THE INFLUENCE OF THE MATRIARCHAL FAMILY ON TOM’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT IN WILLIAMS’ THE GLASS MENAGERIE A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MATRIARCHAL FAMILY ON TOM’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT IN WILLIAMS’ THE GLASS MENAGERIE A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By: BLASIUS DHEDI RIAWAN
Student number: 031214138
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009
STATETEMENT OF WORKS’ ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I wrote, does not contain the work or part of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotation and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 12 January, 2009 The Writer,
Blasius Dhedi Riawan 031214138
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma : Nama : BLASIUS DHEDI RIAWAN Nomor Mahasiswa : 031214138
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MATRIARCHAL FAMILY ON TOM’S
CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT IN WILLIAMS’ THE GLASS MENAGERIE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, me- ngalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Yogyakarta, 21 Februari 2009 Yang menyatakan
(BLASIUS DHEDI RIAWAN)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
On this page, I would like to deliver my deepest gratitude. First of all, I would like to thank Jesus for his path of salvation, blessing, strength to undergo everything and the like. I also thank Him for lighting the darkness and shining me a spot of light of hope to the point of finishing my thesis.
Secondly, I would like to thank V. Triprihatmini, S.Pd., M.Hum., M.A. as my sponsor for helping me with her helpful suggestions and criticism on my thesis. I also thank her for making me enjoy the hard time during the accomplishment of my thesis. I thank Drs. YB Gunawan, M.A. for being kind. Here, I am also thankful to all lecturers in English Language Education Study Program and all staff of Sanata Dharma University.
My deepest gratefulness goes to my late mother in heaven. I thank her for her constant praying to God for me. I particularly thank my father, B. Sagiyo, for his support. He is everything for me. I thank them for ‘everything’. I love them so much.
I am very thankful fo r all my friends. I thank Singgeh_SD, Willi, Andri, Timur, Cipok, Tedy, Yoyok, Widia, Lia, Winni (big), Siwi, Deni, Sindhu, Uri, Upik and all of them I cannot mention here exclusively. I thank Roy who has given me the soft copy of Williams’ The Glass Menagerie. I also would like to deliver my special thankfulness to Dono and Joe for being my companion in many cases in Sanata Dharma University. I thank them for being very patient to me as well. May God always bless them.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
9
2.3.5 Family Members Relationship: Character Development ...................................................... 23
2.3.4 The Influence of Divorce toward Children ......................... 21
2.3.3 The Function of the Family ................................................ 20
2.3.2 Parents’ Role in Educating Children .................................. 17
2.3.1 Human’s Maturity: Emotion and Motivation ..................... 14
2.3 Human’s Relationship and Family ................................................ 14
2.2 Theory of Character and Characterization ................................... 11
5 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE …………………. ......... 9 2.1 Theory of Critical Approach to Literature ....................................
Page TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................................... i PAGES OF APPROVAL ........................................................................................ ii STATETEMENT OF WORKS’ ORIGINALITY .................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ vi ABSTRACT............................................................................................................. vii
1.4 Benefits of the Study ..................................................................... 4 1.5 Definition of Terms .......................................................................
4
1.2 Problem Formulation .................................................................... 4 1.3 Aim of Study..................................................................................
1
1 1.1 Background of the Study ..............................................................
................................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................
