novel intwo
different views, Little Bee and Sarah.
Chris Cleave interweaves the two stories, and the lives of the two women with
real skill and there is a strong narrative running through the book which
compels
the
reader
to
keep
turning
on
the
pages
(http://fictionwritersreview.com/reviews/little-bee-by-chris-cleave).
From the above quotation, it can be said that ChrisCleave’sLittle Bee is very different
from other novels which focus only from one point of view. He applies the two
women stories in his novel in order to attract andcompel the reader to focus on every
page in Little Bee.
In this study, the writer chooses the motivation of Little Bee as the topic
because analyzing human motivation helps the writer to understand more about
human being in action. As Petri stated inPettijohn’s book titled Psychology: A
Concise Introduction“motivational concepts allow us to account for the variability in
behavior, both in an individual and between individuals” (1992: 210). Thus,
motivational concepts see and discuss about many kinds of behavior in human being.
B. Problem Formulation
To understand this novel better, the writer presentsthree problems that are
formulated as follows:
1. How is Little Bee described in the novel?
2. What isthe conflict that leads to the need of building a relationship with Sarah?
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3. What is the motivation of Little Bee to build a relationship with Sarah?
C.Objectives of study
This study aims to answer those three problems respectively. Those problems
are about the character, the conflict, and the motivation of major character.
First, the writer sees the characteristics of the major character in the novel. It
helps the writer to understand the description of Little Bee as the major character.
After finding the characteristics, the writer looks for the conflict that leads Little Bee
to build a relationship with Sarah. Then, the writer sees the motivation of the main
character in building a relationship with Sarah.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding and ambiguity in this study, the writer
gives some explanations about the meaning of terms.
1. Character
In a book An Introduction to Fiction, Robert Stanton stated about a meaning
of character:
The term “character” is commonly used in two ways: it designates the
individuals who appear in the story and it refers to the mixture of interests,
desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up each of these
individuals (1965: 17).
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2. Characteristic
InThe New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary ofThe English
Language, characteristic is “distinguishing or contributing to distinguish; marking;
characterizing; showing the character, traits, and disposition of; typical” (1996: 223).
3. Motivation
Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoyin Psychology In Action
stated that “motivation refers to factors within an individual (such as needs, desires,
and interests) that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal” (2000:
392).Every person has different dream, wish, and need from the other persons.
Thesepersonal factors motivate the person to reach the goal.
4. Conflict
According to Roberts and Jacobs in a book Fiction: An Introduction to
Reading and Writing, conflict is:
The opposition of two people. They may fight, argue, enlist help against
each other, and otherwise carry on their opposition. Conflicts may also
exist between larger groups of people, although in fiction conflicts between
individuals are more identifiable and therefore more interesting. Conflict may
also exist between an individual and larger forces, such as natural objects,
ideas, modes of behavior, public opinion, and the like (1987: 87-88).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
In this review of related studies, the writer presents the criticisms of the novel
and even the relevant sources which are taken from the internet. A scholar’s previous
research is also applied in this review. The research and criticisms are needed in order
to support the analysis.
A graduate student from Sanata Dharma University, PawestriSukmajati, uses
The Other Hand, another name of Little Bee,as the object of her research. She made
the research by using moral-philosophical approach. In her research, she analyzed the
moral messages through the major character that was revealed from her
undergraduate thesis,Revealing Moral Messages through the Character of Little
Beein Chris Cleave’sthe Other Hand. In her research, she stated that
Bee is a young woman who never gives up to get what she wants. Whatever
she does in this novel is nothing but survival. She has experienced bad
experiences, and for her, life is survival (2010: 3).
From the above quotation, the writer can see that Little Bee as the main character is a
tough woman. The purpose of her struggle is only to get something that she really
wants. She does not give up although she had got bad experiences in her life.
Moreover, Sukmajati’s research explained that the moral messages of the major
character could be seen from Little Bee’s survival in her life.
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Little Bee presents two different main characters in the story, a Nigerian
andBritish, who meet in a horrible situation. In The Washington Post Website, an
article, A Beach Vacation Goes Horribly Awry,Courteau clearlysaid that “Sarah,
meanwhile, has a life that invites envy: a whip-smart husband, an adorable son, a
satisfying adulterous affair and a glamorous career”. In the story, Sarah is described
as a perfect woman. She has a happy life with her smart husband, one son, and also a
good job that makes somebody envy. On the other hand, Little Bee has “the
misfortune to live on valuable Nigerian oil deposits, for which their family pays a
deadly price”. However, Little Bee’s life is full of sorrow. Her family died because of
the oil war. Since Sarah and Little Bee havedifferent background and life
experiences, they definitely views and faces their life differently.
Cleave alternates between these two characters' points of view as he pulls the
threads of their dark -- but often funny -- story tight. What unfolds between
them in a few short weeks as they struggle to right worlds turned upside down
is both surprising and inevitable, thoroughly satisfying if also heart-rending
(http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-02-25/news/36901381_1_chris
cleave-bee-nigerian).
From the statement, it can be said that Chris Cleave is a creative and smart writer. In
the story, Little Bee, he presents and describes two women, a British and Nigerian, to
create a different point of view so that the story is funny, surprising, and even
touchingthe readers.
Courteau also analyzes and explores about Little Bee, the main character. She
is described as a stubborn woman.What she is done is only for survival. Even though
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her past life was so hard and full of sorrows, she never gives up to struggle for her
life.
Little Bee is a young woman with a past so damaging that it seems to negate
the possibility of a future, but her tensile stubbornness keeps her going. "Take
it from me," she says at the outset, "a scar does not form on the dying.” A scar
means,I
survived(http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-0225/news/36901381_1_chris-cleave-bee-nigerian).
In other words, Little Bee is a tough and brave woman. Although it is impossible to
get a better life, Little Bee’s spirit and will push her to continue her life. For Little
Bee, a scar does not mean death, but it symbolizes that she survives.
Little Bee is not a real name of main character. She and her sister, Nkiruka has
changed their real name for a purpose. Again,Courteau explains that it is only a
symbol of Little Bee’s survival. The author of Little Bee, Chris Cleave,created their
name to illustrate the influence globalization world.
Her very name is a mechanism for survival: On the run from their pursuers
after the rest of their village was destroyed, she and her sister plucked new
names from the air to replace their true ones, "which spoke so loudly of their
tribe and of their region." Little Bee has taught herself English from
newspapers during her detainment, but her reference points are still in Nigeria.
The voice Cleave has created for her illustrates the forcible dislocations of a
globalized
world(http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-0225/news/36901381_1_chris-cleave-bee-nigerian).
Since her village is destroyed, Little Bee and her sister, Nkiruka, try to find some
names to change their real name. The purpose is only for survival. Even though Little
Bee has a new name and learned English from newspaper, her reference is still from
Nigeria.
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The above criticisms that discuss about the intrinsic element of the story help
the writer in analyzing the novel Little Bee. The previous research discovered the
moral messages ofmain character, Little Bee, while in this study the writer discovers
something new that focuses on the motivation of Little Bee in building a relationship
with Sarah. The writer analyzes and finds out some purposes why the main character
wants to build a relationship with Sarah.
