SPEECH FUNCTIONS IN THE TOBA BATAK MANGONGKAL HOLI CEREMONY.
SPEECH FUNCTIONS IN THE TOBA BATAK
MANGONGKAL HOLI CEREMONY
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements JQr the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
Dody Feliks Pandimun Ambarita
809111028
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2011
SPEECH FUNCTIONS IN THE TOBA BATAK
MANGONGKAL HOLI CEREMONY
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements JQr the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
Dody Feliks Pandimun Ambarita
809111028
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2011
A THESIS
SPEECH FUNCTIONS IN THE TOBA BATAK MANGONGKAL HOLI
CEREMONY
DODY FELIKS PANDIMUN AMBARITA
Registration Number : 809111028
This thesis was examined on October 6th, 2011 by the Board ofExaminers
Approved by
Adviser Commission
First Adviser
The Head of English Applied
Unguis ·
tudy Program
Second Adviser
APPROVAL
This Thesis was exami:oed on October 6th, 2011 by the Board Examiners
Board of Examiners
Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 19550113 198203 1 002
Dr. Anni H. Pulungan, M.Hurn.
NIP. 19700522 200112 2 001
Prof. Dr. Busmin Guming, M.Pd.
NIP. 19590713 198601 1 001
Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd.
NIP. 19570615 198203 1 005
Prof. Dr. Surnarsih, M.Pd.
NIP. 19581021 198303 2 002
ACKNOWLEDG~MT
Praise and thank to God for His blessing, health and strength He has given
to him that he can finish this thesis. He always accompanies him to do what he
has to do and directs him to do the decision that he has gone through.
A deepest gratitude is expressed to Prof. Amrin Saragih. M.A., Ph.D. as
his first adviser for his valuable guidance, consultations and supports during
working this thesis and Dr. Anni H. Pulungan, M.Pd. as his second adviser for her
valuable corrections and advices in finishing this thesis.
He also expresses his great gratitude to Director of Post Graduate School,
Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program of State
University of Medan, all of lectures who have equipped him during the times of
lecturing and finishing this thesis.
Then he thanks to Mr. L.Naibaho, who had welcomed and given him
chance to observe the party who was celebrated by him and all his families as the
source of data in this thesis.
He also expresses a great of thanks to Dr. Biner Ambarita, M.Pd. and
Peliaman br Tambunan as his beloved parents who have shown him a true love of
a father and a mother to
their~
Charles Fransiscus Ambarita S.Pd., M.Si.,
Frans Andi Parlindungan Ambarita and Nina Andriani, S.Pd. as his beloved
brothers and sister who have given him good support in finishing his thesis. They
do play good roles by supporting and giving the best attention to him as long as he
studies and finishes this thesis.
The writer realizes that every work has the weaknesses; hence he hopes
the good critics and suggestions for the perfection of this thesis. And hopefullY his
thesis is useful for the readers.
Medan,
September 2011
The Writer
Dody Feliks Pandimun Am.barita
ii
ABSTRACT
Ambarita, P. F. Dody: Speech Functions in the Toba Batak Mangongkal Holi
Ceremony. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics. Graduate Program.
State University of Medan. 2011.
This thesis deals with speech functions in the Toba Batak mangongkal holi
ceremony. This study attempts to investigate the speech functions found in the
Toba Batak mangonglral holi ceremony i.e. what types of speech functions are
used in the Toba Batak mangongkal holi ceremony, how are the speech functions
realized by the three pillars of the Toba Batak life philOS()J)hy, and why are the
speech functions coded by the three pillars in the ways they are. The data of the
research were taken from mangongkal holi ceremony which was held by Mr. L.
N. in Samosir. The findings indicate that the speech functions found in the
mangonglral holi ceremony were statemen4 command, and question. The data
analysis shows that out of 1000/o statement, 61% is covered by hula-hula, then
followed by dongan tubu is 23%, and at last followed by boru is 16%. Out of
1OOOA. command, 54% is covered by hula-hula, 33% is covered by dongan tubu,
and the last is 13% covered by boru. Meanwhile, out of 1000/o question, 78% is
covered by dongan tubu, and then followed by hula-hula is 22%. So, it is
concluded that the greatest speech functions found at hula-hula utterances during
the mangongkal holi ceremony, it is happened because hula-hula are the ones at
adat feasts that give blessing, that bestow grace and good fortune on the members
of the boru group. The hula-hula are the ones whose earnest requests cannot be
refused; such a status places the members of the hula-hula group in a position
superior to the members of the boru group. That is why the hula-hula must be
respected if we hope for that bless and generation, then followed by dongan tubu,
and at last followed by boru. The speech functions are coded in the ways they are
because of the historical background that hula-hula as the source of bless, wealth,
and generation.
iii
ABSTRACT
Amboritll, P. F. Dody: Spe«h Functions in the Toba Batak Mangongkal Holi
Ceremony. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics. Graduate Program.
State University of Medan. 2011.
