Translation methods and procedures of cultural issues in literary translation : a case study in Paulo Coelho`s The Alchemis - USD Repository
TRANSLATION METHODS AND PROCEDURES
OF CULTURAL ISSUES IN LITERARY TRANSLATION:
A CASE STUDY IN PAULO COELHO’S THE ALCHEMIST
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Alfonsus Rinardi Rintardo
Student Number: 071214092
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
TRANSLATION METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF CULTURAL ISSUES IN LITERARY TRANSLATION: A CASE STUDY IN PAULO COELHO’S THE ALCHEMIST A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Alfonsus Rinardi Rintardo
Student Number: 071214092
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011
(Former elementary teacher’s feedback on my early learning progress) (Buzz Lightyear’s motto on Disney’s cartoon movie Toy Story) (Relieving spell silently recited every time I’m in trouble)
! ! " ! # ! ! ! # $
! # ! " " "
(Ikal’s contemplation on Andrea Hirata’s novel Padang Bulan, p. 196) I dedicate this thesis to: myself, my late parents,
…and those who become family, patrons, advisors, and close friends in joy and sorrow
ABSTRACT
Rintardo, Alfonsus Rinardi. (2011). Translation Methods and Procedures of
Cultural Issues in Literary Translation: A Case Study in Paulo Coelho’s The
Alchemist. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma
University.This research analyzes the translation methods and procedures used in translating English version of Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist into its Indonesian version, especially dealing with cultural issues found among words, phrases, or clauses within sentences.
The formulated problems are: 1) what are the translation methods and procedures used in the translated Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist and the styles of translation from the application of those methods and procedures?, 2) what is its type of text reliability? 3) what are the weakness(es) and the strength(s) of the translated The Alchemist?
To answer the problems, the researcher conducted qualitative research on content analysis. There are two sources of the research, namely primary source and secondary source. The primary source is taken from the two versions of Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist, while the secondary sources consist of theories of translation, theory of culture, and the review on work’s context.
The findings of the research are: 1) the translation methods used are ‘pure’ and ‘combination’ categories of form change, modulation, adaptation, and contextual conditioning, 2) the styles of translation used are: metaphor, metonymy, zeugma, periphrasis, allusion, and allegory, 3) all in all, the translations tend to pursue fluency type of text reliability, but some in cases the so called foreignism and literalism still appear. 4) despite its accuracy and naturalness, especially in using the terms or concepts dealing with spirituality and figurative language, there are more than 25% cases (of samples provided) involving weaknesses on foreignism and literalism (including misinterpretation of meaning, inconsistency use of certain word, inappropriate or ambiguous diction, and inappropriate form.
It is suggested that the future researchers may further explore the possible studies for more detailed analysis on readability measurement of selected terms / expressions, grammatical changes of sentences, symbols which appear in the story, or characterization of the story. As for the lecturer, it is recommended that this research be used to teach Translation I class. Keywords: translation, literary translation, culture, method and procedure, case
study, style
ABSTRAK
Rintardo, Alfonsus Rinardi. (2011). Translation Methods and Procedures of
Cultural Issues in Literary Translation: A Case Study in Paulo Coelho’s The
Alchemist. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.Skripsi ini mengkaji tentang metode dan prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan dalam novel The Alchemist karya Paulo Coelho versi bahasa Inggris ke dalam versi bahasa Indonesia , terutama mengenai hal-hal yang bersifat kultural yang ditemukan pada kata, frasa, maupun klausa dalam kalimat.
Permasalahan yang muncul dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1) apa sajakah metode dan prosedur terjemahan yang digunakan dalam versi terjemahan The
Alchemist karya Paulo Coelho dan gaya dalam penerjemahan yang muncul dari
penerapan metode dan prosedur tersebut?, 2) apakah tipe text reliability dari karya terjemahan tersebut?, 3) apa sajakah keunggulan dan kelemahan karya terjemahan
The Alchemist tersebut?
Peneliti menggunakan penelitian kualitatif berupa analisis konten untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut. Ada dua sumber yang digunakan dalam studi ini, yakni sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utama diambil dari dua versi novel The Alchemist karya Paulo Coelho, sedangkan sumber kedua meliputi teori-teori penerjemahan, teori budaya, serta konteks karya.