B. Review of Related Theories
Some theories are used in this study in order to support the analysis and
answer those three problems. There are the theory of character and characterization,
theory of conflict, andtheory of motivation.
1. Character, Characteristics,and Characterization
Since this study deals with the motivation of main character in Little Bee,the
theories of character and characterization are needed to analyze this major character.
Character is one of elements in a story that has an important role in contributing the
flow of a story. In his book A Glossary of Literary Terms,Abrams stated that
Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are
interpreted by reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and
emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by
what they do – the action (1993: 23).
From the above statement, it can be said that the author creates the characters of a
story which can be interpreted differently by every reader. The readers interpret the
characters by reading the story and analyzing the character’s speech, the
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character’sconversation with another character, and the action of character in the
story. Moreover, each character has own uniqueness since the author gives the
character a different moral, temperament, and emotion.
According to Murphy in Understanding Unseen, there are nine ways in which
the author attempts to make his characters understandable and come alive for the
readers. However, in this study, the writer only uses six of them.
a. Personal Description
The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes by giving the
details; the face, skin, eyes, andthe clothing to the reader (1972: 161).
b. Character as seen by another
The author can also describe a character through the eyes and opinion of
another. Thus, the reader gets a reflected image (1972: 162).
c. Speech
The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in
the book through what the person says.Whenever a person speaks, whenever
he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is
giving us some clue to his character (1972: 164).
d. Past Life
By telling a person’s past life, the author can also give the reader a clue to
events that have helped to shape a person’s character (1972: 166).
e. Reactions
The author can also give the readers a clue to a person’s character by letting
them know the person reacts to various situations and events (1972: 168).
f. Thoughts
The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a character is
thinking about (1972: 171).
These six ways are applied in order to understand the created characters. By looking
at the appearance of the character,opinion of another character, character’s speech,
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character’s past life, character’s action and thoughts, the reader sees and gets the
image of character.
2. Conflict
Conflict is always defined as something opposite and contrastive. It exists
because the character of a story has a clash. In An Introduction to Fiction, Stanton
stated that
Every work of fiction contains obvious internal conflicts between two desires
within a character, or external conflicts between characters or between a
character and his environment (1965: 16).
From the statement, it can be concluded that the external conflict is a clash between
one character and another character or one character and his or her environment. On
the other hand, the internal conflict occurs in a person’s feeling or emotion.
InPerrine’s Literature Structure, Sound, & Sense, Arp and Johnson also have
the similar statement to Stanton. They said that
Conflict is a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills.It is divided into two
types; internal and external. The internal conflict is a conflict with some
elements in their own natures (conflict of person against himself or herself). It
may be physical, mental, emotional, or moral. The external conflict is a clash
against some other person or group of persons (conflict of person against
person), some external force-physical nature, society, or “fate” (conflict of
person against environment) (2009: 104).
From the above quotation, it can be concluded that conflict happens because every
person has different idea, wish, and point of view from the other persons. Conflict
that comes from external exists between two persons, a person and group of people,
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and also a person and environment. However, conflict also comes from internal. It is
a clash within a person such as emotion andmind.
3. Motivation
For some people, motivation can be defined as something that forces someone
to act directly in order to reach her personal goals. Petri in his book entitled
Motivation: Theory and Research stated that
Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or
within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. The concept of motivation
is also used to explain the differences in the intensity of behavior. More
intense behaviors are considered to be the result of higher levels motivation.
Additionally we often use the concept of motivation to indicate the direction
of behavior (1981: 3-4).
From Petri’s statement, it can be concluded that motivation is really related to
human’s behavior or action. When someone has forceful behavior, it means that her/
his motivation is in high level. On the other hand, when someone does not have
intense behavior, it can be said that she has the low level of motivation.
In Psychology: Principles and Applications, Worchel and Shebilske stated the
difference between motive and motivation.
The term motive to describe the condition that energizes and directs the
behavior of organism, but motivation explains why an organism acts in a
certain way at a certain time-it provides the bridge between learning and
performance (1989: 373-374).
In other words,motive is the factors that give the energies and push to the organismto
act directly. However, the motivation is a reason why the organism decides to act in
that way in particular time.
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In Petri’s Motivation: Theory and Research, Abraham Maslow developed the
theory of motivation that deals with the human’s struggle to reach his/her potential.
He believed that human motivation can be analyzed by observing the human rather
than the animal. Thus, the term of a hierarchy of needs is used to understand the
human needs behind his/her behavior. There are fivetypes of human’s needs (1981:
302- 305).
a. Physiological of Needs
If physiological needs such as hunger or thirst are not adequately being met,
the needs above them on the hierarchy are pushed into the background in
terms of controlling behavior. The individual is in an emergency situation and
one’s whole being is dominated by the need. For example, someone in a state
semistarvation will constantly think, dream, and talk about food. On the other
hand, if these needs are met, the next need of the hierarchy emerges as a
dominant force in controlling and directing behavior.
b. Safety Needs
The safety needs represent a need for safety or security in our environment.
Like the physiological needs, safety needs are primarily triggered in
emergency situations. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is
endangered, and our behavior reflects our attempts to remain secure.
c. Love or Belongingness Needs
When the safety needs have been adequately met, they become unimportant in
the direction of behavior, and the love or belongingness needs emerge. These
needs involve a hunger for affectionate relationships with others, a need to
feel part of a group, or a feeling that one “belongs.” The love needs are not
equivalent to sexual needs (which are physiological), though sexual intimacy
can serve to satisfy one’s need to belong. The love needs require both the
receiving and giving of love-love from another and someone to love.
d. Esteem Needs
If the love needs have been adequately met, they too slip into the background
in relation to guiding behavior, and the esteem needs become dominant. These
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are needs for a positive, high evaluation of oneself. This evaluation can be
broken down into two subcategories of a need for self-esteem and a need for
esteem from others. The need for self-esteem motivates for the individual to
strive for achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and freedom. The
need for self-esteem seems to have at its core the desire to feel worthwhile,
while the related need of esteem from others involves a desire for reputation,
status, recognition, appreciation by other of one’s abilities, and a feeling of
importance.
e. Self-Actualization
When one has satisfied the first four levels of need, the final level of
development, which he termed self-actualization, can be reached. The
behavior of the self-actualized person is motivated by a new set of needs,
which Maslow termed the being needs (B-motivation, or metamotivation).
These B-motives are values such as truth, honesty, beauty, and goodness, and
they provide meaning to the life of the self-actualized individual.
Maslow sees and analyzes that human motivation must be looked as an individual, a
whole. Human has several motives behind his action. It is difficult to reduce or even
delete some behaviors in certain situation. Thus,the hierarchy of needs is applied to
see the human’s needs that influence his/her behavior such as physiological needs,
safety needs, love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization.
C. Theoretical Framework
To analyze thethree problems, the writer applies some theories that are
discussed previously. The theories are the theory of character and characterization,
the theory of conflict, and the theory of motivation.
Firstly, the theory of character and characterization is used since the first
problem formulation deals with the characteristics of main character in the novel.
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Thus, the writer needs those theories to understand and explain the characteristics of
main character.
Secondly, the writer applies the theory of conflict to analyze the external
conflict of main character that pushes the need of building a relationship. It is an
exact theory to help the writer inanswering the second problem formulation about the
main character’s conflict.
