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ASEAN SPORT UNIVERSITY
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
PROCEEDING
P A LEM B A NG
20 14
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NATION CHARACTER BUILDING
THROUGH SPORT
ASEAN SPORT UNIVERSITY
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2014
PALEMBANG)
DECEMBER)11.12,)2014)
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Publisher: AUSCIC2014
ASEAN SPORT UNIVERSITY
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
PROCEEDING
P A LEM B A NG
20 14
ISSN: 2407-5981 (print)
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AUSCIC Proceeding
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EDITOR!
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Prof.!Dr.!Anuar!bin!Hasan!(AUSC)!
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ASSOCIATE!EDITORS!
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Prof.!Dr.!Mulyana!(UNJ/IUSC/BAPOMI)!
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Prof.!Dato'!Dr.!Abdullah!Moh.!Said!(UITM/MASUM)!
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Prof.!Dr.!dr.!Hj.!Fauziah!Nuraini!Kurdi,!SpKFR,!MPH.!(UNSRI)!
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ADVISORY!BOARD! !
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Dr.!Mahenderan!Appukutty!(Malaysia)!
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Prof.!Dr.!Moch.!Asmawi,!M.Pd.!(Indonesia)!
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Dr.!Alongkone!(Laos)!
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Preecha!Prayoonpat!(Thailand)!
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SECRETARIAT!
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Eva!Julianti,!SE,!M.Sc.!(Indonesia)!
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Farahiza!Razali!
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PARALEL!SESSION!
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Dr.!Meirizal,!M.!Kes!!
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Dr.!Iyakrus,!M.Kes!
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PROCEEDING!
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Heni!Widyaningsih,!SE,!M.SE.!
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Ayu!Ratna!Wulandari,!S.Pd.!
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Susilo!Nugroho,!S.Pd.!
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Rasyono,!S.!Pd.,!M.!Pd.!!
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ASEAN!SPORT!UNIVERSITY!COUNCIL!
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Once! every! two! years,! ASEAN! University! Sport! Council! holds! an!
International! conference! on! sport! science! in! conjunction! with! ASEAN!
University!Games.!!
!
The!2nd!AUSC!International!Conference,!titled!“Nation!Character!Building!
through!Sport”,!will!be!held!at!Politeknik!Sriwijaya!in!Palembang.!It!will!
deal!with!various!topics!on!the!sports!agenda!
!
The! reasoning! is! that! moral! behavior! is! acquired! through! social!
interaction!that!occurs!through!sport!and!physical!activity!conducted!in!
a! collective.! Whether! or! not! sport! has! a! positive! impact! on! character[!
building!in!individual!is!highly!dependent!on!the!context!of!the!program!
and!the!values!promoted!and!developed.!
!
In! this! respect,! physical! educators,! coaches,! trainers! or! community!
leaders! have! a! determining! influence! on! a! young! person’s! sporting!
experience! and! on! the! degree! of! “character! building”! that! can! arise.!
Some! research! also! indicates! that! physical! activity! outside! of!
competitive! sport! may! be! more! effective! in! promoting! mutual!
understanding!and!empathy!among!young!people.!
!
2#! AUSC! International! Conference! (AUSCIC)! then! focuses! in! the! issue!
about!how!sports!could!develop!character!of!a!nation.!
!
AUSC!President!
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!
!
Prof.!Dr.!Anuar!bin!Hasan!
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Page!
!
Aan!Wasan!!
Sport!And!Politics:!Power!Of!Political!Party!In!The!Indonesian!Football!
Association!(PSSI)!
Abdul!Halim!!
The!Effect!Of!Achievement!Motivation!On!The!Physical!Fitness!Student!
Grade!V!At!SDN!30!The!Sinjai!District!!!
Anton!Komaini!!
Study!On!Students!Gross!Motor!Skills!Kindergarten!District!Sijunjung!West!
Sumatera!!!
Ari!Subarkah!!