ABSTRAK
2.4 Theoretical Framework ................................................................. 26
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 28
4.2.2 Tom’s Relationship in the Family ....................................... 38
4.3.3.2 Tom is Temperamental ........................................... 62
4.3.3.1 Tom is Discriminative ............................................ 60
4.3.3 Tom’s Personality Traits after being Influenced by the Matriarchal Family ................................. 54
4.3.2 The Influences of Tom’s Relationship with Amanda on his Character Development ...................... 50
4.3.1 The Influences of Tom’s Relationship with Laura on his Character Development ......................... 47
4.3 Tom’s Character Development under the Influence of the Matriarchal Family ............................................................. 46
4.2.2.2 Tom’s Relationship with Amanda .......................... 39
4.2.2.1 Tom’s Relationship with Laura .............................. 38
4.2.1 The Reason Why the Family is Called Matriarchal .......................................................................... 36
3.1 Subject Matter ............................................................................... 28
4.2 Tom’s Life in the Matriarchal Family ........................................... 36
4.1.4 Tom is Introverted ............................................................... 34
4.1.3 Tom is Honest ...................................................................... 33
4.1.2 Tom is Patient ...................................................................... 33
4.1.1 Tom is Affectionate ............................................................. 32
4.1 Tom’s Personality Traits When He was Raised in a Complete Family .................................................................... 31
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 31
3.3 Procedures ..................................................................................... 29
3.2 Approaches .................................................................................... 29
4.3.3.3 Tom is Untruthful ................................................... 64
4.3.3.5 Tom is Revengeful ................................................. 68
4.3.3.6 Tom is More Introverted ......................................... 71
4.3.3.7 Tom is Adaptive ..................................................... 72
4.3.4 Tom’s Final Action as a Result of the Suppressing Condition in the Matriarchal Family ................................... 73
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...................................... 76
5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................... 76
5.2 Suggestions ................................................................................... 79
5.2.1 Suggestion for Further Research ......................................... 79
5.2.2 Suggestion for Implement ing William’s The Glass Menagerie in Teaching- Learning Process ........... 80
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 82 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: Lesson Plan to Teach Advance Learners in Drama Class ............ 85 APPENDIX B: Scene one of Williams’ The Glass Menagerie ............................. 87 APPENDIX C: Summary and Remark of Each Scene of The Glass Menagerie ................................................................ 92
ABSTRACT
Riawan, B. Dhedi. 2008. The Influence of the Matriarchal Family on Tom’s
Character Development in Williams’ The Glass Menagerie. Yogyakarta: English
Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Art Education, Faculty of Teachers Training Ed ucation, Sanata Dharma University.
The study discusses the character development of Tom in William’s The Glass Menagerie as he is influenced by the matriarchal family. Referring to Tom as the centre of discussion of the study, the play is about a family which is left by the father because of another woman. Here, Tom is the one who supports the economy of the family by working at the warehouse. Unexpectedly, he is often treated inappropriately by his mother, Amanda. This condition has changed his persona lity and his manner of responding to certain events.
The study aims to answer the question in the problem formulation. The first question is how Tom’s character described in Williams’ The Glass Menagerie. The second question is how Tom’s character develops under the influence of a matriarchal family. Referring to the problem formulation questions, the two main aims of the study are to discover how Tom’s characters are described and how he is influenced by the matriarchal family. In order to find the intended answers, the psychological approach was employed to go deeper to the character’s feeling and thinking. The theory of character was used to study carefully the way to comprehend the character and to comprehend the character himself. The approaches required the presence of any other sources. The drama script of Williams’ The Glass Menagerie was the primary source and the other books related to the study were the secondary ones.
The true Tom’s personality trait is affectionate. His father’s leaving has instilled hatred in his heart. It is flourished with the bad relationship between him and Amanda. The other personality traits such as temperamental and revengeful are influenced by his being in the matriarchal family. Based on the analysis, I can conclude that Tom has undergone the succession of progressive changes. The changes that happen to Tom designate that he is influenced by the matriarchal family. This study also suggests two matters related to families in this world and to the study itself. The first suggestion is that families in this world are to develop an affectionate atmosphere to raise children. The second one is that the implementation of Williams’ The Glass Menagerie to teach Drama for advance learners is to be done with good interaction between lecturer and students.