Thirdly, the writer uses the theory of motivation to find the answer of third
problem formulation about the motivation of main character in building relationship.
Maslow’s theory is applied because it gives a full description of human motivation
that is arranged in the hierarchy of needs. Maslow mentions the five needs,
physiological needs, safety needs, lave needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization
needs, which are formed in his hierarchy. This theory also enables the writer to
analyze Bee’s motivation behind her action and to see the relation between her
conflict and her motivation of building a relationship.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this study is a novel titledLittle Bee. This novel iswritten by
Chris Cleave. He wrote this novel after finishing Incendiary, his second novel.Little
Bee is published bySimon & Schuster Paperbacks in New York, 2010. The author has
also publishedThe Other Hand, another name of Little Bee, in United Kingdom with a
good selling. The sales of the novel were increased with 100,000 paperback copies
sold on March and April 2009.
Chris Cleave wrote this novel in 11 chapters and 266 pages. It is presented by
using two different perspectives and a flashback. Two major characters are Sarah and
Little Bee who speak the narration for every chapter. Furthermore, the novel is not
fully fictional since the experience of illegal Nigerian in the jail and the oil war are a
real story. The technique which is applied by the author makes the story easy to be
read and followed. The story is also able to attractthe reader’s attention and arouse the
reader’s emotion through the tragic and humor of the story.
Chris Cleave lives in London with his French wife and threeAnglo-French
children. He is a famous and creative author. He creates his novel, Little Bee, based
on his childhood experience. He had visited a British concentration camp in West
Africa accidentally.
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Little Bee is a story of two different women who meet in a horrible situation.It
is told that their background of life is very different from one to another. Sarah is a
successful British woman as a journalist and Little Bee is a poor illegal Nigger. The
novel shows Little Bee’s struggle to fulfill her needs when she is in England through
Sarah’s help. The novel also reveals how Little Bee faces the external conflict that
comes to her and goes out from the conflict.
B. Approach of the Study
An appropriate approach is needed by the writer in this study. Since the writer
deals with the character’s motivation, a psychological approach is an exact approach
in this study. It helps the writer to understand the character’s mind and behavior well
as Ryan’s statement that “psychology is associated with more recent developments in
the sciences of the mind” (2012: 44).
According to Rohrberger and Woods, the psychological approach emphasizes
the knowledge of human that discusses about “human motivation, human mind,
imagination, thought, and behavior” (1971: 13). It means that character’s motivation,
behavior, and also thought is the subject of psychological approach. Therefore, this
approach is suitable for this study because the writer focuses on the human
motivation. In this case, the writer also tries to see the character’s motivation and
behavior through psychological view. The theory of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is
also adapted from psychological perspective. Furthermore, by using the
psychological approach and also Maslow’s hierarchy of needs the writer tries to find
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out the motivation of Little Bee to build a relationship with Sarah which is influenced
by Bee’s external conflict.
C. Method of the Study
The writer used a library research method in analyzing this study. The writer
has divided the source into two parts, primary and secondary sources. The most
important source in this study was Chris Cleave’s novel,Little Bee, and the secondary
sources were taken from internet, books, criticisms, and articles related to the work.
In conducting this study, the writer divided the steps into four. First, the writer
read the primary source, Little Bee, for many times.By reading the novel, the writer
enabled to understand the story well and to find the main character of the
story.Second, the writer presented the threeproblems that were discussedin this study.
Third, the writerused some references that were taken from internet, books, and
articles. Those referencessupported the writer in analyzing the novel, Little Bee.
Fourth, the writer found out the review of related studies and appropriate theory that
helped the writer to analyze this study. It was important to use the undergraduate
thesis from Sukmajati and some criticisms or comments to the novel. The writer also
applied some theories in answering the three problems. To know Little Bee’s
characteristics, the writer used the theory of character and characterization. The
theory of conflict was used to analyze the conflict of main character. Then, the theory
of motivation to see Little Bee’s motivation to build a relationship with Sarah thatwas
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influenced by Bee’s external conflict. The last, the writer drew the conclusion based
on the analysis. It was made only after the writer answered the three problems.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
Based on the problem formulation, this chapter is divided into three parts.
First, it analyzes the characterization of Little Bee as a major character. Second, it is
about the conflict of Little Bee that leads to the need of building a relationship with
Sarah. Finally, it is about the motivation of Little Bee in building a relationship with
Sarah. In other word, in the last analysis, the writer tries to show the motivation of
Little Bee in building a relationship with Sarah that reveal through the main
character’s conflict. The writer also applies the theories which were discussed
previously in the chapter two in this analysis.
A. The Characteristics of Little Bee
Characters can be categorized into two types, a major and minor character. In
the story, Little Bee is categorized as a major character because she plays animportant
role and also becomes the focus of the story. Thus, to know the characteristics of the
major character, Little Bee, Murphy’s theoryis applied in this analysis. From his
theory, the writer only uses personal description, character as seen by another,
speech, past life (1972: 161-166), reactions, and thoughts (168-171).
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1. Determined
Little Bee has a strong will to get what she wants. She never gives up although
the situation seems too difficult for her.According to The new International Webster’s
Comprehensive Dictionary of The English Language, “Determined means settled;
determinate” (1996: 349). In another word, Bee does not stop moving and trying to
do something. Since the oil war happened in her village and killed her family, she
tries hard to move and try, especially to survive. No matter how difficult her life is,
she still continues to struggle.
Little Bee’s longing describes that she is a determined person. It can be seen
by her past life and another character’s speech in the story. She fleesfrom the men of
oil company who want to kill her and her sister,Nkiruka. The men are paid to kill all
the villagers who live in the land of oil.Bee decides to save her life by runninginto the
jungle.Sarah who is another character in the novel explains how Bee runs off from the
men and walks into the jungle alone. As Murphy’s theory, “the author can describe
the characters in a story through the opinion of another character” (1972: 162). She
describes clearly that “she had been running for six days, travelling through the fields
by night and hiding in jungles and swamps when daybreak came” (2010: 100). “She”,
as stated above refers to Little Bee. Through Sarah’s description, it can be said that
Bee must be tired of walking for six days. She does not only walk when the sun rises
but also whenthe night comes. She runs off from the men in order to survive. She
knows that it is not easy for her, but she stillmoves and tries hard until she finds a
safe hiding place.
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Murphy also stated that “by telling a person’s past life, the author can also
give a reader a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character” (1972:
166). Sarah asks Bee for telling her past story. She wants to know how Bee survived
and what happened to Bee after she left Bee and her sister with the men of oil
company.Bee and Sarah met for the first time when they were at the beach.To save
the girls,Sarah and Andrew must give one of their fingers to the leader of the men.
Only didSarah give her middle finger to the leader. The consequence is Nkiruka must
die. The couple leftthe beach and the men took the girls away down the beach. The
men pushedBee under the carcass boat that was broken by a storm. She heard her
sister’s groan for being raped before the men killed her and ate her meat.Since her
beloved sister died, she definitely feels so sad and alone. Her sister is the only woman
who protects and saves herself from the men. Bee’s past life is full of sorrows.
However, it pushes and shapes hernot to give up easily. She keeps on moving and
trying to survive.
