PERUMAHAN SEDERHANA DI KOTA SEMARANG DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN POTENSI LOKAL PENEKANAN DESAIN Green Architectural PERMASALAHAN DOMINAN Bagaimana Pengelolaan Air Perumahan Secara Ekologis - Unika Repository
Periode LXVIII, Semester Ganjil , Tahun 2015/2016
(BERKAS UNTUK SIDANG LTP)
Green Architectural PERMASALAHAN DOMINAN Bagaimana Pengelolaan Air Perumahan Secara Ekologis Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Teknik Arsitektur Disusun oleh : LUKAS BAYU K. K. 07.11.0094 DOSEN PEMBIMBING : Ir. Robert Rianto W., M.T. NIDN : 0627066701 PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN
KELOMPOK
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PERUMAHAN SEDERHANA DI KOTA SEMARANG DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN POTENSI LOKAL PENEKANAN DESAIN
SEMARANG
PRAKATA
Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yesus Kristus, atas berkat, rahmat dan kemurahan-Nya telah memberikan kelancaran, kesehatan, hikmat dan pengertian sehingga Landasan Teori dan Program (LTP) Proyek Akhir Arsitektur periode LXVIII semester ganjil tahun 2015/2016 yang berjudul Perumahan Sederhana di Kota Semarang Dengan
Memanfaatkan Potensi Lokal ini dapat terselesaikan dengan maksimal.
Dalam penyusunan tugas akhir ini, dihaturkan ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak yang telah ikut ambil bagian dalam membantu dalam proses penyusunan baik secara langsung maupun tidak,diantaranya:
1. Tri Tunggal, Tuhan YME
2. Orang tua, seluruh keluarga besar, sahabat, teman dan rekan PAA LXVIII yang tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu persatu
3. Seluruh pihak yang turut membantu baik itu dalam hal perijinan, pencarian data maupun memandu dalam melakukan studi preseden ,sehingga terciptanya tugas akhir ini. Semoga tugas akhir ini dapat bermanfaat bagi para pembaca. Saran dan kritik sangatlah diharapkan demi penyempurnaan di kemudian hari.
Semarang, 23 Oktober 2015
Lukas Bayu Kamarendra K.
DAFTAR ISI
HalamanPengesahan ............................................................................................. ii Prakarta .................................................................................................................. iii Daftar Isi ................................................................................................................ v Daftargambar .......................................................................................................... x DaftarTabel ............................................................................................................. xvi Daftar Diagram ........................................................................................................ xviii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN........................................................................................ 1
1.1. ............................................................................................................. L atarBelakangProjek ........................................................................... 1 1.2. ............................................................................................................. T ujuandanSasaranPembahasan .......................................................... 2
1.2.1. .................................................................................................. T ujuanPembahasan .................................................................. 3 1.2.2. .................................................................................................. S asaranPembahasan ................................................................ 3 1.2.3. .................................................................................................. L ingkupPembahasan ................................................................. 3
1.3. ............................................................................................................. M etodePembahasan ............................................................................. 4
etodePengumpulan Data ......................................................... 5 1.3.2. .................................................................................................. M etodePenyusunandanAnalisis Data......................................... 6 1.3.3. .................................................................................................. M etodePerancanganArsitektur ................................................... 8
1.4. ............................................................................................................. S istematikaPembahasan...................................................................... 9
BAB II TINJAUAN PROJEK ................................................................................ 12