ABSTRAK
Riawan, B. Dhedi. 2008. The Influence the Matriarchal Family on Tom’s
Character Development in Williams’ The Glass Menagerie. Yogyakarta: Program
Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membahas perkembangan karakter Tom dalam karya William yang berjudul The Glass Menagerie sebagaimana dipengarui oleh keluarga matriarkal. Mengacu pada karakter Tom yang menjadi pembahasan utama dalam studi ini, drama ini mengisahkan tentang sebuah keluarga yang ditinggal pergi oleh seorang kepala keluarga karena tertarik pada wanita lain. Dalam studi ini, Tom adalah seorang yang menopang ekonomi keluarga dengan bekerja di warehouse. Walaupun begitu, dia sering mendapat perlakuan yang tidak sepantasnya dari ibunya sendiri yaitu Amanda. Keadaan seperti ini telah mengubah kepribadian dia dan bagaimana dia menaggapi berbagai peristiwa.
Studi ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan dalam formulasi masalah. Pertanyaan pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Tom digambarkan dalam karya William yang berjudul The Glass Menagerie. Pertanyaan kedua adalah bagaimana karakter Tom berkembang dalam pengaruh keluarga matriarchal. Mengacu pada pertanyaan-pertanyaan dalam formulasi masalah, ada dua tujuan utama dalam studi ini yaitu menemukan bagaimana karakter Tom digambarkan (melaui kata-kata) dan bagaimana dia dipengaruhi karena hidup dalam keluarga matriarkal. Agar dapat menemukan jawaban-jawaban yang dimaksud, pendekatan psikologis diterapkan untuk mengetahui lebih dalam apa yang dirasakan dan dipikirkan oleh karakter. Teori tentang karakter digunakan untuk menelaah cara memahami karakter dan untuk memahami karakter itu sendiri. Pendekatan- pendekatan tersebut memerlukan sumber-sumber lainnya. Naskah drama dari karya William yang berjudul The Glass Menagerie adalah sumber utama dan buku-buku yang lain adalah referensi kedua.
Sifat sejati Tom adalah penuh kasih sayang. Kepergian seorang ayah telah menanamkan kebencian pada hati Tom. Kebencian itu tumbuh dengan baik karena hubungan yang buruk antara Tom dan Amanda. Sifat-sifat lain seperti pemarah dan pendendam adalah pengaruh karena keberadaan dia dalam keluarga matriarkal. Berdasarkan analisa, saya dapat menyimpulkan bahwa Tom telah mengalami serangkaian perubahan perkembangan. Perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi pada Tom dengan sangat jelas menandai bahwa dia terpengaruh oleh keluarga matriarchal. Studi ini juga menyarankan dua hal yang berkaitan dengan keluarga-keluarga di dunia ini dan yang berkaitan dengan studi ini sendiri. Saran pertama adalah keluarga-keluarga di dunia harus mengembangkan suasana yang penuh kasih sayang dalam membesarkan anak-anak. Saran kedua adalah pelaksanaan karya Williams yang berjudul The Glass
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter is divided into five different parts. The first part is the
background of the study. It contains the reason why the study is conducted. The second part is the aim of the study. It gives details about the intended purposes of the study. The third part is the problem formulation. This part contains two questions related to the study. The fourth part is benefits of the study. This part explains the hopefully obtained advantages for thesis readers. The very last part of chapter one is the definition of terms. This part lists important terms related to the study.
1.1 Background of the Study
Everybody in this world is a character that represents someone and undergoes roles for others. There is no one in this world that has no role. Everyone is interrelated to one another. Nevertheless, one and all are frequently encountering some challenges or things to be carried out that unavoidably influence everything around them.
Every human, as a character in this world, experiences various occurrences. As long as human is interacting to one another, there is always an action taken. As in written drama, when readers pay close attention to characters, they will discover themselves to go from the what to why—from the characters’ words and actions to their motives. Furthermore, so as to know the characters’ motivation, they are to identify what the characters do and how they do it (Guth, 1997: 69).
In fact, drama is related to the characters interaction amongst others. Short (1996: 168) states that “drama largely consists of character-to-character interaction”.
Synonymously, the writer can utter that there will be various contacts whether they are direct or not. Take for examples, through touches or words.
Referring to the two former paragraphs, all living inhabitants in earth cannot avoid doing interaction. The identical reason for doing interaction is that humans need others to survive. Humans need others and each of them holds different interests and motivations to do particular things. The similar things also happen in drama: the characters in drama are interacting to one another; they are holding interests and motivation behind what they are doing.