I walked all night and when it got light I went back into the jungle…It was
like this for two more nights and the last night I came to a port. There were
red and green lights flashing out in the sea, and there was a long concrete
seawall. I walked all along the top of the wall. There were waves crashing all
over me, but there were no guards. Near the end of the seawall, on the land
side, there were two ships tied up next to each other. The near one had an
Italian flag. The other one was British, so I climbed over the Italian ship to get
to it. I went down into the cargo hold (2010: 134-135).
From her past story and act, it can be concluded that Little Bee never gives up.
Although the oil war has killed her family and also her beloved sister,she still tries to
save her life. Her strong will pushes herself to get out from the boat and run to the
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jungle. Every day she walks to find a safe place for her no matter it is night or
morning. Her longing to survive gets a better result. She can leave Nigeria by
climbing over the Italian ship to get to the British one that brings her to England.
Little Bee’s act shows that she never stops moving and trying to do something
even though the situation seems so difficult for her. As Murphy’s theory stated that
“the author can also give the readers a clue to a person’s character by letting them
know the person reacts to various situations and events” (1972: 168). When she
arrives in England, the captain of the British ship takes her to the immigration
detention centre. For two years, she was locked in the detention centre that nobody
knew and helped her. However, it does not stop her longing because some of the
older girls in it said “to survive, you must look good or talk even better” (2010: 3).
For other girls, the immigration detention centre is a place of sorrow and pain, but
Little Bee is able to learn more about England in this place. She does not spend much
time to do nothing, but she starts to learn and practi
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LITTLE BEE’S MOTIVATION TO BUILD A RELATIONSHIP WITH
SARAH AS SEEN IN CHRIS CLEAVE’S LITTLE BEE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
KRESENTIA ANITA AYU KARTIKASARI
Student Number: 094214094
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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LITTLE BEE’S MOTIVATION TO BUILD A RELATIONSHIP WITH
SARAH AS SEEN IN CHRIS CLEAVE’S LITTLE BEE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
KRESENTIA ANITA AYU KARTIKASARI
Student Number: 094214094
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
Nomor mahasiswa
: Kresentia Anita Ayu Kartikasari
: 094214094
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
LITTLE BEE’S MOTIVATION TO BUILD A RELATIONSHIP WITH
SARAH AS SEEN IN CHRIS CLEAVE’S LITTLE BEE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain
untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun
memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 14 November 2013
Yang menyatakan,
Kresentia Anita Ayu Kartikasari
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously
submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of
my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by
any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate
thesis.
Yogyakarta, November 14, 2013
Kresentia Anita Ayu Kartikasari
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“It always seems impossible until it is done”
-Nelson Mandela-
Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow.
The important thing is not to stop questioning.
(Albert Einstein)
My idea of success is just doing your best every day.
That’s all you can do.
-Anonim-
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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to
My Lord Jesus
My beloved father and mother
My brother and sister
My love
My friends
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would to give my biggest gratitude to my beloved Jesus. His love
never ends in my life. He gives me strength to reach my dream.
My deep gratitude goes to my advisor, Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari,
S.S.,M.Ed., for her guidance and inspiration. She really helps and guides me in the
process of my writing. My gratitude also goes to my co-advisor, Ni Luh Putu
Rosiandani, S.S., M.Hum., for her corrections and notes on my undergraduate thesis.
I also want to thank my academic advisor, Dra. Bernardine Ria Lestari M.S., the USD
lecturers, the secretariat staff, and the library staff who have helped me in my study.
I want to give my greatest gratitude to my beloved father, Antonius Is Andono,
who always supports and gives advice to me. He has worked so hard to fulfill my
needs so that I can finish my study. I would like to thank my beloved mother, Anna
Dwibudi Antari, who always loves and prays for me. I also thank Mas Andre and Dek
Tya who always care and support me in doing my undergraduate thesis.
I give my special thank to my love, Mas Vian. He is the rainbow that colors
my heart after the rain. He understands and supports me all the times. I also thank my
best friends: Celi, Rika, Marshell, and Juli and also 2009 group: Meryl, Nilam, Intan,
Yanti, Yuni, Uci, Agnes, Mbak Lid, and Anin, for their stories and supports.
Kresentia Anita Ayu Kartikasari.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................
APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………….
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……………………………………………………...
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...............................................................
MOTTO PAGE ………………………………………………………………
DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………...
A. Background of the Study …………………………………………..
B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………….
C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………….
D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………………...
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CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………………..
A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………….
B. Review of Related Theories ………………………………………..
1. Character and Characterization ……………………………..
2. Conflict ……………………………………………………...
3. Motivation …………………………………………………..
C. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………..
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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………………...
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………………..
B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………….
C. Method of the Study ………………………………………………
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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………………………
A. The Characterization of Little Bee ………………………………....
1. Determined ………………………………………………….
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2. Smart …………...…………………………………………....
3. Brave ………………………………………………………...
B. The Conflict of Little Bee …………………….…………………….
1. Little Bee and the Oil Company …………………………….
2. Little Bee and the Immigration Detention Center …………...
C. Little Bee’s Motivation to Build a Relationship with Sarah ….…….
1. Motivation to fulfill the physiological needs ………………..
2. Motivation to fulfill the safety needs ………………………..
3. Motivation to fill the love needs ………………..….………..
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ……………………………………………...
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BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………….
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APPENDIX …………………………………………………………………...
Summary of Little Bee .………………………………………………...
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ABSTRACT
KRESENTIA ANITA AYU KARTIKASARI. Little Bee’s Motivation to Build A
Relationship with Sarah as Seen in Chris Cleave’s Little Bee. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
The writer discusses the motivation of Little Bee, in Chris Cleave’s Little Bee. The
novel tells about an illegal woman of Nigeria who struggles to survive for her life.
She has experienced the bad experiences that force her to do many things to save her
life. The writer analyzes the motivation of Little Bee in order to find the reasons of
building a relationship with Sarah.
There are three problems that are formulated to analyze the motivation of Little Bee.
The first is to find out the characteristics of Little Bee in the novel. The second is to
reveal the conflicts of the character, Little Bee. The last is to find her motivation to
build a relationship with Sarah.
The writer applied the library research. The main data were collected from the novel
entitled Little Bee written by Chris Cleave. To support the analysis, the writer applied
the criticisms and articles from the internet. The theories are used in this study are the
theory of character and characterization, the theories of conflict, and the theories of
motivation. The psychological approach is also applied in this study.
The study finds out that Little Bee is a determined person. She keeps on moving and
trying to do something in order to survive. She is a smart person. She always has a
brilliant idea to survive. She also applies her trick to get Sarah’s sympathy. She is
also a brave person. The writer reveals the external conflicts of the character, Little
Bee, which leads her to build a relationship with Sarah. The conflict is between Little
Bee and the oil company. The conflict exists because they have different wills. She
wants to live and stay in her village peacefully with her family, but the oil company
want to possess and control the oil source in the village. She also faces a conflict with
the immigration detention center. She wants to live in England and refuses to come
back to her village, but the immigration center must deport the person who does not
have any legal paper to her origin. The writer also presents the reasons behind the
motivation of Little Bee. The conflict pushes her to build a relationship with Sarah.