Hasil penelitian dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) kategori metode penerjemahan yang diterapkan merupakan variasi antara metode ‘murni’ serta ‘kombinasi’ antar metode: form change, modulation, adaptation dan contextual
conditioning , 2) adapun gaya penerjemahan yang muncul dari penerapan prosedur
tersebut adalah: metaphor, metonymy, zeugma, periphrasis, allusion dan allegory, 3) secara garis besar, text reliability dari karya terjemahan ini sendiri cenderung mengarah ke fluency, namun sayangnya masih menyisakan literalism dan
foreignism pada beberapa kasus yang muncul, 4) meski memiliki akurasi dan
penggunaan bahasa yang natural, terutama berkaitan dengan penggunaan istilah atau konsep yang berhubungan dengan spiritualitas dan bahasa figuratif, terjemahan ini memunculkan lebih dari 25% kasus, dari keseluruhan sampel, yang berkaitan dengan kelemahan dalam hal foreignism dan literalism (termasuk kesalahan interpretasi makna, inkosistensi dalam penggunaan kata tertentu, pilihan kata yang kurang tepat atau ambigu, serta bentuk yang kurang sesuai).
Para peneliti selanjutnya disarankan untuk lebih lanjut mengeksplorasi studi untuk analisis yang lebih rinci pada pengukuran tingkat keterbacaan istilah / ekspresi tertentu, perubahan gramatikal dalam kalimat, simbol-simbol yang muncul dalam cerita, atau penokohan dalam cerita. Bagi dosen, penelitian ini disarankan untuk digunakan dalam mengajar kelas Translation I. Kata-kata kunci: terjemahan, terjemahan sastra, budaya, metode dan prosedur,
studi kasus, gaya bahasa
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The whole process in conducting the research and writing the thesis was one of greatest parts in my life. First of all, I would like to thank the Lord for providing me with hidden blessings behind any opportunities and re-emerged spirit in past times of stagnation and long confusion.
I would also like to convey my respect and gratitude to my advisor; Drs.
Antonius Herujiyanto, M. A., Ph. D; who gave me freedom to explore the field I
am interested in, while providing the advices and guidance necessary for improving the analysis and presentation of research results.
I also send my gratitude to Sr. Margaret O’Donohue, FCJ for her kindness to take the time to correct my grammar in this thesis and became a critical proofreader in discussion.
My sincere thanks are also for valuable moral and scholarship supports from the Katedral Kristus Raja Purwokerto Parish, through the helps of Bu
Anik and the treasurers, and Pak Bambang, as great acquaintances of my late
parents.Thanks also go to my siblings Nana, Fran and Lia, who are also struggling to live in their own ways; for always reminding me of my goals for studying in university and my obligation to graduate as soon as possible and with the best possible results.
Lastly, I give huge thanks for friends in USD EESP of all classes, especially the class of 2007 where I belong the late four years, and juniors of E3C and Insight International from classes below with Mbak Dhyana Paramitha as the amazing patron, who keeps encouraging me to graduate from the university successfully.
Alfonsus Rinardi Rintardo
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………….. i APPROVAL PAGES…………………………………………….. ii DEDICATION PAGE…………………………………………… iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY…………………. v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI…………………
vi
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………. vii ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………… ix TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………… xi LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………….. xv LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………. xvi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background…………………………………
1 B.
3 Research Problem …………………………………… C.
3 Problem Limitation…….…………………………….
D.
4 Research Objectives………………………………….
E.
5 Research Benefits…………………………………… F.
5 Definition of Terms………………………………….
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description……………………….............
8 1. Theories of Translation…….………………………….
8
a. Good Translation………………………………………
8 b. Good Translator………………………………………..
11 c. Translation Process and Procedure…………………….
12
d. Meaning-Based Translation……………………………
17 e. Styles of Translation……………….…………………..
17
f. Assessing Translation Product…………………………
18 2. Theory of Culture……………………………………...
19 3. Work’s Context………………………………………...
20 a. The Author……………………………………………..
20
b. Work’s Setting…………………………………………
22 B. Theoretical Framework………………………………..
24 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method……………………………………...
25 B. Research Setting……………………………………….
25 C. Research Participants/ Subjects……………………….
26 D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique…………..
26 E. Data Analysis Technique……………………………...
27
CHAPTER IV. DISCUSSION A. Examining the Reconstruction of the Text on Cultural Issues on Translation Methods and Procedures ….......
65
31
35
40
43
44
44
54
68
30
70
71
72
73
73
75
75
31
C. The Type of Text Reliability…………………………
1. Part One……………………………………………….
c. Spirituality……………………………………………..
a. Language……………………………………………….
b. Thought………………………………………………..
c. Spirituality……………………………………………..
d. Interaction……………………………………………...