Specifically, in the play of Williams’ The Glass Menagerie (1945), Amanda is a mother who is passionate to take care both of her children, Laura and Tom.
However, as an ordinary human, she often does mistake in directing them. For example, she uses unacceptable manner to communicate her advice to Tom so that he is feeling look down upon. Responding to such treatment, Tom frequently does actions that are affected by her mother’s saying. He can go out of control at the moment and release his uncomfortable feeling by doing something unworthy. For instance, he goes out every single night. Additionally, Tom’s behaviors are also affected by the absence of a father as a good role model for his life. In the matriarchal family, he does not have a figure of a father as the guidance for his life, whereas his mother often cannot understand his feelings.
Based on the above elucidation, I notice the awfully complex relationship between Tom and his mother. I am interested to comprehend the matriarchal family influences on how Tom is doing certain things and how he reacts to particular happenings. By doing so, I can notice Tom’s changes. The relationship between Amanda and Tom relate to his character development. Of course, there are many other influences to Tom’s character development to be in the matriarchal family.
Furthermore, I believe that there are many valuable values in the Williams’ The Glass Menagerie (1945) that can be revealed. In addition, there is no smoke if there is no fire—in relation with the study, it means that the matriarchal family led by Amanda as a mother causes Tom to act in different manners.
Williams’ The Glass Menagerie (1945) illustrates how the characters are trying to affect the others. For example, the mother, Amanda, is trying to influence Tom to think that Laura will be better if she has got boyfriend by telling him that he will be so much easier to go out (Williams 1712) . Knowing the fact that the matriarchal family led by Amanda as a mother has great influences toward Tom’s character development, I am very eager to explore more about it.
1.2 Problem Formulation
Based on the above background, I would like to formulate the problems as guidance in doing the study as follows:
1. How is Tom’s character described in William’s The Glass Menagerie?
2. How does Tom’s character develop under the influence of a matriarchal family?
Aim of the Study
1.3 Since the study aims at observing and answering the formulated problems,
there will be two main aims to execute the study in order to find the intended answers. The first is to describe or to explain in words Tom’s characters in general. It also gives detail on how the character can emerge. The second is to examine Amanda’s matriarchal family that influences Tom’s character development. By figuring out the answer of the last question in the problem formulation, the study meets the intended answer.
1.4 Benefits of the Study
A number of benefits hopefully will be gained for English Language Education Study Program students, readers and other researchers. Firstly, this study is hopefully beneficial for students of English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. Since the study is mainly about the influence of the matriarchal family on Tom’s character development in of the play. For that reason, the study is a good source to help them to refer to a high- quality reference in a literature class.
Secondly, readers of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams will gain better understanding about the play. This study will also help them to go deeper into the essence of the influences of being in the matriarchal family to Tom.
Finally, the study is expected to be a good reference for other researchers who would like to conduct literature analysis particularly about Williams’ The Glass Menagerie.
Definition of Terms
1.5 To provide clarity and to avoid misunderstanding, this study provides some
related terms definition as listed. All the terms definitions below are in the same meaning with the writer’s intention to define the term. They represent what the study is about.
1. Character Abrams (1981: 23) confirms that “characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say—the dialogue—and by what they do—the action”
2. Development
Hornby (1995: 318) defines Development (N) as the action or process of
Development (N) as formation or change (of personality overtime). In the study, those words also refer to the change of behavior.
3. Influence
The Webster’s Newworld Dictionary of the American Language (1979: 722) defines Influence to be three parts that each of them is relatively related to the study.
a). The power of persons or things to affect others, seen only in its effect.
b). The ability of a person or a group to produce effect indirectly by means of power based on the wealth, high position.
c). Implies the power of persons or things (whether or not exerted consciously or overtly) to affect others.
In the study, the word influence carries a very significance meaning since it transmits to the readers the power of a person to make the other one follow what she or he is saying.