Sarah is the only person who can fulfill Bee’s needs. Little Bee succeeds to fulfill
three of the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: the physiological needs, the safety needs,
the love needs.
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ABSTRAK
KRESENTIA ANITA AYU KARTIKASARI. Little Bee’s Motivation to Build A
Relationship with Sarah as Seen in Chris Cleave’s Little Bee. Yogyakarta: Jurusan
Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Penulis membahas motivasi dari Little Bee, didalam novel Little Bee karya Chris
Cleave. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang wanita illegal dari Nigeria yang
berjuang untuk kelangsungan hidupnya. Dia telah mengalami banyak pengalaman
buruk yang memaksanya untuk melakukan banyak hal guna menyelamatkan
hidupnya. Penulis menganalisa motivasi dari Little Bee supaya menemukan alasanalasan dalam membangun sebuah hubungan dengan Sarah.
Ada tiga masalah yang dirumuskan oleh penulis untuk menguraikan motivasi dari
Little Bee. Pertama, untuk menemukan gambaran Little Bee di novel ini. Kedua,
untuk mengungkapkan konflik dari Little Bee. Terakhir, untuk menemukan motivasi
dari Little Bee dalam membangun hubungan dengan Sarah.
Penulis menggunakan datakepustakaan. Data utama dikumpulkan dari novel yang
berjudul Little Bee karya Chris Cleave. Untuk mendukung analisa ini, penulis
menggunakan kritik-kritik dan artikel-artikel dari internet. Teori-teori yang digunakan
dalam analisa ini teori karakter dan penokohan, teori konflik, dan teori motivasi.
Pendekatan psikologi juga digunakan di dalam analisa ini.
Analisa ini menemukan bahwa Little Bee adalah seorang yang tekun. Dia terus
bergerak dan berusaha melakukan sesuatu supaya bertahan hidup. Dia adalah seorang
yang pintar. Dia selalu memiliki ide cemerlang untuk mempertahankan hidupnya. Dia
juga menggunakan akalnya untuk mendapatkan simpati Sarah. Dia juga seorang yang
berani. Penulis juga mengungkapkan konflik-konflik eksternal dari tokoh Little Bee,
yang mendorongnya untuk membangun hubungan dengan Sarah. Konflik terjadi
antara Little Bee dan perusahan minyak. Konflik terjadi karena mereka memiliki
keinginan-keinginan yang berbeda. Dia ingin hidup dan tinggal di desanya dengan
damai bersama keluarganya, tetapi perusahan minyak ingin memiliki dan menguasai
sumber minyak didesa tersebut. Dia juga mengahadapi konflik dengan pusat
penahanan imigrasi. Dia ingin tinggal di Inggris dan menolak untuk pulang ke
desanya, tetapi pusat imigrasi harus memulangkan seseorang yang tidak mempunyai
surat ijin resmi ke asalnya. Penulis juga menampilkan alasan-alasan dibalik motivasi
Little Bee. Konflik tersebut mendorongnya untuk membangun hubungan dengan
Sarah. Sarah adalah satu-satunya orang yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan
Bee. Little Bee berhasil untuk memenuhi tiga dari hirarki kebutuhan-kebutuhan karya
Maslow, anatar lain: kebutuhan-kebutuhan psikologi, keamanan, dan kasih sayang.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literatureis not only an imaginative and creative printed work but also an
image of human’s life. It is usually based on human’s experiences in the past and
dreams about future. Thus, the readers are able to enrich their knowledge of human’s
world by studying literature. In a book An Introduction to the Study of Literature,
Hudson stated that
Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they have
experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about life through the
medium of language(1958: 10).
From the quotation above, it can be concluded that literature is the picture of human
beings because it is the representation of human feeling toward his life. The authors
create literary works based on what they see, what they think and dream, and also
what they feel in life. Furthermore, the readers understand what the author said in his
written language.
Novel is the most creative and complex literary work because it tells about
human life with detaildescription and shows theplot that is easy to be understood.
Van De Laar and Schoonderwoerd stated that “A novel is a work of art in so far as it
introduces us into a living world we live in…” (1963: 163).Novel is a creative and
imaginative literary work which arouses the readers’ feeling and emotion through the
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story about a living world where they live in. In another word, it also helps the reader
to understand about human world and to face many kinds of human’s characteristics.
A novel can be studied in many perspectives. Psychological perspective is one
of perspectives that sees and analyzes the behavior of the character in the novel.
There are some aspects which influence the character’s behavior. Motivation is one
aspect that gives big influence to the character in action.According to Holman and
William in A Handbook to Literature, they argued about psychological novel.
Prose fiction that places unusual emphasis on interior characterization and on
the motives, circumstances, and internal action that spring from, and develop,
external action. The psychological novel, not content to state what happens,
goes on to explain the why of this action (1986: 402).
In other words, psychological novel is a fiction work that discusses about the action
of character. It pays more attention to the internal and external action of character and
analyzes the motivation or reasons behind the action.
The second novel of Chris Cleave, Little Bee, is a novel that will be analyzed
in this study. This novel is very interesting to be analyzed because it reveals the main
character’s motivation and struggle in building relationship with Sarah. Little Bee
wants to get a happy and peaceful life, but life never seems like that. The oil war that
happens in her village haschanged her life and given a bad impact toher future. It also
drives her to go to England and to stay in immigration detention center for two
years.In fact, England is a strange and new world for a village girl like Little Bee.
Thus,to fulfill her needs in England, she must build a relationship with Sarah because
she is the only person who can help and save Little Bee.
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Chris Cleave’s novel, Little Bee, is an inspiring novel. He uses flashback in
his novel so that the story will be more colored and also presents his novel intwo
different views, Little Bee and Sarah.
Chris Cleave interweaves the two stories, and the lives of the two women with
real skill and there is a strong narrative running through the book which
compels
the
reader
to
keep
turning
on
the
pages
(http://fictionwritersreview.com/reviews/little-bee-by-chris-cleave).
From the above quotation, it can be said that ChrisCleave’sLittle Bee is very different
from other novels which focus only from one point of view. He applies the two
women stories in his novel in order to attract andcompel the reader to focus on every
page in Little Bee.
In this study, the writer chooses the motivation of Little Bee as the topic
because analyzing human motivation helps the writer to understand more about
human being in action. As Petri stated inPettijohn’s book titled Psychology: A
Concise Introduction“motivational concepts allow us to account for the variability in
behavior, both in an individual and between individuals” (1992: 210). Thus,
motivational concepts see and discuss about many kinds of behavior in human being.
B. Problem Formulation
To understand this novel better, the writer presentsthree problems that are
formulated as follows:
1. How is Little Bee described in the novel?
2. What isthe conflict that leads to the need of building a relationship with Sarah?
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3. What is the motivation of Little Bee to build a relationship with Sarah?
C.Objectives of study
This study aims to answer those three problems respectively. Those problems
are about the character, the conflict, and the motivation of major character.
First, the writer sees the characteristics of the major character in the novel. It
helps the writer to understand the description of Little Bee as the major character.
After finding the characteristics, the writer looks for the conflict that leads Little Bee
to build a relationship with Sarah. Then, the writer sees the motivation of the main
character in building a relationship with Sarah.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding and ambiguity in this study, the writer
gives some explanations about the meaning of terms.