Tesis ini membahas tentang speech functions in the Toba Batak mangongkal holi
ceremony. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi :fungsi ujaran yang
ditemukan dalarn acara mangongkal holi pada masyarakat Batak Toba seperti
jenis-jenis ujaran apa yang digunakan oleh ketiga pilar filosofi hi.dup masyarakat
Batak Toba, bagaimana perealisasian :fungsi ujaran teisebut oleh ketiga pilar
filosofi hi.dup masyarakat Batak. To~
dan mengapa seperti demikian
perealisasian ujaran tersebut oleh ketiga pilar filosofi hi.dup masyarakat Batak
Toba. Data penelitian diambil dari acara mangongka/ holi yang diadakan oleh
Bapak L. Naibaho pada tanggal 21 Juli 2011 bertempat di Tanjung Bunga. Jl.
Pangururan, Tano Ponggol, Samosir. Temuan dari tesis ini mengatakan bahwa
jenis-jenis ujaran yang terdapat pada acara mangonglad holi tersebut adalah
pemyataan, perintah, dan pertanyaan. Analisis data dari tesis ini menunjukkan
bahwa dari 100% pemyataan yang terdapat dalarn acara tersebut, 61% diucapkan
oleh hula-hula, kemudian 23% oleh dongan tubu, dan terakhi.r 16% oleh boru.
Dari 100% perintah yang terdapat dalam acara mangongkal holi itu, 54%
diucapkan oleh hula-hula, 33% oleh dongan tubu, dan yang terakhir 13% oleh
boru. Dari 1000./o pertanyaan yang terdapat dalarn acara mangongkal holi tersebut,
78% dan selanjutnya oleh hula-hula yaitu 22%. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan
bahwa fungsi ujaran yang paling banyak ditemukan pada ujaran yang diucapkan
oleh hula-hula selama acara mangongkal holi tersebut, hal itu terjadi k:arena dalarn
acara adat hula-hula merupakan orang yang memberkati, orang yang memberikan
karunia, dan keberuntungan dan juga yang keinginannya yang tak bisa dito1ak
karena posisinya yang paling tinggi dari dongan tubu maupun boru, kemudian
diikuti oleh dongan tubu, dan yang terakhir oleh boru. Perealisasian ujaran
tersebut oleh ketiga pilar filosofi hi.dup masyarakat Batak Toba seperti demikian
karena menurut lat¥ belakang sejarah budaya Batak Toba mengatakan bahwa
hula-hula sebagai sumber berkat, kemak:muran, dan generasi.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT •..•••...: ...............................·---·-···-················ i
ABSTRACT••••••••••••••••••.••.••.• ~·-
... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ••••••..•••••• ~ ............................- .LIST OF TABLES ......................~.
.............................v
.................... viii
LIST OF FIGURE ...............~·-
ix
LIST OF ACRONYMS ••••••• ;....................................
•.....................x
LIST OF APPENDICES.......................................
•.................... xi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study ..................................... !
1.2 The Problems of the Study .......................................... 5
1.3 The Objectives of the Study........................................ 6
1.4 The Scope of the Study ............................................... 6
1.5 The Significances of the Study ................................... 6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics .•...........................•... 8
2.2 Speech Functions ........................................................ 9
2.2.1 The Types of Speech Functions ....................... I 0
2.2.2 S ')eech Functions and Responses .................... 19
2.3 The S;.: 1ilarity and the Difference between Speech
Functi ·. ·. ns and Speech Acts .......................................22
v
2..4 Conversation Analysis ...................................•..........24
2.5 Early Historic Accounts of the Toba Batak ..............25
2.5.1 Toba Batak Origins ............... ~ ................. ,......•27
2.5.2 Toba Batak Core Cultural Values ...................28
2.6 Mangongkal !foli •.....•.•......•.•.......•.•........•................•36
2.6.1 Mangongkal Holi Requirmnts.~
..............•..... 37
2.6.2 Mangongkal Holi Ritual ......................•.......... .40
2.6.3 Exhumation ofBones.......................................41
2.6.4 Transfer of the Bones to the Mangonglwl Holi
Tombs .......................................................•......42
2.6.5 Ritual Feast ...................................................... 43
2.6.6 Ritual Dance .................................................... 44
2.6. 7 Ritual Distribution of Portions of Slaughtered
Livestock .......................................................... 44
2.6.8 Historical Changes of the Mangongkal Holi
Tombs .............................................................. 47
2.7
Previo~y
Relevant Studies ........................•............ 50
2..8 Conceptual Franlework .....................................•....... 52
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 The Design ofthe Research ...................................... 53
3.2 The Location of the Research ................................... 54
3.3 The Source of the Data ...............................•............. 54
3.4 The Instruments of the Research .............................. 55
vi
3.5 The Techniques of Collecting the Data .................... 56
3.6 The Techniques of Analyzing the Data .................... 56
CHAPTER IV
THE DATA ANALYSIS AND THE RESEARCH
FINDINGS
4.1 The Data Analysis ......................•.•...................... "-····57
4.1.1 Speech Functions by the Dongan Tubu .......... 57
4.1.2 Speech Functions by the Hula-Hula .............. 58
4.1.3 Speech Functions by the Boru........................ 59
4.1.4 Speech Functions by the Suhut....................... 60
4.1.5 Speech Functions among the Three Pillars
of the Toba Batak .......................................... 61
4.2 The Research Findings .............................................. 66
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ............... "-··············································68
5.2 Suggestions ............................................................... 69
REFERENCES•••••.••••••••••••••.•••••.•. ~ .................................................................... 71
APPENDICES •••••.••••••.•••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••- ................................. 73-117
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Pages
I. Transcript ...................................•................................................................ 73
II. Transcript Analysis ...................................................................................~93
ill. Transcript of Interview with the Key Informant.. .................................... ll7
xi
LIST OF FIGURE
· Figure
Page
1.1 . System Network of Speech Functions ..................................................... 12
ix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCI'ION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language affects many facets of human life such as religion, politics,
society, and economy. Many situations of which are described as provocative. The
banning of certain languages or mandating the use of one over another ·have
produced tension and anxiety, charges of isolationism, and even allegations of
racism and discrimination.