2.1. TinjaumanUmum ................................................................................. 12
2.1.1. GambaranUmum ..................................................................... 12
2.1.2. LatarBelakang, Perkembangan Trend ..................................... 18
2.1.3. Sasaran yang Akan Dicapai ..................................................... 20
2.2. TinjauanKhusus................................................................................... 21
2.2.1. Terminologi .............................................................................. 21
2.2.2. Kegiatan ................................................................................... 21
2.2.3. SpesifikasidanPersyaratanDesain ........................................... 25
2.2.4. DeskripsiKonteksDesa / Kota .................................................. 27
2.2.5. Studi Banding ProjekSejenis .................................................... 36
2.2.6. PermasalahanDesain ............................................................... 47
2.3. Kesimpulan, Batsan, danAnggapan .................................................... 49
2.3.1.Kesimpulan ............................................................................... 49
2.3.2. Batasan .................................................................................... 50
BAB III ANALISA PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ............................ 52
3.1. AnalisaPendekatan Program Arsitektur ............................................... 52
3.1.1.StudiAktivitas ............................................................................ 52
3.1.1.1.Pengelompokan .......................................................... 52
3.1.1.2.Kategorisasi ................................................................. 53
3.1.1.3.PelakuKegiatan ........................................................... 54
3.1.1.4.PolaKegiatanMakro ..................................................... 55
3.1.1.5.SifatKegiatan ............................................................... 58
3.1.1.6.PengelompokanKegiatan ............................................ 58
3.1.2.StudiFasilitas ............................................................................ 60
3.1.2.1.PolaRuang ................................................................... 60
3.1.2.2.HubunganRuang ......................................................... 61
3.1.2.3.BesaranRuang ............................................................ 62
3.1.2.4.StudiRuangKhusus ...................................................... 69
3.1.2.5.StudiKebutuhanLuasBangunan ................................... 80
3.1.2.6.Studi Citra Arsitektural ................................................. 81
3.2. AnalisisiPendekatanSistemArsitektur .................................................. 82
3.3. AnalisisiPendekatanSistemLingkungan ............................................... 90
3.3.1.AnalisaPemilihanLokasiMakro (BWK) ....................................... 90
3.3.1.1.KriteriaPemilihanLokasi ............................................... 91
3.3.1.2.AlternatifPemilihanLokasiMakro .................................. 91
3.3.1.3.PemilihanLokasiMakro ................................................ 94
3.3.2.1.KriteriaPemilihanLokasiMikro ...................................... 94
3.3.2.1.1.StudiKekuatanAlami .................................... 95
3.3.2.1.2.StudiKekuatanBuatan .................................. 95
3.3.2.1.3.StudiAmenitasAlami ..................................... 96
3.3.2.1.4.StudiAmenitasBuatan .................................. 96
3.3.2.2.AlternatifLokasiMikro ................................................... 96
3.3.2.3.PemilihanLokasiMikro ................................................. 98
3.3.2.4.DeskripsiKonteksLingkunganLokasiTerpilih ................ 99
3.3.3.AnalisaPemilihanTapak ............................................................ 99
3.3.3.1.KriteriaPemilihanTapak ............................................... 99
3.3.3.2.AlternatifTapak ............................................................ 101
3.3.3.3.PemilihanTapak ........................................................... 102
BAB IV PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ...................................................................... 105
4.1. Konsep Program ................................................................................. 105
4.1.1. Citra Arsitektural ...................................................................... 105
4.1.2.AspekFungsi ............................................................................. 105
4.1.3.AspekTeknologi ........................................................................ 105
4.1.4.AspekLingkungan ..................................................................... 106 4.2.