2. Part Two……………………………………………….
a. Language……………………………………………….
b. Thought………………………………………………..
d. Interaction……………………………………………...
6. Allegory………………………………………………..
B.
The Style of the Translation………………………….
1. Metaphor……………………………………………….
2. Metonymy……………………………………………...
3. Zeugma………………………………………………...
4. Periphrasis……………………………………………..
5. Allusion………………………………………………..
76
The Overall Quality of the Translation and Its D.
77 Translators……………………………………………
77 1. Quality of the Translation……………………………..
77 a. Strengths……………………………………………….
80 b. Weaknesses………………………………….................
84 2. Quality of the Translators……………………………...
84 a. Strengths……………………………………………….
85 b. Weaknesses………………………………….................
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
86 A. Conclusions……………………………………………
92 B. Suggestions……………………………………………
92 1. For the Students of Translation Class………………
93 2. For the Lecturer………………………………………
94 3. For Future Researchers…………………………….
96 REFERENCES……………………………………………………
99 APPENDICES……………………………………………………..
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Machali’s Translation Assessment ……………………………… 18Table 3.1 Information Derived from Questions and Their Sub-Categories… 28Table 5.1 Distribution of Translation Method ……………………………... 88Table 5.2 Styles of Translation Used………………………………………. 89Table 5.3 Laxities Found in Translating Cultural Issues…………………… 90LIST OF APPENDICES
Page Appendix A. Pipitta’s Reviews: Veronika Memutuskan Mati……………… 99 Appendix B. Sang Alkemis…………………………………………………. 101 Appendix C. Covers of The Alchemist in English and Indonesian Edition.... 104 Appendix D. Map of Spain-Africa…………………………………………. 105 Appendix E. Lesson Unit Plan KPE 321 Translation I…………………….. 106 Appendix F. Pictures for pre-Activities……………………………………. 111 Appendix G. Handout for Literary Translation…………………………….. 113 Appendix H. Student’s Worksheet on Literary Translation Involving Cultural
Issues…………………………………………………………. 117 Appendix I. Assessment on Student’s Worksheet…………………………… 121
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of six parts, namely: research background, research
problem, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.
A. Research Background
A good translation is expected to perform three good aspects, namely: “accurate”, “natural”, and “communicative” (“The Role of Translation Theory”, n. d.). Some of the translations may be well on all these aspects, while others can just fulfill one or two aspects. An unaware translation may be accurate (means that it produces the same possible meaning in the target language), but it sounds unnatural and even not communicative, which finally makes it less worthy to read.
Talking about translated novels, the translator(s) (and editor) might think that there was nothing wrong with the translation product, but however the final judgment is on the readers. They are the devotee of a literary work itself. As a written product, translation text certainly will serve its users.
Paulo Coelho is one of the most prominent novelists nowadays, as well as a songwriter. This Brazilian novelist has published some inspiring novels: The ; etc.
Pilgrimage (1987); The Alchemist (1988); Veronika Decides to Die (1998) His works usually were the results of self-spiritual contemplation.
The researcher wants to analyze an Indonesian-translated novel of Paulo
Coelho’s the Alchemist by Hamid Basyaib and Yunita as the subject of the
translation study, compared to its English edition by Alan R. Clarke. In order to do so, this thesis focuses on using theories of translation (linguistic) along with theory of culture and review on work’s context as supporting theories.
The interest was aroused when one day the researcher found intriguing online posts on review column and discussion board among literary work lovers in two sites: www.goodreads.com and perca.blogdrive.com. They commented on the Indonesian version of Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist by Basyaib and Yunita. One of them reviewed that the most annoying thing in the translation product is the inappropriate pronoun of the main character itself. It carries on the whole story. Some others in a rather informal discussion complained about ‘the language’ used. (It might be because the translation was either or both unnatural and or not communicative). These people were so disappointed that once they decided to stop reading any other works of Coelho, until they eventually found that the other translation products (of other translators) were better than this one, the Alchemist by Basyaib and Yunita.
The researcher was amazed to know this fact: if the readers judge one translated work of an author is not really good, or even disappointing, it may affect their perception on the other works of the same person. What a disaster! If we see this objectively, the fault (or, to be more polite, the carelessness) is on the translator(s). The readers will question about the capacity on the field, because in knowledge about the settings underlying the work. In this case, researcher believes that The Alchemist, as a masterpiece in literary world, has lots of cultural content that makes this work special. Review and comments worldwide even sincerely categorized it as a mind-shifter book.