Language is foremost a means of communication, and communication
almost always takes place within some sort of social context. Good in Thompson
(2003: 1) emphasizes that the use of language lies at the very heart social lives.
This is why effective communication requires an understanding and recognition of
the connections between a language and the people who use it. These conditions
are complex. For example, there are situations where one is required to use slang
with a friend or formal language with a boss and to judge a candidate's carnpaigO
speeches. All of these acts require knowledge of the language, as well as the
cultural and sociai forces acting on that language.
Social context is a major factor that drives one's language choices. For
example, the language used in an interview situation is much concerned with how
one spoke as with what one actually said. One may have even practiced sounding
confident, for instance, or intelligent. so that one would make a good impression
during the interview. One makes decisions every day, or has decisions made about
1
2
her/himself by other people, based on the language use. Someone frequently
evaluates a person's educatio~
socioeconomic level, background, honesty;
friendliness, and numerous other qualities by which a person speaks. When the
speaker wants to make a particular impression on someone else, slhe consciously
chooses her/his language, just as slhe chooses hair styles or clothing.
Language is not something somehow separated from the ideas it contains,
but the way language is used indicates a great deal about how the ideas have been
shaped. A speaker may say words clearly and use long complex sentences with
correct grammar, but slhe still has a communication problem if slhe has not
mastered the rules for social language known as pragmatics. In this line, the
speakers should understand appropriately the concept of the language which is
included in the area of functional grammar. This study will be focused on speech
functions in the Toba Batak: mangongkal holi ceremony that concerns on the
addressers' language whether they use statement, question, offer, command based
on the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).
SFL is an approach to linguistics proposed by Halliday which sees the
language used in social context. This approach is based on the theory of grammar
which considers language as a
resource used
for communication not as a set of
rules. It is explored how is the use of language in different context, and how
language is structured for use as a semiotic system. Martin (1992: 3) noted that the
model of language in a systemic functional can be characterized in terms of
language as a resource. It means that language is a network of relationship. On the
other hand means that SFL is especially concern with system, relationship
3
between linguistics unit of various kinds and concems with speakers might and
tend to do.
According to Halliday (1994: 8) functional grammar is one that construes
all the units of language -
its clauses, phrases and so on - as organic
configurations of function. On the other words, each· part is interpreted as
functional with respect to the whole. Montgomery in Thompson (2003: 38) said
that language informs the way one thinks, the way one
exprin~
and the way
one interacts one each other. Language not only provides the basic community,
but also the ground of division. Systematic knowledge about language and
practical awareness of how it works is fundamental to the process of building
mature communities.
There are two terms mostly involved while interacting or communicating,
they are speaker and listener or audience. In the act of speaking, the speaker .
adopts for her/himself a particular speech role, and so in doing assigns to the
listener a complementary role which slhe wishes to adopt in her/his turn. For
example, in asking a question, a speaker is taking on the role of seeker of
information and requiring the listener to take on the role of supplier of the
information demanded. The most fundamental types of speech role are just two
(I) giving and (2) demanding. Besides that, there is another distinction, equally
fundame~,
that relates to the nature of the commodity namely goods and
services or information. These two variables define the four primary speech
functions of statement, question, offer and command. These in turns are matched
4
by a set of desired responses: acknowledging a statement, answering a question,
accepting an offer, and carrying out a command.
lbis study refers to the use of speech functions in the Toba Batak
mangongkal holi ceremony. Toba Batak mangongkal holi ceremony is the
ceremony in which the bones of one's ancestors are reinterred several years after
her/his death. In ceremony lasting for several days, the bones of a particularly
honored ancestor and those of his descendants are exhumed, cleaned, mourned
and finally laid to rest again in a bone house known as a tugu or tambak.
The Toba Bataks highly values their ancestors and their land, so they do
such kind of this ceremony. One motive for the mangongkal holi ceremony
appears to be raising the status of the Holy Spirit or begu of the deceased.
Traditional Batak beliefs hold that the dead occupy a hierarchical status similar to
the social position they held in life. This means that a rich and powerful individual
remains influential after death and this status can be elevated if the family holds
mangongkal holi ceremony.