1. Character
In a book An Introduction to Fiction, Robert Stanton stated about a meaning
of character:
The term “character” is commonly used in two ways: it designates the
individuals who appear in the story and it refers to the mixture of interests,
desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up each of these
individuals (1965: 17).
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2. Characteristic
InThe New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary ofThe English
Language, characteristic is “distinguishing or contributing to distinguish; marking;
characterizing; showing the character, traits, and disposition of; typical” (1996: 223).
3. Motivation
Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoyin Psychology In Action
stated that “motivation refers to factors within an individual (such as needs, desires,
and interests) that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal” (2000:
392).Every person has different dream, wish, and need from the other persons.
Thesepersonal factors motivate the person to reach the goal.
4. Conflict
According to Roberts and Jacobs in a book Fiction: An Introduction to
Reading and Writing, conflict is:
The opposition of two people. They may fight, argue, enlist help against
each other, and otherwise carry on their opposition. Conflicts may also
exist between larger groups of people, although in fiction conflicts between
individuals are more identifiable and therefore more interesting. Conflict may
also exist between an individual and larger forces, such as natural objects,
ideas, modes of behavior, public opinion, and the like (1987: 87-88).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
In this review of related studies, the writer presents the criticisms of the novel
and even the relevant sources which are taken from the internet. A scholar’s previous
research is also applied in this review. The research and criticisms are needed in order
to support the analysis.
A graduate student from Sanata Dharma University, PawestriSukmajati, uses
The Other Hand, another name of Little Bee,as the object of her research. She made
the research by using moral-philosophical approach. In her research, she analyzed the
moral messages through the major character that was revealed from her
undergraduate thesis,Revealing Moral Messages through the Character of Little
Beein Chris Cleave’sthe Other Hand. In her research, she stated that
Bee is a young woman who never gives up to get what she wants. Whatever
she does in this novel is nothing but survival. She has experienced bad
experiences, and for her, life is survival (2010: 3).
From the above quotation, the writer can see that Little Bee as the main character is a
tough woman. The purpose of her struggle is only to get something that she really
wants. She does not give up although she had got bad experiences in her life.
Moreover, Sukmajati’s research explained that the moral messages of the major
character could be seen from Little Bee’s survival in her life.
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Little Bee presents two different main characters in the story, a Nigerian
andBritish, who meet in a horrible situation. In The Washington Post Website, an
article, A Beach Vacation Goes Horribly Awry,Courteau clearlysaid that “Sarah,
meanwhile, has a life that invites envy: a whip-smart husband, an adorable son, a
satisfying adulterous affair and a glamorous career”. In the story, Sarah is described
as a perfect woman. She has a happy life with her smart husband, one son, and also a
good job that makes somebody envy. On the other hand, Little Bee has “the
misfortune to live on valuable Nigerian oil deposits, for which their family pays a
deadly price”. However, Little Bee’s life is full of sorrow. Her family died because of
the oil war. Since Sarah and Little Bee havedifferent background and life
experiences, they definitely views and faces their life differently.
Cleave alternates between these two characters' points of view as he pulls the
threads of their dark -- but often funny -- story tight. What unfolds between
them in a few short weeks as they struggle to right worlds turned upside down
is both surprising and inevitable, thoroughly satisfying if also heart-rending
(http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-02-25/news/36901381_1_chris
cleave-bee-nigerian).
From the statement, it can be said that Chris Cleave is a creative and smart writer. In
the story, Little Bee, he presents and describes two women, a British and Nigerian, to
create a different point of view so that the story is funny, surprising, and even
touchingthe readers.
Courteau also analyzes and explores about Little Bee, the main character. She
is described as a stubborn woman.What she is done is only for survival. Even though
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her past life was so hard and full of sorrows, she never gives up to struggle for her
life.
Little Bee is a young woman with a past so damaging that it seems to negate
the possibility of a future, but her tensile stubbornness keeps her going. "Take
it from me," she says at the outset, "a scar does not form on the dying.” A scar
means,I
survived(http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-0225/news/36901381_1_chris-cleave-bee-nigerian).
In other words, Little Bee is a tough and brave woman. Although it is impossible to
get a better life, Little Bee’s spirit and will push her to continue her life. For Little
Bee, a scar does not mean death, but it symbolizes that she survives.
Little Bee is not a real name of main character. She and her sister, Nkiruka has
changed their real name for a purpose. Again,Courteau explains that it is only a
symbol of Little Bee’s survival. The author of Little Bee, Chris Cleave,created their
name to illustrate the influence globalization world.
Her very name is a mechanism for survival: On the run from their pursuers
after the rest of their village was destroyed, she and her sister plucked new
names from the air to replace their true ones, "which spoke so loudly of their
tribe and of their region." Little Bee has taught herself English from
newspapers during her detainment, but her reference points are still in Nigeria.
The voice Cleave has created for her illustrates the forcible dislocations of a
globalized
world(http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009-0225/news/36901381_1_chris-cleave-bee-nigerian).
Since her village is destroyed, Little Bee and her sister, Nkiruka, try to find some
names to change their real name. The purpose is only for survival. Even though Little
Bee has a new name and learned English from newspaper, her reference is still from
Nigeria.
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The above criticisms that discuss about the intrinsic element of the story help
the writer in analyzing the novel Little Bee. The previous research discovered the
moral messages ofmain character, Little Bee, while in this study the writer discovers
something new that focuses on the motivation of Little Bee in building a relationship
with Sarah. The writer analyzes and finds out some purposes why the main character
wants to build a relationship with Sarah.
B. Review of Related Theories
Some theories are used in this study in order to support the analysis and
answer those three problems. There are the theory of character and characterization,
theory of conflict, andtheory of motivation.
1. Character, Characteristics,and Characterization
Since this study deals with the motivation of main character in Little Bee,the
theories of character and characterization are needed to analyze this major character.
Character is one of elements in a story that has an important role in contributing the
flow of a story. In his book A Glossary of Literary Terms,Abrams stated that
Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are
interpreted by reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and
emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by
what they do – the action (1993: 23).
From the above statement, it can be said that the author creates the characters of a
story which can be interpreted differently by every reader. The readers interpret the
characters by reading the story and analyzing the character’s speech, the
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character’sconversation with another character, and the action of character in the
story. Moreover, each character has own uniqueness since the author gives the
character a different moral, temperament, and emotion.
According to Murphy in Understanding Unseen, there are nine ways in which
the author attempts to make his characters understandable and come alive for the
readers. However, in this study, the writer only uses six of them.
a. Personal Description
The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes by giving the
details; the face, skin, eyes, andthe clothing to the reader (1972: 161).
b. Character as seen by another
The author can also describe a character through the eyes and opinion of
another. Thus, the reader gets a reflected image (1972: 162).
c. Speech
The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in
the book through what the person says.Whenever a person speaks, whenever
he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is
giving us some clue to his character (1972: 164).
d. Past Life
By telling a person’s past life, the author can also give the reader a clue to
events that have helped to shape a person’s character (1972: 166).
e. Reactions
The author can also give the readers a clue to a person’s character by letting
them know the person reacts to various situations and events (1972: 168).
f. Thoughts
The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a character is
thinking about (1972: 171).