This research tries to reveal how translator should work with translation, especially literally translation which deals with cultural contents.
B. Research Problems
To translate correctly and smoothly a variety of writing from English into Indonesian sometimes is not as easy as expected. Translation is not merely to transfer the language, but also the meaning and the culture embedded. From the case above, where readers perceived that the translation product of The Alchemist is not good, then problems of this thesis are formulated as follows:
1. What are the translation methods and procedures used in the translated Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist and the styles of translation from the application of those methods and procedures?
2. What is its type of text reliability?
3. What are the weakness(es) and the strength(s) of the translated The Alchemist?
C. Problem Limitation
The researcher uses two novels of Paulo Coelho’s the Alchemist (the original version is a Portuguese work, O Alquimista) as objects of the study. One, which is translation. In this study, the researcher limits the scope of discussion only on 60 prominent sentences dealing with cultural issues found among words, phrases, or clauses within.
To note, The Alchemist is divided into two parts: the first (the beginning) and the second part (the journeys). It is not broken down into chapters just like other common novels. Researcher takes 15 sample sentences from part one and 45 others from part two as the objects of analysis. The first part serves as an introduction to the novel’s main character, a shepherd boy named Santiago. It also portrays his wishes in life. In the second part, which is much longer than the previous part, readers are invited to follow Santiago’s journey to fulfill his wishes. In the English version the overall story seems to use simple language, but actually contains lots of new words that are potentially unfamiliar for beginner readers who don’t possess rich English vocabulary knowledge. Moreover, the story is quite philosophical. This is a kind of challenge for translator to translate such interesting and best selling novel.
With all of the restrictions, the researcher considers he could not reveal all aspects of the novel. With open heart, further researches are welcomed to refine this analysis or conduct deeper analyses on other aspects.
D. Research Objectives
Following the research problems formulated, the objectives of the research thus are:
2. To look into the style in translation;
3. To look into the type of text reliability of the translation; and
4. To look into the strength(s) and (if any) weakness(es) of Indonesian- translated The Alchemist.
E. Research Benefits
The researcher hopes that the research will: 1.
Encourage intermediate-advanced students who have interest in English- Indonesian translation to learn more about things underlying a good translation;
2. Reveal the considerations used in translating literary works, in this case is a novel; and
3. Appreciate a translation product in form of novel.
F. Definition of Terms
In this study, the author uses some keywords related to the theories and discussion:
1. Translation
Translation is basically a work to transfer an object in its original language into the target language using certain rules or considerations and based on adequate knowledge of both languages and cultures involved. Larson (1984) gives emphasis on changing form while keeping source language that is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language.” As it also deals with transfer of meaning, “…the meaning transferred must be held constant” (para. 3). But, to Nida, it is not enough just to keep the meaning constant. It also needs to mind the naturalness of the result. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style .” (para. as cited in Suhendra, 1994, p. 64) 2. Literary Translation Literary translation basically is translation work on literary products.
Kwintessential defines it as “the translation of literature such as novels, poems, plays and poems”. It then is “the highest forms of translation” by applying interdisciplinary aspects mastered by the translator to work with the piece (“Types of Translation”, n. d.).
3. Culture
Culture is a set of social characteristics or features that are shared by certain community to apply in their life. Banks and McGee believe that: The essence of a culture is not its artifacts, tools, or other tangible cultural elements but how the members of the group interpret, use, and perceive them. It is the values, symbols, interpretations, and perspectives that distinguish one people from another in modernized societies (as cited in CARLA, 2010). Those characteristics or features that are inherited or passed down
4. Method and Procedure In translation work, Machali (2000) refers “method deals with the whole text work and procedure works on sentence or levels below” (p.
62). It means methods are categories used in as general, typical strategies, while procedures are the specific treatments done with wording and its meaning.
5. Case Study Case study deals with the phenomenon investigation by generalizing theories, not the samples. Then it is “not a method but a research strategy”, and more as “a choice of what is to be studied”. It should be defined “in terms of its theoretical orientation and interest in individual cases” (Hartley, et al. as cited in Kohlbacher, 2006).