4. Matriarch and Matriarchal Family
Hornby (1995: 723) defines matriarch (N) as the female head of family or tribe—matriarchal (A). According to Nair (www.rise-of-womanhood.org), concept of a matriarchal society is “when women have taken up collective leadership and actively engaged in economic or social developmental activity”.
It leads to intense changes in the society. From what Nair says, I can narrow matriarchal family is when a woman has taken up a leadership in a family and become dominant in the family decision making. It leads to intense changes in the family. In this study, I combine the ‘matriarch’ definition and the concept of a matriarchal family. Referring to the combination, matriarchal family is therefore any family that is led by a mother. The leadership happens when a father does not control the family but the mother does.
Referring to the thoughts above, I have decided to use the term of ‘matriarchal family’ to illustrate Tom’s family. The decision has been taken because Amanda is the leader of the family since Tom’s father’s leaving.
5. Character Development
Based on the definition above, I would like to define what is meant by character development in this study. In connection with the study, the term of character refers to the person represented in the play. It also confirms the person of having equipped with moral, inherent qualities of mind, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what he says and what he does. The term of development in this study is referring to the continuous progressive changes happen to the character. Referring to the definition above, character development in this study is defined as the continuous progressive changes happen to the character in the play which can be identified by analyzing the character’s saying and doing. Of course, the action taken by the character interrelates with the relationship amongst
The term of character development is used instead of personality development because of five reasons. First, the use of personality development term will only refer to the changes of the character’s personality traits, but I cannot emphasize on the character himself. Second, the use of the character development term will also emphasize to the analysis of the character as well as the character’s personality traits. Third, if I use the personality development term, I will only emphasize it, not the character development of Tom in the play. Fourth, in the study, the character development term is the cover term for personality development. Fifth, in general, when we talk about a character in the drama, we will also talk about the character’s personality traits. Conversely, when we talk about a character’s personality traits, we will just focus on the analysis of it.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The theories mentioned below will help to have a foundation for the analyses
in the study. This chapter provides a literary theory and some thoughts that the writer will apply to analyze the formulated problems in the problem formulation. They are theory of critical approach to literature, theory of character and characterization, human’s maturity and family, parents’ roles in educating children, the function of the family, the influences of divorce toward children, family members relationship: character development, and theoretical framework.
2.1 Theory of Critical Approach to Literature
According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 6-15), there are five types of critical approach in literature namely the Formalist Criticism, the Biographical Approach, the Sociocultural- Historical Approach, and the Mythopoeic Approach, as well as the Psychological Approach. In this study, I only use the Psychological Approach. Psychological approach is a critical approach that “involves effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns” (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971: 13).
It means that one main reason to do something is coming from the result of human’s thoughts that follow certain patterns. I believe that someone cannot understand truly what the other wants without trying to understand the psychological situation. The understanding above, I consider the Psychological approach the most appropriate approach to help to analyze Tom’s character development in the play.
In order to assist the psychological approach, I provide some thoughts of psychological criticism by Kennedy and Gloia (1999: 1947). Here, I would like to utter their thoughts in accordance with the study. First, it investigates the creative process of a character. It relates to normal mental function of a character.
Synonymously, it relates to how a character thinks about something. The creative process of the character shows how he tries to achieve something through what he is doing. Second, it employs the psychology to understand character’s motivations and behaviors. Every human has certain things to encourage him to do something. Here, the psychology can investigate what is the reason of the character to do certain things. Moreover, it can also investigate how the character reacts to certain phenomena. Third, it uses the modern insight of human behaviors in real condition to investigate the fictional characters’ act. This thought carries the human behavior in real condition or in real world to investigate the character’s traits in the play—by doing analogy. Moreover, the thought of creative process relates to what Lillie (1961: 21) says about mental process. He says that by explaining the action someone is doing, her or his mental process can be understood.
2.2 Theory of Character and Characterization
Specifically, Murphy (1972: 161-173) has presented nine ways of observing characters. These references will exclusively guide the analyses of the characters in the study.