It is not going to be concerned a lot with the ceremony practice, what is
going to be concerned in this study is the language use in the mangongkal holi
ceremony. It means that this research focus on the speech functions use in the
mangongkal holi ceremony by the three pillars of the Toba Batak - Somba
marhula-hula, elek marboru, manat mardongan tubu in order to make an offer, a
command, a statement, and a question among them in the mangongkal holi
ceremony.
In the practice of culture, language is badly needed unless the
communication or interaction will never happen. There are some reasons for
5
choosing the speech functions in Toba Batak mangongkal holi ceremony, the
speech functions as the object of the study. First, this speech community is known
for indirection in their linguistics behavior, especially when it comes to
communicating about unfamiliar things. Second, the Toba Batak mangongkal holi
ceremony is activity that has been a culture in Toba Batak community in
Indonesia, which has great aspect of language. Because the language use in Toba
Batak language in the process of doing the mangongkal holi ceremony is different
among of the participants depending on her/his position in the three hearthstones
"Dalihan Natolu" and the third is; studies which focuses on the speech functions
in Toba Batak mangongkal holi ceremony by Toba Batak ethnic is rarely found.
This kind of study is rarely conducted due to the limitation of data sources. These
facts serve to be a motivation to conduct the present study dealing with speech
functions which are conveyed by Toba Batak ethnic in order to find out what
types of speech functions which are used in the mangongkal holi ceremony.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
In relation to the background, the problems are formulated as the
following.
What types of speech functions are used in the Toba Batak
mangongkal
holi ceremony?
2
How are the speech functions realized by the three pillars of the Toba Batak
life philosophy (Tulang/Hula-hula, Dongan Tubu, Boru)?
3
Why are the speech functions coded by the three pillars in the ways they are?
6
1.3 The Objectives ofthe Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are
1) to describe what types of speech functions are used in the Toba Batak
mangongkal holi ceremony,
2) to analyze how the speech functions are realized by the three pillars of the
Toba Batak life phylosophy (Tulang/Hula-hula. Dongan Tubu. Boru), and
3) to explain or reason why the speech functions are coded by the three
pillars in the ways they are.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study attempts to investigate the speech functions used in the Toba
Batak mangongkal holi ceremony. The main aspect to be observed is the speech
functions such as making an offer, a command, a statement, and a question among
the three pillars of Toba Batak. The focus is on the meaning or speech functions
as they are realized in the Toba Batak language.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to be significantly relevant theoretically
and practically. Theoretically, the research findings are expected to enrich the
theories of speech functions, specifically the spoken language of certain
community, mainly Toba Batak community. This study considers being useful
initially to provide the information of speech functions used by the three pillars of
Toba Batak in mangongkal holi ceremony when they express the speech functions
7
in the situation. Consequently, it will give better understanding and new insight on
how speech functions is related to the aspect of functional grammar study. This
contribution will in tum give tentative framework for a comprehensive analysis
speech functions.
Practically, since this research focuses on speech fimctions used in Toba
Batak mangongkal holi ceremony in expressing an offer, a command, a statement,
and a question, hopefully the findings are useful for teachers and lectures of
functional grammar to apply the speech functions specifically in functional
grammar to the students either in University or High School which occur in daily
conversation, then the students knowledge about the speech function can be
enlarged and brighten and also for the the general people, they would have a clear
understanding obout the utterances used by Toba Batak in a certain ceremony, and
specially for Batak Toba, they can practice the patterns of speech functions which
are used in a certain ceremony. this will accelerate them to speak Indonesian. thus
they will not find it clwnsy to speak directly to the Toba Batak.
68
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the data and with reference to real life use of language, the
conclusions are as the following.
Not all of the speech functions are found in the conversation or the
utterances of the three pillars of the Toba Batak during the celebration of
mangongkal holi ceremony.
The greatest speech functions use is found at the hula-hula utterances
during the mangongkal holi ceremony and then followed by the dongan tubu and
at last followed by boru.
The speech functions are coded in the ways they are because of the
historical cultural background that the three pillars of the Toba Batak 1ifu
phylosophy plays different roles in the ceremony.
5.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following.
1. Further research requires to be conducted to know more about the speech
functions and its fields.
2. The same research needs to be conducted to different cultural ceremony to
enrich the researchers and the reader knowledge in the field of speech
functions.
69
of bless, wealth, and as the generation. Hula-hula has the highest position than
dongan tubu and boru, so they are fully respected by the other pillars of the Toba
Batak: and they speak more than the other pillars ofToba Batak.
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following.
1. Further research requires to be conducted to know more about. the speech
functions and its fields.
2. The same research needs to be conducted to different cultural ceremony to
enrich the researchers and the reader knowledge in the field of speech
functions.
3. The same research needs to be conducted to the same cultural ceremony
from different ethnic in order to find whether they are the same or not.
70
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Thompson, N. 2003. Communication and Language: A handbook of Theory and
Praxis. Pelgrave Macmilan: London.
Vergouwen, C. 1986. The Social Organisation and Customary Law of the TobaBatak of Northern Sumatra. Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en
Volkenkunde, Translation Series 7, translated by). Scott-Kemball. The
Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. (Vergouwen, C. Het Rechtsleven der TobaBataks. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 1933.)
Wameck, Joh. 1909. Die Religion der Batak: Ein Paradigmafor die animistischen
Religionen
des
Indischen
Archipels.