6. Style “Style is used as a term distinguished from content in writing and it stresses form or format. In other words, style means ‘how’ whereas content refers to ‘what’ “(Lynch as cited in Shi, n. d.). Styles are the ways translators transfer the content while preserving its language delicateness.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of two parts, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. A. Theoretical Description 1. Theories of Translation a. Good Translation An ideal translation should be: “accurate” (reproduce the same possible
meaning of the source text), “natural” (use of natural form appropriate to the kind of
text translated) and “communicative” (express all aspects that are easy to understand
by readers) (“The Role of Translation Theory,” n. d.).Larson (1984) similarly suggests that it must: “use normal language forms
of the receptor language, communicate as much as possible the same meaning
understood in the source language, and maintain the dynamics of the original source
text” (p. 6).Duff (1992) proposes some principles of translation to consider: 1) Meaning: check the meaning of the original text whether or not it is clear enough or underlying implications.
9 2) Form: match ideas and words closely to the original text. However, it allows form and word order changes in the target language, due to language structure differences.
3) Register: consider the tone of original text (formal/fixed or personal expressions). 4) Source language influence: natural means not sound like the original language. 5) Style and clarity: translator needs to maintain the style of original text and simultaneously do adjustment for the reader sake. 6) Idiom: Idiomatic expressions are commonly untranslatable. It cannot be forcibly translated into L2 (target language) without considering the naturalness. To work with them, translator may retain the original word/expressions in inverted commas ‘_______’ or give literal explanation in brackets ______ (___), use non- idiomatic translation (para. 10-11). In discussing translation text, Robinson (1997) refers to types of text reliability:
1) Literalism: words-by-words translation as close as possible to the source text. 2) Foreignism: the translation still has a little bit strange or unfamiliar feel, though the readers consider it not as an original work.
10 3) Fluency: the translation is so accessible that it feels like an original in L2 (meaning-based translation is closely related to this kind of text reliability).
4) Summary: the translation summarizes only main points of the original. 5) Commentary: the translation simplifies the complexity or explores the implications of the original. 6) Summary-Commentary: the translation explores the main part and summarizes the rests of the original. 7) Adaptation: the translation transformed in such form that it meets the substance for the target user. 8) Encryption: the translation is decoded for certain group of users to hide its messaging or meaning (para. 10-11).
Newmark believes that: Observing the quality of a translation can focus on methods used by its translation, whether source language oriented (translating word-by-word, literal, or somatic) or target language oriented (adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, or communicative translation) (as cited in Machali, 2000, p. 49-52). This methods observation makes measurement on translation quality easier to do, by knowing the general orientation of the translation work.
11
b. Good Translator To produce a good translation, there is a need also to be a good translator.
Nida argues that a translator should be capable to: have an adequate knowledge of the
source language (can not just rely on the dictionary), to understand the contents of the
message of source language and to retain the subtlety of certain emotive meaning and
value of the source language vocabulary and style that will determine the taste of the
message delivered (para., as cited in Suhendra, 1994, p. 64).Polet suggests these must-have qualities: 1) The translator must perfectly understand the sense and material of the original author although he should feel free to clarify obscurities;
2) The translator should have a perfect knowledge of both SL and TL, so as not lessen the majesty of the language; 3)
The translator should avoid Latinate and unusual forms; 4) The translator should avoid word for word rendering; and
5)
The translator should assemble and liaise words eloquently to avoid clumsiness (as cited in Munday, 2001, p. 27). Robinson (1997) calls for translator reliability regard to the text within these aspects:
1) Attention to the details; 2) Sensitivity to the user’s needs (type of translation desired); 3) Research on specific unknown terms or words; and
4) Checking by proofreader to avoid doubt (p. 12-14).
To be more specific about literary translators, Suryawinata believes that they need to: 1) Understand the source language almost perfectly;
12 2) Control and able to understand the target language well, correctly, and effectively; 3)
Know and understand the literature, appreciation of literature, as well as translation theory; 4) Have sensitivity to literary works; 5) Have the flexibility of cognitive and socio-cultural; and
6) Have the tenacity and strong motivation (para. as in Haryanti, 2006, p.
169).
c. Translation Process, Methods, and Procedure
According to Nida and Taber, translation process, basically covers:
1) Analysis: the translator looks on grammatical context, words meaning, textual meaning and contextual meaning to analyze the sentences of original text; 2)Transfer: the translator digests the meaning of analyzed original text; 3) Restructuring: the translator finds equivalent words, expressions and sentence structure in L2 to maintain the content, meanings and messages of the original text; and 4)
Evaluation and Revision: translator rechecks the translation product by comparing to the original one to get the closest equivalences (para., as in Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003, p. 19).
13 But, Suryawinata and Hariyanto (2003) find that basically the process works
on analysis of original text and its messages/meanings and then retell those
messages/meanings with acceptable words or sentences of target language (para. 19).