1. Personal description
“The author describes a person’s appearance and clothes”. Here, the author can describe the person’s appearance through describing the person’s tallness, body weight, and hair. The author can also describe the type of clothes the person wears. The description of the type of clothes will make readers notice what kind of person he is—the job.
2. Character as seen by others
Characters in the play do interact with other characters. The person’s trait can be described through the opinion of the other ones. For example, when Jim talks about Laura (Williams 1737) in Williams’ The Glass Menagerie, the author indicates Laura’s traits—shy.
3. Speech
Through speech of characters, readers can gain insight into the characters through “what he says, whenever he speaks, whenever he is in conversation with other, whenever he puts forward an opinion”. The character’s responses to certain events give clues to his character.
4. Past life
Past life of a character can give clues to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. The person’s character can be showed through direct comment of the author himself. The author can give comment related to the person’s character. Through the thoughts of the person while dealing with something, the author can indicate the person’s character. In the play, conversation to one another are irresistible, it also shows the person’s character.
5. Conversation of others
The clues of a person’s character can be gained through the conversation of other character and through the things they say about him. Commonly, “people do talk about other people and the things they say often give a clue to the character of the person spoken about”. Synonymously, when characters talk about the other, the things they say often indicate the characters’ traits.
6. Reaction
The way characters react to certain events or situation give clues to readers about the persons’ characters. For example, when parents are talking to each other, the child who passes will bow slightly (Javanese tradition). This example shows how the author lets reader know that the character is polite.
7. Direct comment The author describes or gives direct comment to characters. The author describes the character’s traits directly. For example, the author can directly say
8. Thoughts
Here, the author knows the mind of the character. He can tell direct knowledge to readers about what she or he is thinking about. Since the author can do the thing readers cannot do in real life, he can describe what different characters are thinking about. Moreover, he has a sort of listening device to the characters so that he knows everything about them.
9. Mannerism
A person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies that probably contain something about the character can be described by the author. Character in the play will always show certain behavior that is easy to be identified. For example, a character in the play likes to stand and laugh alone. This is one of many ways the author shows the character’s trait.
In literature, the term of flat and round character are often heard. According to Pickering and Hoeper (1986: 28-29), flat character is the one who has limited qualities of traits and ideas. This type of character is simple and static. On the contrary, round character is the one who has a lot of qualities of traits and ideas. This type of character has the ability to develop himself. Similarly, Perrine (1974: 71) states about the static and dynamic character. Static character refers to the one who does not make any change. This type of character possesses similar traits from the beginning of the story until the end of it. The fact that the static character does not refers to the characteristics. In detail, character has different traits from the beginning of the story until the end of it. For example, Lawrence used to be a shy girl. At the end of the story, she becomes a talkative pretty girl.
From the elucidation of how to observe the character from Murphy (1972: 161-173) above, the process of how to create a character is shown in several ways.
The way to do so is called characterization (Rohrberger and Woods, 1981: 20). It also refers to the techniques used by the author to give an idea about the character—for example, what he likes and dislikes (Murphy, 1972: 52). Here, characterization is the mean used by the author to let readers know the character in the literature work.
Furthermore, it is also used to describe the character so that he will be understood by readers.
2.3 Human’s Maturity and Family 2.3 .1 Human’s Maturity: Emotion and Motivation
In order to identify the characters in the play, I need some references. By referring to the references below, I can figure out Tom’s reasons of behaving.
Lawlor (1963: 18) states that people require personal experiences to become organized in doing various things. Then, she affirms that “control and balance are what characterize emotional maturity, not total detachment” (Lawlor, 1963: 38). Additionally, she clarifies what is suggested by the word maturation. “Maturation refers to something which appears late in the life of organism but as a direct result of growing teeth or reaching sexual maturity” (Lawlor,1963: 38). Later, the understanding will assist to identify Tom’s final character development.