TujuanPerencanaan, FaktorPenentuPerancangandanFaktorPersyaratanDesain................ 107
4.2.1.TujuanPerencangan .................................................................. 107
4.2.2.FaktorPenentuPerancangan ..................................................... 107
4.2.2.2.PoladanJenisKegiatan ................................................. 108
4.2.3.FaktorPenentuPerancangan ..................................................... 108
4.2.3.1.PersyaratanArsitektur .................................................. 108
4.2.3.2.Bangunan .................................................................... 110
4.2.3.3.Lingkungan .................................................................. 111
4.3. Program Arsitektur .............................................................................. 116
4.3.1. Program Kegiatan .................................................................... 116
4.3.2. Program BesaranRuang .......................................................... 117
4.3.3. Program Sistem Struktur dan Enclosure .................................. 118
4.3.4. Program Sistem Utilitas ........................................................... 122
4.3.5. Program LokasidanTapak ........................................................ 125
4.3.5.1.Data EksistingdanDeskripsiTapak ............................... 125
4.3.5.2.PerhitunganRuang Terbuka HijaupadaTapak ............. 126
4.3.5.3.PerbaikanIklimMikro .................................................... 126
4.3.5.4.Perbaikan Tapak/ Site Repair ...................................... 127
4.3.5.5.Material Penutup Tanah .............................................. 128
BAB V KAJIAN TEORI ........................................................................................ 129
5.1. KajianTeoriPenekananDesain ............................................................. 129
5.1.1.UraianInterpretasidanElaborasiTeoriPenekanan Desain ..................................................................................... 129
5.1.2.StudiPreseden .......................................................................... 133
5.1.3.KemungkinanPenerapanTeoriPenekananDesain ..................... 137
5.2.1.UraianInterpretasidanElaborasiTeoriPermasalahan Dominan .................................................................................. 139
5.2.2.StudiPreseden .......................................................................... 145
5.2.3.KemungkinanPenerapanTeoriPermasalahanDominan ............. 151 DaftarPustaka ......................................................................................................... 152
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Peta Kota Semarang .......................................................................... 29Gambar 2.2. Siteplan perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen ......................................... 36Gambar 2.3. Lahan urug ......................................................................................... 37Gambar 2.4. Perumahan ........................................................................................ 37Gambar 2.6. Pintu kayu perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen ..................................... 38Gambar 2.7. Perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen bagian dalam ................................ 38Gambar 2.8. Perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen ...................................................... 38Gambar 2.9. Pekerjaan perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen ...................................... 38Gambar 2.10.Rumah bagian dalam di perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen ............... 38
Gambar 2.11. Rumah bagian dalam di perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen .............. 38Gambar 2.12. Siteplan rumah Alm. Dr. Heinz Frick ................................................ 41Gambar 2.13. Rumah Alm. Dr. Heinz Frick ............................................................. 41Gambar 2.14. Talang vertical .................................................................................. 42Gambar 2.15. Tandon penampung air hujan .......................................................... 42Gambar 2.16. Kamar mandi .................................................................................... 42Gambar 2.17. Plafon kayu ...................................................................................... 43Gambar 2.18. Tangga ............................................................................................. 43Gambar 2.19. Vegetasi vertikal ............................................................................... 43Gambar2.20. Dapur ................................................................................................ 44
Gambar 2.21. Kamar mandi .................................................................................... 44Gambar 2.22. Denah tipe rumah Puri Gardenia ..................................................... 46Gambar 2.23. Denah lokasi Puri Gardenia ............................................................. 46Gambar 2.24. Siteplan Puri Gardenia ..................................................................... 47Gambar 3.1. denah kamar tidur .............................................................................. 69Gambar 3.2. perspektif kamar tidur ......................................................................... 69Gambar 3.3. potongan ruang tamu dan ruang tengah ............................................ 70Gambar 3.5. kamar mandi ...................................................................................... 70Gambar 3.6. kamar tidur ......................................................................................... 71Gambar 3.7. kamar tidur ......................................................................................... 71Gambar 3.8. kamar tidur ......................................................................................... 72Gambar 3.9. potongan ruang tamu ......................................................................... 72Gambar 3.10. perspektif ruang tamu ...................................................................... 72Gambar 3.11. potongan dapur ................................................................................ 73Gambar 3.12. perspektif dapur ............................................................................... 73Gambar 3.13. kamar mandi .................................................................................... 73Gambar 3.14. denah kamar utama ......................................................................... 74Gambar 3.15. potongan kamar utama .................................................................... 74Gambar 3.16. kamar tidur ....................................................................................... 74Gambar 3.17. ruang tamu ....................................................................................... 75Gambar 3.18. potongan dapur ................................................................................ 