Leipzig:
Dieterich'sche
Verlagsbuchhandlung.
---1915. Das Opfer bei den Tobabatak.
Re/igionswissenschajt 18: 333-384.
in
Sumatra.
Archiv for
William, R.H. (2009). Ganti Andung, Gabe Ende (Replacing Laments, Becoming
Hymns): The Changing Voice of Grief in the Pre-fUneral Wakes of
Protestant Toba Batak University of California: California.
Yuyun, Y (2005). Learne-t Speech Functions in Casual Conversation A journaL
Vol.4 No I -February 2010: 1-13.
MANGONGKAL HOLI CEREMONY
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements JQr the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
Dody Feliks Pandimun Ambarita
809111028
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2011
SPEECH FUNCTIONS IN THE TOBA BATAK
MANGONGKAL HOLI CEREMONY
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements JQr the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
Dody Feliks Pandimun Ambarita
809111028
POST GRADUATE SCHOOL
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2011
A THESIS
SPEECH FUNCTIONS IN THE TOBA BATAK MANGONGKAL HOLI
CEREMONY
DODY FELIKS PANDIMUN AMBARITA
Registration Number : 809111028
This thesis was examined on October 6th, 2011 by the Board ofExaminers
Approved by
Adviser Commission
First Adviser
The Head of English Applied
Unguis ·
tudy Program
Second Adviser
APPROVAL
This Thesis was exami:oed on October 6th, 2011 by the Board Examiners
Board of Examiners
Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 19550113 198203 1 002
Dr. Anni H. Pulungan, M.Hurn.
NIP. 19700522 200112 2 001
Prof. Dr. Busmin Guming, M.Pd.
NIP. 19590713 198601 1 001
Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd.
NIP. 19570615 198203 1 005
Prof. Dr. Surnarsih, M.Pd.
NIP. 19581021 198303 2 002
ACKNOWLEDG~MT
Praise and thank to God for His blessing, health and strength He has given
to him that he can finish this thesis. He always accompanies him to do what he
has to do and directs him to do the decision that he has gone through.
A deepest gratitude is expressed to Prof. Amrin Saragih. M.A., Ph.D. as
his first adviser for his valuable guidance, consultations and supports during
working this thesis and Dr. Anni H. Pulungan, M.Pd. as his second adviser for her
valuable corrections and advices in finishing this thesis.
He also expresses his great gratitude to Director of Post Graduate School,
Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program of State
University of Medan, all of lectures who have equipped him during the times of
lecturing and finishing this thesis.
Then he thanks to Mr. L.Naibaho, who had welcomed and given him
chance to observe the party who was celebrated by him and all his families as the
source of data in this thesis.
He also expresses a great of thanks to Dr. Biner Ambarita, M.Pd. and
Peliaman br Tambunan as his beloved parents who have shown him a true love of
a father and a mother to
their~
Charles Fransiscus Ambarita S.Pd., M.Si.,
Frans Andi Parlindungan Ambarita and Nina Andriani, S.Pd. as his beloved
brothers and sister who have given him good support in finishing his thesis. They
do play good roles by supporting and giving the best attention to him as long as he
studies and finishes this thesis.
The writer realizes that every work has the weaknesses; hence he hopes
the good critics and suggestions for the perfection of this thesis. And hopefullY his
thesis is useful for the readers.
Medan,
September 2011
The Writer
Dody Feliks Pandimun Am.barita
ii
ABSTRACT
Ambarita, P. F. Dody: Speech Functions in the Toba Batak Mangongkal Holi
Ceremony. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics. Graduate Program.
State University of Medan. 2011.
This thesis deals with speech functions in the Toba Batak mangongkal holi
ceremony. This study attempts to investigate the speech functions found in the
Toba Batak mangonglral holi ceremony i.e. what types of speech functions are
used in the Toba Batak mangongkal holi ceremony, how are the speech functions
realized by the three pillars of the Toba Batak life philOS()J)hy, and why are the
speech functions coded by the three pillars in the ways they are. The data of the
research were taken from mangongkal holi ceremony which was held by Mr. L.
N. in Samosir. The findings indicate that the speech functions found in the
mangonglral holi ceremony were statemen4 command, and question. The data
analysis shows that out of 1000/o statement, 61% is covered by hula-hula, then
followed by dongan tubu is 23%, and at last followed by boru is 16%. Out of
1OOOA. command, 54% is covered by hula-hula, 33% is covered by dongan tubu,
and the last is 13% covered by boru. Meanwhile, out of 1000/o question, 78% is
covered by dongan tubu, and then followed by hula-hula is 22%. So, it is
concluded that the greatest speech functions found at hula-hula utterances during
the mangongkal holi ceremony, it is happened because hula-hula are the ones at
adat feasts that give blessing, that bestow grace and good fortune on the members
of the boru group. The hula-hula are the ones whose earnest requests cannot be
refused; such a status places the members of the hula-hula group in a position
superior to the members of the boru group. That is why the hula-hula must be
respected if we hope for that bless and generation, then followed by dongan tubu,
and at last followed by boru. The speech functions are coded in the ways they are
because of the historical background that hula-hula as the source of bless, wealth,
and generation.
iii
ABSTRACT
Amboritll, P. F. Dody: Spe«h Functions in the Toba Batak Mangongkal Holi
Ceremony. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics. Graduate Program.