As illustrated below, Claninger (2004: 11) presents a sample of hypothesis that eventually will be useful to analyze Tom’s reasons of behaving. The hypothesis will also serve as the way to analyze the reason of Tom’s behaving in certain manners.
Hypothesis Derived from a Theoretical Proposition
Theoretical Constructs + Frustration- Aggression
Theoretical Proposition + Frustration leads to aggression Operational Definition: Frustration + Losing 75 cents in a soda machine
- Failing an exam
- Loosing one’s job
Aggression = Kicking the soda machine
= Rating the instructor as poor = Beating one’s spouse
Hypothesis
1. Subject who loses 75 cents in a soda machine (which is rigged by experimenter) will kick the soda machine more often than the control group which loses no money.
2. Students who are told they have failed an exam will rate their instructor lower than students who are told they have passed the exam.
3. When unemployed rises, the number of reported spouse beating will increase.
Claninger (2004: 11) In order to be able to identify what stimulates Tom when he does actions, I provide myself with some understandings about human’s emotion as well human’s Related to human’s emotion, Lawlor (1963: 30) states that “emotion mobilizes and organizes us rather than needs, drives or instinct”. Moreover, there are two matters that motivate human behavior. First, referring to what has been concluded by Hergenhahn & Olson (2007: 7) from many experts, he confirms that hedonism or the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain is one of matters that motivate human behavior. Second, Hergenhahn & Olson (2007: 7) has concluded from many experts that self-actualization or the impulse to realize one’s full potential is the matter that motivates human behavior.
Wiwoho (2004: 61) gives new point of view to value human’s motivation. He argues that human possesses two sources of motivation namely internal and external.
Moreover, he explains the decision to do something is made inside or outside someone. Wiwoho (2004: 61-62) gives some characteristics of people with internal and external motivation. People with internal motivation tend to have source of motivation and standard of evaluation inside themselves. These kinds of people are having a hard time to accept opinions and orders from others. They are also question opinions from criticizer which is relatively negative because they think that they have done the work well. Basically, people with internal motivation want to gather information from outside, but they have their own internal standard to decide what to do. In contrast, people with external motivation need opinions, instructions, and responses from other parties to be constantly motivated. For instance, these kinds of people need responses while they are working—they do not know whether they are motivation do not have self standard. Since they do not have it, they will get confused if there is no assistance from others. The standard is obtained from outside world.
In addition, Wiwoho (2004: 71) confirms that people who have standard motivation are not egoist ones who do not want to listen to others. They still gather information, but by using their own standard they make decisions.
2.3 . 2 Parents’ Roles in Educating Children
In fact, parents have many roles in the family. One of them is to take care of children. Here, I provide some roles to be taken by parents in taking care of their children. In order to help to analyze deeply about the influences, the writer will use some key terms about children from Joseph and Bird (1972: 29-45).
1. Omniscience
Children need to believe their parents can answer all their questions so that they can pass the new world, but the parents are also to make sure their children have found answers. This answer is important to encourage them to have purposes in their life.
2. Responsibility
Reaching the age of adulthood, children are hoped to have formulated goals. The goals are in extended span of time, and by practicing to be responsible they will be able to reach it. Here, family plays a very important role because the family is the place to train themselves to be discipline and to have reward for their interpersonal responsibility. They will also learn about the rights and obligation in the relation with others.
3. Coping
Parents’ role to be children’s role model to cope with frustration is unquestionably needed. Undeniably, children are great imitator in almost everything. Parents are to act nicely because what they are doing will be imitated by their children. Parents are to show calmness when they are dealing with problems.
Strength 4.
Children need good figure of parents to rely on. They must figure out that their parents possess the strength of conviction because their knowledge about it will help them to build their own conviction as they mature.
5. Security
Parents have to be able to make their children feel secure emotionally, physically, and financially. As omniscience role for parents, they are to give the children security. This condition will encourage them to grow normally—no psyche disturbance. Moreover, children will feel more comfort to live in the family.
6. Self-image
Parents must provide information to their children that they have special values in their life. If a child is valued positively, he will grow up with positive self- image.