75Gambar 3.19. perspektif dapur ............................................................................... 75Gambar 3.20. kamar mandi .................................................................................... 76Gambar 3.21. orientasi bangunan terhadap arah matahari .................................... 79Gambar 3.22. sunsheding permanen ...................................................................... 79Gambar 3.23. sunsheding bisa digerakan .............................................................. 79Gambar 3.24. sunsheding ....................................................................................... 79Gambar 3.25. rumah tipe hook ............................................................................... 81Gambar 3.26. denah tipe hook................................................................................ 81Gambar 3.28. bangunan sengkedan ....................................................................... 82Gambar 3.29. pondasi rata dengan tanah .............................................................. 83Gambar 3.30. pondasi penigggian tanah ................................................................ 83Gambar 3.31. pondasi panggung ............................................................................ 83Gambar 3.32. pondasi lajur ..................................................................................... 83Gambar 3.33. pondasi umpak ................................................................................. 83Gambar 3.34.pondasi cakar ayam .......................................................................... 83
Gambar 3.35. lantai kayu ........................................................................................ 84Gambar 3.36. lantai plester ..................................................................................... 84Gambar 3.37. lantai kramik ..................................................................................... 84Gambar 3.38. dinding batu bata.............................................................................. 85Gambar 3.39. dinding batako .................................................................................. 85Gambar 3.40. dinding kayu ..................................................................................... 85Gambar 3.41. plafon gypsum .................................................................................. 85Gambar 3.42. plafon kayu ....................................................................................... 85Gambar 3.43. rangka atap kayu.............................................................................. 86Gambar 3.44. rangka atap baja ringan ................................................................... 86Gambar 3.45. genteng tanah liat............................................................................. 87Gambar 3.46. genteng beton .................................................................................. 87Gambar 3.47. atap jurai .......................................................................................... 87Gambar 3.48. jaringan listrik PLN ........................................................................... 87Gambar 3.49. jaringan listrik genset ....................................................................... 87Gambar 3.51. septic tank ........................................................................................ 88Gambar 3.52. pengolahan air limbah ...................................................................... 88Gambar 3.53. PDAM ............................................................................................... 88Gambar 3.54. Peta BWK Semarang ....................................................................... 90Gambar 3.55. Peta BWK VIII Semarang ................................................................. 92Gambar 3.56. Peta BWK X Semarang .................................................................... 93Gambar 3.57. Peta BWK VIII Semarang ................................................................. 96Gambar 3.58. petajalan Manyaran-Gunungpati ...................................................... 96Gambar 3.59. eksisting ruas jalan Manyaran-Gunungpati ...................................... 97Gambar 3.60. Peta BWK VIII Semarang ................................................................. 98Gambar 3.61. peta Jalan Kaligetas ......................................................................... 99Gambar 3.62. alternatifpemilihan lokasi .................................................................. 101Gambar 3.63. eksisting tapak 1 .............................................................................. 103Gambar 3.64. eksisting tapak 2 .............................................................................. 103Gambar 3.65. eksisting tapak 3 .............................................................................. 103Gambar 4.1. pencahayaan alami ............................................................................ 110Gambar 4.2. perbaikan iklim mikro ......................................................................... 112Gambar 4.3. bangunan split level ........................................................................... 117Gambar 4.4. bangunan sengkedan ......................................................................... 117Gambar 4.5. pondasi rata dengan tanah ................................................................ 117Gambar 4.6. pondasi panggung .............................................................................. 117Gambar 4.7. pondasi lajur ....................................................................................... 118Gambar 4.9. lantai kayu .......................................................................................... 118Gambar 4.10. lantai plester ..................................................................................... 118Gambar 4.11.lantai kramik ...................................................................................... 118
Gambar 4.12. dinding batu bata.............................................................................. 118Gambar 4.13. dinding batako .................................................................................. 118Gambar 4.14. dinding kayu...................................................................................... 118Gambar 4.15. plafon gypsum .................................................................................. 119Gambar 4.16. plafon kayu ....................................................................................... 119Gambar 4.17. rangka atap kayu.............................................................................. 119Gambar 4.18. genteng tanah liat............................................................................. 119Gambar 4.19. jaringan listrik PLN ........................................................................... 120Gambar 4.20. jaringan listrik genset ....................................................................... 120Gambar 4.21. sumur resapan ................................................................................. 