These six ways are applied in order to understand the created characters. By looking
at the appearance of the character,opinion of another character, character’s speech,
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character’s past life, character’s action and thoughts, the reader sees and gets the
image of character.
2. Conflict
Conflict is always defined as something opposite and contrastive. It exists
because the character of a story has a clash. In An Introduction to Fiction, Stanton
stated that
Every work of fiction contains obvious internal conflicts between two desires
within a character, or external conflicts between characters or between a
character and his environment (1965: 16).
From the statement, it can be concluded that the external conflict is a clash between
one character and another character or one character and his or her environment. On
the other hand, the internal conflict occurs in a person’s feeling or emotion.
InPerrine’s Literature Structure, Sound, & Sense, Arp and Johnson also have
the similar statement to Stanton. They said that
Conflict is a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills.It is divided into two
types; internal and external. The internal conflict is a conflict with some
elements in their own natures (conflict of person against himself or herself). It
may be physical, mental, emotional, or moral. The external conflict is a clash
against some other person or group of persons (conflict of person against
person), some external force-physical nature, society, or “fate” (conflict of
person against environment) (2009: 104).
From the above quotation, it can be concluded that conflict happens because every
person has different idea, wish, and point of view from the other persons. Conflict
that comes from external exists between two persons, a person and group of people,
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and also a person and environment. However, conflict also comes from internal. It is
a clash within a person such as emotion andmind.
3. Motivation
For some people, motivation can be defined as something that forces someone
to act directly in order to reach her personal goals. Petri in his book entitled
Motivation: Theory and Research stated that
Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or
within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. The concept of motivation
is also used to explain the differences in the intensity of behavior. More
intense behaviors are considered to be the result of higher levels motivation.
Additionally we often use the concept of motivation to indicate the direction
of behavior (1981: 3-4).
From Petri’s statement, it can be concluded that motivation is really related to
human’s behavior or action. When someone has forceful behavior, it means that her/
his motivation is in high level. On the other hand, when someone does not have
intense behavior, it can be said that she has the low level of motivation.
In Psychology: Principles and Applications, Worchel and Shebilske stated the
difference between motive and motivation.
The term motive to describe the condition that energizes and directs the
behavior of organism, but motivation explains why an organism acts in a
certain way at a certain time-it provides the bridge between learning and
performance (1989: 373-374).
In other words,motive is the factors that give the energies and push to the organismto
act directly. However, the motivation is a reason why the organism decides to act in
that way in particular time.
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In Petri’s Motivation: Theory and Research, Abraham Maslow developed the
theory of motivation that deals with the human’s struggle to reach his/her potential.
He believed that human motivation can be analyzed by observing the human rather
than the animal. Thus, the term of a hierarchy of needs is used to understand the
human needs behind his/her behavior. There are fivetypes of human’s needs (1981:
302- 305).
a. Physiological of Needs
If physiological needs such as hunger or thirst are not adequately being met,
the needs above them on the hierarchy are pushed into the background in
terms of controlling behavior. The individual is in an emergency situation and
one’s whole being is dominated by the need. For example, someone in a state
semistarvation will constantly think, dream, and talk about food. On the other
hand, if these needs are met, the next need of the hierarchy emerges as a
dominant force in controlling and directing behavior.
b. Safety Needs
The safety needs represent a need for safety or security in our environment.
Like the physiological needs, safety needs are primarily triggered in
emergency situations. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is
endangered, and our behavior reflects our attempts to remain secure.
c. Love or Belongingness Needs
When the safety needs have been adequately met, they become unimportant in
the direction of behavior, and the love or belongingness needs emerge. These
needs involve a hunger for affectionate relationships with others, a need to
feel part of a group, or a feeling that one “belongs.” The love needs are not
equivalent to sexual needs (which are physiological), though sexual intimacy
can serve to satisfy one’s need to belong. The love needs require both the
receiving and giving of love-love from another and someone to love.
d. Esteem Needs
If the love needs have been adequately met, they too slip into the background
in relation to guiding behavior, and the esteem needs become dominant. These
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are needs for a positive, high evaluation of oneself. This evaluation can be
broken down into two subcategories of a need for self-esteem and a need for
esteem from others. The need for self-esteem motivates for the individual to
strive for achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and freedom. The
need for self-esteem seems to have at its core the desire to feel worthwhile,
while the related need of esteem from others involves a desire for reputation,
status, recognition, appreciation by other of one’s abilities, and a feeling of
importance.
e. Self-Actualization
When one has satisfied the first four levels of need, the final level of
development, which he termed self-actualization, can be reached. The
behavior of the self-actualized person is motivated by a new set of needs,
which Maslow termed the being needs (B-motivation, or metamotivation).
These B-motives are values such as truth, honesty, beauty, and goodness, and
they provide meaning to the life of the self-actualized individual.
Maslow sees and analyzes that human motivation must be looked as an individual, a
whole. Human has several motives behind his action. It is difficult to reduce or even
delete some behaviors in certain situation. Thus,the hierarchy of needs is applied to
see the human’s needs that influence his/her behavior such as physiological needs,
safety needs, love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization.
C. Theoretical Framework
To analyze thethree problems, the writer applies some theories that are
discussed previously. The theories are the theory of character and characterization,
the theory of conflict, and the theory of motivation.
Firstly, the theory of character and characterization is used since the first
problem formulation deals with the characteristics of main character in the novel.
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Thus, the writer needs those theories to understand and explain the characteristics of
main character.
Secondly, the writer applies the theory of conflict to analyze the external
conflict of main character that pushes the need of building a relationship. It is an
exact theory to help the writer inanswering the second problem formulation about the
main character’s conflict.
Thirdly, the writer uses the theory of motivation to find the answer of third
problem formulation about the motivation of main character in building relationship.
Maslow’s theory is applied because it gives a full description of human motivation
that is arranged in the hierarchy of needs. Maslow mentions the five needs,
physiological needs, safety needs, lave needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization
needs, which are formed in his hierarchy. This theory also enables the writer to
analyze Bee’s motivation behind her action and to see the relation between her
conflict and her motivation of building a relationship.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this study is a novel titledLittle Bee. This novel iswritten by
Chris Cleave. He wrote this novel after finishing Incendiary, his second novel.Little
Bee is published bySimon & Schuster Paperbacks in New York, 2010. The author has
also publishedThe Other Hand, another name of Little Bee, in United Kingdom with a
good selling. The sales of the novel were increased with 100,000 paperback copies
sold on March and April 2009.
Chris Cleave wrote this novel in 11 chapters and 266 pages. It is presented by
using two different perspectives and a flashback. Two major characters are Sarah and
Little Bee who speak the narration for every chapter. Furthermore, the novel is not
fully fictional since the experience of illegal Nigerian in the jail and the oil war are a
real story. The technique which is applied by the author makes the story easy to be
read and followed. The story is also able to attractthe reader’s attention and arouse the
reader’s emotion through the tragic and humor of the story.
Chris Cleave lives in London with his French wife and threeAnglo-French
children. He is a famous and creative author. He creates his novel, Little Bee, based
on his childhood experience. He had visited a British concentration camp in West
Africa accidentally.