Parents must not discourage the ir children by treating them badly. The positive self- image the children acquire will also determine their motivation and behavior to step forward to their future.
7. Limits
Children need structure, direction in their lives and they need to know what kind of outcome will be from their actions. From the points, they can understand the limits. Parents cannot always allow their children to do anything they want. Occasionally, parents are to restrict the children to do useless or dangerous things affectionately. The affectionate manner in restricting the children will not hurt their feelings.
Role Identity 8.
To be mature parents, people are to learn many roles. They need to consider many aspects of family values. By knowing them, parents know the worthy things to do.
Children need parents or someone who can fill the role of parents. Children need to go out of their vulnerability so that they can be self-sufficient. Identically, before reaching the ages when they are able to be self-sufficient, they will depend physically and emotionally towards their parents (Joseph and Bird, 1972: 28).
Joseph and Bird (1972: 100) state that parents are to “learn to converse with their children in psychological language expressive of empathy and acceptance, something called ‘childrenese’”. Furthermore, they state that it is an obligation for the parents to learn children’s language, not vice versa.
Specifically, in the family, a father plays a very crucial role in educating children. Dagun (1990) presents an understanding about father’s role in the family.
The understanding is very helpful to assist the analysis of why Tom behaves uncontrollably in the matriarchal family. Specifically, the understanding will be the reference in interpreting the need of a figure of a man for Tom.
Dagun (1990: 17) states that a father has very important direct roles in his child development—he can fondle, organize language contacts, and talk as well as act playfully with. He adds that a father can direct and manage his child activities so that she or he will be able to determine how she or he can act properly in their social intercourse.
2.3 . 3 The Function of the Family
Referring to the points below, I will be able identify the lack of the family in Williams’ The Glass Menagerie (1945) and to compare it. Soekanto (1990: 85) mentions four fundamental functions of nuclear family:
1. As the place of primary socialization. The children are taught to understand and follow principles in society.
2. As a unity to control proper sex relationship.
3. As a unit of social-economic that form the basic children’s social-economic.
4. As a shelter so that family’s life is in order and peaceful. They can also live in peace.
Similarly, Parsons (1987: 122) confirms three function of a family: 1. A direct source of interpersonal involvement.
2. A context for the acquisition of interpersonal skills and facilitative attitudes.
3. A secure base from which to establish peer relationships.
2.3 . 4 The Influences of Divorce toward Children
Separatio n in the family will influence something. Since the situation of the matriarchal family in Williams’ The Glass Menagerie (1945) is similar to the situation of divorce family, I believe that the influences of matriarchal family toward Tom can be identified through referring to the thoughts below.
I believe that divorce will influence the children. In relation to the divorce toward children, Pohan (1972: 177) states
Primus inter pares or father and mother as duumvirate in the family are taking
really important responsibility and role in the family life. They determine every step and attitude that is going to be taken for the family’s benefit, solve every problem and be the pillar of all the family’s members, especially the children. They also determine to what direction and how the children are carried to the adultness. On the contrary and in relation with the study, children absolutely need the presence of their parents to be their guidance in all cases. If children lose one of them, it will degrade the children’s contentment in learning new things for their life.
The next theory is about the direction of the children. Pohan (1972: 177) states that children who are left by one of their parents will lose the direction to go balance”. Children are not administered properly if they loose their direction makers. “If children are allegorized as chicks, they loose their mother”. Furthermore, Pohan (1972: 176) confirms that children personalities are determined by both of parents, mother and father, as inseparable duumvirate.
Pohan (1972: 195) verifies the impact of children being separated from their parents. The separation can cause the disturbance of behavior and the emerging of psyche disturbance. The disturbance especially tends to about anti-social behavior, depression, and naughtiness that lead to criminal action. Pohan (1972: 195) argues that the naughtiness happens because basic education, the intimacy tied in the relation between parents and children in the family, is cut. In addition, the psyche development and personality formation of children are truthfully depending on how the relation between parents and children: how the relationship between them is perceived by children.