120Gambar 4.22. septic tank ........................................................................................ 120Gambar 4.23. pengolahan air limbah ...................................................................... 120Gambar 4.24. PDAM ............................................................................................... 120Gambar 4.25. lampu Downlight............................................................................... 121Gambar 4.26. lampu cobra head ............................................................................ 122Gambar 4.27. lampu Decorative Post Top .............................................................. 122Gambar 4.28. Hydran Box ...................................................................................... 123Gambar 4.29. kamera CCTV .................................................................................. 123Gambar 4.31. lubang biopori .................................................................................. 127Gambar 4.32. rumput jepang .................................................................................. 127Gambar 4.33. Grass Block ...................................................................................... 127Gambar 5.1. material regional................................................................................. 130Gambar 5.2. daur ulang air ..................................................................................... 130Gambar 5.3. ventilasi .............................................................................................. 131Gambar 5.4. pencahayaan alami ............................................................................ 131Gambar 5.5. siteplan rumah Alm. Dr. Heinz Frick ................................................... 133Gambar 5.6. rumah Alm. Dr. Heinz Frick ................................................................ 133Gambar 5.7. talang ventilasi ................................................................................... 134Gambar 5.8. tandon penampungan air hujan ......................................................... 134Gambar 5.9. kamar mandi ...................................................................................... 134Gambar 5.10. plafon kayu ....................................................................................... 135Gambar 5.11. tangga .............................................................................................. 135Gambar 5.12. vegetasi vertikal ............................................................................... 135Gambar 5.13. dapur ................................................................................................ 136Gambar 5.14. kamar mandi .................................................................................... 136Gambar 5.15. diagram system penyaringan pasir lambat ....................................... 144Gambar 5.16. contoh penjernihan air tipe up flow................................................... 145Gambar 5.17. gambar cerobong diatas rumah-rumah BedZED ............................. 147Gambar 5.18. perumahan BedZED ........................................................................ 148Gambar 5.19. rumah di BedZED ............................................................................. 148 GambGambar 5.23. sistem pemanfaatan pencahayaan di BedZED ................................ 145DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1. kebutuhan fasilitas ................................................................................. 23Tabel 3.1. pelaku kegiatan ...................................................................................... 54Tabel 3.2. sifat kegiatan .......................................................................................... 58Tabel 3.3. kelompok ruang ..................................................................................... 59Tabel 3.4. pola sirkulasi .......................................................................................... 60Tabel 3.5. pola penataan unit.................................................................................. 61Tabel 3.6. besaran ruang ........................................................................................ 62Tabel 3.7. kebutuhan luas unit tipe 36 .................................................................... 76Tabel 3.8. kebutuhan luas unit tipe 45 .................................................................... 77Tabel 3.9. kebutuhan luas unit tipe 54 .................................................................... 77Tabel 3.10. kebutuhan luas unit tipe 60 .................................................................. 78Tabel 3.11. kebutuhan luas bangunan .................................................................... 79Tabel 3.12. sistem struktrur .................................................................................... 81Tabel 3.13. penilaian alternatif 1 pada lokasi makro ............................................... 92Tabel 3.14. penilaian alternatif 2 pada lokasi makro ............................................... 93Tabel 3.15. penilaian pada lokasi makro ................................................................. 93Tabel 3.16. analisa alternatif 1 pada jalan terpilih ................................................... 97Tabel 3.17. analisa alternatif 2 pada jalan terpilih ................................................... 98Tabel 3.18. penilaian pada lokasi mikro .................................................................. 99Tabel 3.19. perbandingan alternatif tapak ............................................................... 102Tabel 4.1. besaran ruang terbangun ....................................................................... 116Tabel 4.2. program sistem struktur ......................................................................... 117DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram 1.1 :Alur Pikir Metoda Pengumpulan Data ................................................ 5 Diagram 1.2 :Alur Pikir Metoda Penyusunandan Analisa ........................................ 7 Diagram 1.3 :Alur Pikir Metoda Perancangan Arsitektur ......................................... 8 Diagram 3.1.pola aktivitas umum ............................................................................ 56 Diagram 3.2.pola aktivitas penghuni ....................................................................... 56 Diagram 3.3. pola aktivitas pengelola ..................................................................... 57 Diagram 3.4. pola aktivitas servis ........................................................................... 57 Diagram 3.5. hubungan ruang ................................................................................ 61 Diagram 4.1. program kegiatan ............................................................................... 115 Diagram 4,2. Program kegiatan .............................................................................. 115 Diagram 5.1. teori permasalahan desain ................................................................ 138