State University of Medan. 2011.
Tesis ini membahas tentang speech functions in the Toba Batak mangongkal holi
ceremony. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi :fungsi ujaran yang
ditemukan dalarn acara mangongkal holi pada masyarakat Batak Toba seperti
jenis-jenis ujaran apa yang digunakan oleh ketiga pilar filosofi hi.dup masyarakat
Batak Toba, bagaimana perealisasian :fungsi ujaran teisebut oleh ketiga pilar
filosofi hi.dup masyarakat Batak. To~
dan mengapa seperti demikian
perealisasian ujaran tersebut oleh ketiga pilar filosofi hi.dup masyarakat Batak
Toba. Data penelitian diambil dari acara mangongka/ holi yang diadakan oleh
Bapak L. Naibaho pada tanggal 21 Juli 2011 bertempat di Tanjung Bunga. Jl.
Pangururan, Tano Ponggol, Samosir. Temuan dari tesis ini mengatakan bahwa
jenis-jenis ujaran yang terdapat pada acara mangonglad holi tersebut adalah
pemyataan, perintah, dan pertanyaan. Analisis data dari tesis ini menunjukkan
bahwa dari 100% pemyataan yang terdapat dalarn acara tersebut, 61% diucapkan
oleh hula-hula, kemudian 23% oleh dongan tubu, dan terakhi.r 16% oleh boru.
Dari 100% perintah yang terdapat dalam acara mangongkal holi itu, 54%
diucapkan oleh hula-hula, 33% oleh dongan tubu, dan yang terakhir 13% oleh
boru. Dari 1000./o pertanyaan yang terdapat dalarn acara mangongkal holi tersebut,
78% dan selanjutnya oleh hula-hula yaitu 22%. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan
bahwa fungsi ujaran yang paling banyak ditemukan pada ujaran yang diucapkan
oleh hula-hula selama acara mangongkal holi tersebut, hal itu terjadi k:arena dalarn
acara adat hula-hula merupakan orang yang memberkati, orang yang memberikan
karunia, dan keberuntungan dan juga yang keinginannya yang tak bisa dito1ak
karena posisinya yang paling tinggi dari dongan tubu maupun boru, kemudian
diikuti oleh dongan tubu, dan yang terakhir oleh boru. Perealisasian ujaran
tersebut oleh ketiga pilar filosofi hi.dup masyarakat Batak Toba seperti demikian
karena menurut lat¥ belakang sejarah budaya Batak Toba mengatakan bahwa
hula-hula sebagai sumber berkat, kemak:muran, dan generasi.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT •..•••...: ...............................·---·-···-················ i
ABSTRACT••••••••••••••••••.••.••.• ~·-
... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ••••••..•••••• ~ ............................- .LIST OF TABLES ......................~.
.............................v
.................... viii
LIST OF FIGURE ...............~·-
ix
LIST OF ACRONYMS ••••••• ;....................................
•.....................x
LIST OF APPENDICES.......................................
•.................... xi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study ..................................... !
1.2 The Problems of the Study .......................................... 5
1.3 The Objectives of the Study........................................ 6
1.4 The Scope of the Study ............................................... 6
1.5 The Significances of the Study ................................... 6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics .•...........................•... 8
2.2 Speech Functions ........................................................ 9
2.2.1 The Types of Speech Functions ....................... I 0
2.2.2 S ')eech Functions and Responses .................... 19
2.3 The S;.: 1ilarity and the Difference between Speech
Functi ·. ·. ns and Speech Acts .......................................22
v
2..4 Conversation Analysis ...................................•..........24
2.5 Early Historic Accounts of the Toba Batak ..............25
2.5.1 Toba Batak Origins ............... ~ ................. ,......•27
2.5.2 Toba Batak Core Cultural Values ...................28
2.6 Mangongkal !foli •.....•.•......•.•.......•.•........•................•36
2.6.1 Mangongkal Holi Requirmnts.~
..............•..... 37
2.6.2 Mangongkal Holi Ritual ......................•.......... .40
2.6.3 Exhumation ofBones.......................................41
2.6.4 Transfer of the Bones to the Mangonglwl Holi
Tombs .......................................................•......42
2.6.5 Ritual Feast ...................................................... 43
2.6.6 Ritual Dance .................................................... 44
2.6. 7 Ritual Distribution of Portions of Slaughtered
Livestock .......................................................... 44
2.6.8 Historical Changes of the Mangongkal Holi
Tombs .............................................................. 47
2.7
Previo~y
Relevant Studies ........................•............ 50
2..8 Conceptual Franlework .....................................•....... 52
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 The Design ofthe Research ...................................... 53
3.2 The Location of the Research ................................... 54
3.3 The Source of the Data ...............................•............. 54
3.4 The Instruments of the Research .............................. 55
vi
3.5 The Techniques of Collecting the Data .................... 56
3.6 The Techniques of Analyzing the Data .................... 56
CHAPTER IV
THE DATA ANALYSIS AND THE RESEARCH
FINDINGS
4.1 The Data Analysis ......................•.•...................... "-····57
4.1.1 Speech Functions by the Dongan Tubu .......... 57
4.1.2 Speech Functions by the Hula-Hula .............. 58
4.1.3 Speech Functions by the Boru........................ 59
4.1.4 Speech Functions by the Suhut....................... 60
4.1.5 Speech Functions among the Three Pillars
of the Toba Batak .......................................... 61
4.2 The Research Findings .............................................. 66
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ............... "-··············································68
5.2 Suggestions ............................................................... 69
REFERENCES•••••.••••••••••••••.•••••.•. ~ .................................................................... 71
APPENDICES •••••.••••••.•••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••- ................................. 73-117
vii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Pages
I. Transcript ...................................•................................................................ 73
II. Transcript Analysis ...................................................................................~93
ill. Transcript of Interview with the Key Informant.. .................................... ll7
xi
LIST OF FIGURE
· Figure
Page
1.1 . System Network of Speech Functions ..................................................... 12
ix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCI'ION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language affects many facets of human life such as religion, politics,
society, and economy. Many situations of which are described as provocative. The
banning of certain languages or mandating the use of one over another ·have
produced tension and anxiety, charges of isolationism, and even allegations of
racism and discrimination.