Machali (2000) states some proper procedures in translation. She differs
between method and procedure. “Method deals with the whole text work and
procedure works on sentence or levels below” (p. 62). The methods focus on: 1) Shift / Transposition/Form ChangeThere are four groups of grammatical form changes due to language gap. It is only needed when the target language does not have the same grammatical structure for a text of source language. The changes are as elaborated below.
The first group:
- Plural-noun in English converted into singular one in bahasa Indonesia; Ex: ‘a pair of jeans’ = ‘sebuah celana jeans’
- Adjective reduplication in bahasa Indonesia as variation for English plural-noun; Ex: “Rumah di Jakarta bagus-bagus.” from English “The houses in Jakarta are built beautifully.”
14
- Reverse of pattern adjective + noun into noun + adjective and the order of adjectives. Ex: ‘beautiful woman’ = ‘wanita (yang) cantik’.
The second group:
- The adjustment not to put object in the beginning of a sentence; Ex: “Buku itu harus kita bawa.” = “We must bring the book.”
• The adjustment not to put verb in the beginning of a sentence.
Ex: “Berbeda penjelasannya.” = ”The explanation differs.” The third group:
- The conversion of noun/noun phrase in source language into verb in target language; Ex: “... to train intellectual men for the pursuits of an intellectual life.” = “untuk melatih para intelektual untuk mengejar kehidupan intelektual.”
- Adjective + noun turned into noun + noun; Ex: ‘medical student’ = ‘mahasiswa kedokteran’
- Clause underlined in source language is explicitly stated in target language;
15 Ex: “The cells carrying the germs are dangerous.” = “Sel-sel yang membawa/mengandung ...”
- Noun phrase with adjective on source language turned into noun clause. Ex: ‘thinking person’ = ‘orang yang berpikir’.
The fourth group:
- A textual focus signal on source language is stated grammatically in target language; Ex: “Perjanjian inilah yang diacu.” = “It is this agreement which is referred to (not anything else).”
- The commonly change from word in source language into clause/phrase, phrase into clause, and so on. Ex: ‘adept’ = ‘sangat terampil’ or ‘interchangeability’ = ‘keadaan dapat saling dipertukarkan.’ 2) Meaning Change / Modulation Modulation is needed by changing the perspective when there is no equivalence for words, phrase, or structure on the target language.
- Only one between two words has the equivalence on target language;
16 Ex: ‘lessor’ and ‘lessee’ = ‘orang / pihak yang menyewakan’ atau ‘pemberi sewa’ dan ‘penyewa.’
- Active sentence changed into passive voice; Ex: “The problem is hard to solve.” = “Masalah itu sukar (untuk) dimusnahkan.”
- Split subject structure needs a clarification; Ex: “Buku tersebut telah disahkan penggunaaannya oleh Dikti.” = “The use of the book has been approved by Dikti.”
- Specific words share general and particular meaning of a word in target language. Ex: ‘society’ = ‘masyarakat’ (social relationship) and ‘community’ = ‘masyarakat’ (group of people).
3) Adaptation It is a kind of cultural adjustment on two situations. Ex: ‘Dear Sir’ = ‘Dengan hormat’ not ‘Tuan yang Terhormat’.
4) Contextual Conditioning Put the information within a context so that its meaning is clear to the reader.
17 Ex: ‘selamat malam’ could be translated as ‘good night’ or ‘good evening’.
“Hari ini adalah 40 harinya ibunya.” = “This day is the fortieth day of her mother’s death.” 5) Footnote Conditioning happens only if there is a deadlock in translating the text (para. 62-72).
d. Meaning-Based Translation Larson (1984) points out on the goal of any translator, which is “to keep the
meaning constant” (p. 11). It means a meaning-based translation allows translator to
change the form of source text wherever necessary, as long as its meaning is not
distorted.e. Styles of Translation Friedman further describes the kinds of style in translation. According to him, it includes:
1) Metaphor is a transfer of some quality from among objects based on resemblance; 2)
Trite Metaphor is a metaphor that overused in speech and often turns into idiomatic phrases, fixed in dictionaries;
18 3) Metonymy is a transference of meaning which is based on contiguity of notions; 4)
Irony is a simultaneous realization of two opposite meanings: the direct and implied; 5) Zeugma is an application of two different meanings of the word at once that creates a pun (direct and figurative meaning at once); 6)
Periphrasis is a process of renaming, that sometimes applied by creating euphemism; 7)
Allusion is an indirect reference to a historical or literary fact (or person) contained in the text.