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Little Bee is a story of two different women who meet in a horrible situation.It
is told that their background of life is very different from one to another. Sarah is a
successful British woman as a journalist and Little Bee is a poor illegal Nigger. The
novel shows Little Bee’s struggle to fulfill her needs when she is in England through
Sarah’s help. The novel also reveals how Little Bee faces the external conflict that
comes to her and goes out from the conflict.
B. Approach of the Study
An appropriate approach is needed by the writer in this study. Since the writer
deals with the character’s motivation, a psychological approach is an exact approach
in this study. It helps the writer to understand the character’s mind and behavior well
as Ryan’s statement that “psychology is associated with more recent developments in
the sciences of the mind” (2012: 44).
According to Rohrberger and Woods, the psychological approach emphasizes
the knowledge of human that discusses about “human motivation, human mind,
imagination, thought, and behavior” (1971: 13). It means that character’s motivation,
behavior, and also thought is the subject of psychological approach. Therefore, this
approach is suitable for this study because the writer focuses on the human
motivation. In this case, the writer also tries to see the character’s motivation and
behavior through psychological view. The theory of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is
also adapted from psychological perspective. Furthermore, by using the
psychological approach and also Maslow’s hierarchy of needs the writer tries to find
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out the motivation of Little Bee to build a relationship with Sarah which is influenced
by Bee’s external conflict.
C. Method of the Study
The writer used a library research method in analyzing this study. The writer
has divided the source into two parts, primary and secondary sources. The most
important source in this study was Chris Cleave’s novel,Little Bee, and the secondary
sources were taken from internet, books, criticisms, and articles related to the work.
In conducting this study, the writer divided the steps into four. First, the writer
read the primary source, Little Bee, for many times.By reading the novel, the writer
enabled to understand the story well and to find the main character of the
story.Second, the writer presented the threeproblems that were discussedin this study.
Third, the writerused some references that were taken from internet, books, and
articles. Those referencessupported the writer in analyzing the novel, Little Bee.
Fourth, the writer found out the review of related studies and appropriate theory that
helped the writer to analyze this study. It was important to use the undergraduate
thesis from Sukmajati and some criticisms or comments to the novel. The writer also
applied some theories in answering the three problems. To know Little Bee’s
characteristics, the writer used the theory of character and characterization. The
theory of conflict was used to analyze the conflict of main character. Then, the theory
of motivation to see Little Bee’s motivation to build a relationship with Sarah thatwas
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influenced by Bee’s external conflict. The last, the writer drew the conclusion based
on the analysis. It was made only after the writer answered the three problems.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
Based on the problem formulation, this chapter is divided into three parts.
First, it analyzes the characterization of Little Bee as a major character. Second, it is
about the conflict of Little Bee that leads to the need of building a relationship with
Sarah. Finally, it is about the motivation of Little Bee in building a relationship with
Sarah. In other word, in the last analysis, the writer tries to show the motivation of
Little Bee in building a relationship with Sarah that reveal through the main
character’s conflict. The writer also applies the theories which were discussed
previously in the chapter two in this analysis.
A. The Characteristics of Little Bee
Characters can be categorized into two types, a major and minor character. In
the story, Little Bee is categorized as a major character because she plays animportant
role and also becomes the focus of the story. Thus, to know the characteristics of the
major character, Little Bee, Murphy’s theoryis applied in this analysis. From his
theory, the writer only uses personal description, character as seen by another,
speech, past life (1972: 161-166), reactions, and thoughts (168-171).
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1. Determined
Little Bee has a strong will to get what she wants. She never gives up although
the situation seems too difficult for her.According to The new International Webster’s
Comprehensive Dictionary of The English Language, “Determined means settled;
determinate” (1996: 349). In another word, Bee does not stop moving and trying to
do something. Since the oil war happened in her village and killed her family, she
tries hard to move and try, especially to survive. No matter how difficult her life is,
she still continues to struggle.
Little Bee’s longing describes that she is a determined person. It can be seen
by her past life and another character’s speech in the story. She fleesfrom the men of
oil company who want to kill her and her sister,Nkiruka. The men are paid to kill all
the villagers who live in the land of oil.Bee decides to save her life by runninginto the
jungle.Sarah who is another character in the novel explains how Bee runs off from the
men and walks into the jungle alone. As Murphy’s theory, “the author can describe
the characters in a story through the opinion of another character” (1972: 162). She
describes clearly that “she had been running for six days, travelling through the fields
by night and hiding in jungles and swamps when daybreak came” (2010: 100). “She”,
as stated above refers to Little Bee. Through Sarah’s description, it can be said that
Bee must be tired of walking for six days. She does not only walk when the sun rises
but also whenthe night comes. She runs off from the men in order to survive. She
knows that it is not easy for her, but she stillmoves and tries hard until she finds a
safe hiding place.
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Murphy also stated that “by telling a person’s past life, the author can also
give a reader a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character” (1972:
166). Sarah asks Bee for telling her past story. She wants to know how Bee survived
and what happened to Bee after she left Bee and her sister with the men of oil
company.Bee and Sarah met for the first time when they were at the beach.To save
the girls,Sarah and Andrew must give one of their fingers to the leader of the men.
Only didSarah give her middle finger to the leader. The consequence is Nkiruka must
die. The couple leftthe beach and the men took the girls away down the beach. The
men pushedBee under the carcass boat that was broken by a storm. She heard her
sister’s groan for being raped before the men killed her and ate her meat.Since her
beloved sister died, she definitely feels so sad and alone. Her sister is the only woman
who protects and saves herself from the men. Bee’s past life is full of sorrows.
However, it pushes and shapes hernot to give up easily. She keeps on moving and
trying to survive.
I walked all night and when it got light I went back into the jungle…It was
like this for two more nights and the last night I came to a port. There were
red and green lights flashing out in the sea, and there was a long concrete
seawall. I walked all along the top of the wall. There were waves crashing all
over me, but there were no guards. Near the end of the seawall, on the land
side, there were two ships tied up next to each other. The near one had an
Italian flag. The other one was British, so I climbed over the Italian ship to get
to it. I went down into the cargo hold (2010: 134-135).
From her past story and act, it can be concluded that Little Bee never gives up.
Although the oil war has killed her family and also her beloved sister,she still tries to
save her life. Her strong will pushes herself to get out from the boat and run to the
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jungle. Every day she walks to find a safe place for her no matter it is night or
morning. Her longing to survive gets a better result. She can leave Nigeria by
climbing over the Italian ship to get to the British one that brings her to England.
Little Bee’s act shows that she never stops moving and trying to do something
even though the situation seems so difficult for her. As Murphy’s theory stated that
“the author can also give the readers a clue to a person’s character by letting them
know the person reacts to various situations and events” (1972: 168). When she
arrives in England, the captain of the British ship takes her to the immigration
detention centre. For two years, she was locked in the detention centre that nobody
knew and helped her. However, it does not stop her longing because some of the
older girls in it said “to survive, you must look good or talk even better” (2010: 3).
For other girls, the immigration detention centre is a place of sorrow and pain, but
Little Bee is able to learn more about England in this place. She does not spend much
time to do nothing, but she starts to learn and practi