Language is foremost a means of communication, and communication
almost always takes place within some sort of social context. Good in Thompson
(2003: 1) emphasizes that the use of language lies at the very heart social lives.
This is why effective communication requires an understanding and recognition of
the connections between a language and the people who use it. These conditions
are complex. For example, there are situations where one is required to use slang
with a friend or formal language with a boss and to judge a candidate's carnpaigO
speeches. All of these acts require knowledge of the language, as well as the
cultural and sociai forces acting on that language.
Social context is a major factor that drives one's language choices. For
example, the language used in an interview situation is much concerned with how
one spoke as with what one actually said. One may have even practiced sounding
confident, for instance, or intelligent. so that one would make a good impression
during the interview. One makes decisions every day, or has decisions made about
1
2
her/himself by other people, based on the language use. Someone frequently
evaluates a person's educatio~
socioeconomic level, background, honesty;
friendliness, and numerous other qualities by which a person speaks. When the
speaker wants to make a particular impression on someone else, slhe consciously
chooses her/his language, just as slhe chooses hair styles or clothing.
Language is not something somehow separated from the ideas it contains,
but the way language is used indicates a great deal about how the ideas have been
shaped. A speaker may say words clearly and use long complex sentences with
correct grammar, but slhe still has a communication problem if slhe has not
mastered the rules for social language known as pragmatics. In this line, the
speakers should understand appropriately the concept of the language which is
included in the area of functional grammar. This study will be focused on speech
functions in the Toba Batak: mangongkal holi ceremony that concerns on the
addressers' language whether they use statement, question, offer, command based
on the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).
SFL is an approach to linguistics proposed by Halliday which sees the
language used in social context. This approach is based on the theory of grammar
which considers language as a
resource used
for communication not as a set of
rules. It is explored how is the use of language in different context, and how
language is structured for use as a semiotic system. Martin (1992: 3) noted that the
model of language in a systemic functional can be characterized in terms of
language as a resource. It means that language is a network of relationship. On the
other hand means that SFL is especially concern with system, relationship
3
between linguistics unit of various kinds and concems with speakers might and
tend to do.
According to Halliday (1994: 8) functional grammar is one that construes
all the units of language -
its clauses, phrases and so on - as organic
configurations of function. On the other words, each· part is interpreted as
functional with respect to the whole. Montgomery in Thompson (2003: 38) said
that language informs the way one thinks, the way one
exprin~
and the way
one interacts one each other. Language not only provides the basic community,
but also the ground of division. Systematic knowledge about language and
practical awareness of how it works is fundamental to the process of building
mature communities.
There are two terms mostly involved while interacting or communicating,
they are speaker and listener or audience. In the act of speaking, the speaker .
adopts for her/himself a particular speech role, and so in doing assigns to the
listener a complementary role which slhe wishes to adopt in her/his turn. For
example, in asking a question, a speaker is taking on the role of seeker of
information and requiring the listener to take on the role of supplier of the
information demanded. The most fundamental types of speech role are just two
(I) giving and (2) demanding. Besides that, there is another distinction, equally
fundame~,
that relates to the nature of the commodity namely goods and
services or information. These two variables define the four primary speech
functions of statement, question, offer and command. These in turns are matched
4
by a set of desired responses: acknowledging a statement, answering a question,
accepting an offer, and carrying out a command.
lbis study refers to the use of speech functions in the Toba Batak
mangongkal holi ceremony. Toba Batak mangongkal holi ceremony is the
ceremony in which the bones of one's ancestors are reinterred several years after
her/his death. In ceremony lasting for several days, the bones of a particularly
honored ancestor and those of his descendants are exhumed, cleaned, mourned
and finally laid to rest again in a bone house known as a tugu or tambak.
The Toba Bataks highly values their ancestors and their land, so they do
such kind of this ceremony. One motive for the mangongkal holi ceremony
appears to be raising the status of the Holy Spirit or begu of the deceased.
Traditional Batak beliefs hold that the dead occupy a hierarchical status similar to
the social position they held in life. This means that a rich and powerful individual
remains influential after death and this status can be elevated if the family holds
mangongkal holi ceremony.
It is not going to be concerned a lot with the ceremony practice, what is
going to be concerned in this study is the language use in the mangongkal holi
ceremony. It means that this research focus on the speech functions use in the
mangongkal holi ceremony by the three pillars of the Toba Batak - Somba
marhula-hula, elek marboru, manat mardongan tubu in order to make an offer, a
command, a statement, and a question among them in the mangongkal holi
ceremony.
In the practice of culture, language is badly needed unless the
communication or interaction will never happen. There are some reasons for
5
choosing the speech functions in Toba Batak mangongkal holi ceremony, the
speech functions as the object of the study. First, this speech community is known
for indirection in their linguistics behavior, especially when it comes to
communicating about unfamiliar things. Second, the Toba Batak mangongkal holi
ceremony is activity that has been a culture in Toba Batak community in
Indonesia, which has great aspect of language. Because the language use in Toba
Batak language in the process of doing the mangongkal holi ceremony is different
among of the participants depending on her/his position in the three hearthstones
"Dalihan Natolu" and the third is; studies which focuses on the speech functions
in Toba Batak mangongkal holi ceremony by Toba Batak ethnic is rarely found.
This kind of study is rarely conducted due to the limitation of data sources. These
facts serve to be a motivation to conduct the present study dealing with speech
functions which are conveyed by Toba Batak ethnic in order to find out what
types of speech functions which are used in the mangongkal holi ceremony.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
In relation to the background, the problems are formulated as the
following.
What types of speech functions are used in the Toba Batak
mangongkal
holi ceremony?
2
How are the speech functions realized by the three pillars of the Toba Batak
life philosophy (Tulang/Hula-hula, Dongan Tubu, Boru)?
3
Why are the speech functions coded by the three pillars in the ways they are?
6
1.3 The Objectives ofthe Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are
1) to describe what types of speech functions are used in the Toba Batak
mangongkal holi ceremony,
2) to analyze how the speech functions are realized by the three pillars of the
Toba Batak life phylosophy (Tulang/Hula-hula. Dongan Tubu. Boru), and
3) to explain or reason why the speech functions are coded by the three
pillars in the ways they are.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study attempts to investigate the speech functions used in the Toba
Batak mangongkal holi ceremony. The main aspect to be observed is the speech
functions such as making an offer, a command, a statement, and a question among
the three pillars of Toba Batak. The focus is on the meaning or speech functions
as they are realized in the Toba Batak language.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to be significantly relevant theoretically
and practically. Theoretically, the research findings are expected to enrich the
theories of speech functions, specifically the spoken language of certain
community, mainly Toba Batak community. This study considers being useful
initially to provide the information of speech functions used by the three pillars of
Toba Batak in mangongkal holi ceremony when they express the speech functions
7
in the situation. Consequently, it will give better understanding and new insight on
how speech functions is related to the aspect of functional grammar study. This
contribution will in tum give tentative framework for a comprehensive analysis
speech functions.
Practically, since this research focuses on speech fimctions used in Toba
Batak mangongkal holi ceremony in expressing an offer, a command, a statement,
and a question, hopefully the findings are useful for teachers and lectures of
functional grammar to apply the speech functions specifically in functional
grammar to the students either in University or High School which occur in daily
conversation, then the students knowledge about the speech function can be
enlarged and brighten and also for the the general people, they would have a clear
understanding obout the utterances used by Toba Batak in a certain ceremony, and
specially for Batak Toba, they can practice the patterns of speech functions which
are used in a certain ceremony. this will accelerate them to speak Indonesian. thus
they will not find it clwnsy to speak directly to the Toba Batak.
68
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the data and with reference to real life use of language, the
conclusions are as the following.
Not all of the speech functions are found in the conversation or the
utterances of the three pillars of the Toba Batak during the celebration of
mangongkal holi ceremony.
The greatest speech functions use is found at the hula-hula utterances
during the mangongkal holi ceremony and then followed by the dongan tubu and
at last followed by boru.
The speech functions are coded in the ways they are because of the
historical cultural background that the three pillars of the Toba Batak 1ifu
phylosophy plays different roles in the ceremony.
5.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following.
1. Further research requires to be conducted to know more about the speech
functions and its fields.
2. The same research needs to be conducted to different cultural ceremony to
enrich the researchers and the reader knowledge in the field of speech
functions.
69
of bless, wealth, and as the generation. Hula-hula has the highest position than
dongan tubu and boru, so they are fully respected by the other pillars of the Toba
Batak: and they speak more than the other pillars ofToba Batak.
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following.
1. Further research requires to be conducted to know more about. the speech
functions and its fields.
2. The same research needs to be conducted to different cultural ceremony to
enrich the researchers and the reader knowledge in the field of speech
functions.
3. The same research needs to be conducted to the same cultural ceremony
from different ethnic in order to find whether they are the same or not.
70
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