Student!Interest!Of!Badminton!Club!FIK!UNJ!Toward!Refereeing!In!
Badminton!Sports!!!
Asep!Sujana!Wayuri!!
The!Contribution!Of!Exercising!Motivation!And!Physical!Activities!Of!
Students!Physical!Fitness!At!Junior!High!School!Of!Sungai!Penuh!Subdistrict,!
Sungai!Penuh!City.!!!
Atri!Widowati!!
Factors!Supporting!Performance!Branch!Rowing!In!Jambi!
Bafirman!Barin!!
Sports!Aerobic!Exercise!Programme!For!Patients!Diabetes!Mellitus!!!
Budiman!Agung!P.!!
Survey!Implementation!Evaluation!Of!Physical!Education!!!
Clartje!Silvia!E.!Awulle,!Faridah!Manik!!
Enhancement!And!Equitable!Education!Accessibility!
Damrah!!
Evaluation!Program!Guidance!On!Tennis!Center!In!West!Sumatera!And!Riau!!!
Del!Asri!!
Scoring!Methods!Of!The!Skills!Test!To!Selection!New!Students!On!Sport!
Sciences!Faculty!State!University!Of!Jakarta!!!
Dian!Pujianto!!
Physical!Activity!And!Blood!Pressure!!!
Eka!Fitri!Novitasari,!Gumilar!Mulya!!
Analysis!Of!Basic!Movement!Skills!Of!Grade!Ii!Elementary!School!Students!!!
Hendra!Mashuri,!Fadilah!Umar!!
The!Influence!Of!Menstruation!For!The!Achievement!Of!Sprint!100!Meters!In!
The!Study!Of!Physical!Education!
Fauziah!Nuraini!Kurdi!!
Low[Level!Laser!Therapy!for!Sports!Injuries!
!
1[7!
8[15!
16[22!
23[28!
29[34!
35[44!
45[51!
52[59!
60[71!
72[81!
82[93!
94[97!
98[106!
107[111!
112[117!
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Fitri!Lestasri!Issom!!
118[123!
Characteristics!Of!Physical!Education!Teachers!Who!Can!Develop!Empathy!
Children!!!
Noridah!Abu!Bakar!!
124[130!
Factors!Contribute!To!Obesity!Among!Primary!School!Children!!!
Eva!Yulianti!!
131[138!
Management!Of!Physical!Education!To!Enhance!Kinesthetic!Intelligence!
(Kinesthetic!Intelligence!Sport!Scale[Kiss)!
!
!
Hary!Muhardi!Syaflin!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!139[144!
Improving*Learning*through*Engineering*Services*Sepak*Takraw*
Game*Target,*In*Class*V*SD*State*7*Lubukkeliat*Kab.*Ogan*Ilir!
Ika!Novitaria!Petanque’s!Equipment!As!One!Of!Business!
145[152!
Opportunities!In!The!Sports!Industry!In!Indonesia!!!
Iyakrus!Physical!Exercise!Model!For!Tekong!Athlete!Sepaktakraw!
153[163!
Sriwijaya!University!!!
Juriana,!Kurnia!Tahki!
The!Role!Of!Airsoftgun!Game!In!Building!The!Values!Of!Leadership!!!
164[169!
Johansyah!Lubis!Development!‘Jurus!Tunggal’!Of!Pencak!Silat!For!
Ages!10[12!Years!!!
170[181!
Kusmajid!Abdullah,!Mimin!Ninawati!
!The!Effectiveness!Of!Multimedia!Class!In!Learning!At!Cipete!Utara!
16!Pagi!Elementary!School!
Lim!Khong!Chiu!Examining!Sport!And!Physical!Activity!Participation!
Motivations!And!Barriers!Among!Young!Malaysians!!!
182[191!
Meirizal!Usra!Positive!Thinking!To!Improve!Performance!
Achievement!Athlete!!!
Mohamad!Syarif!Sumantri!!
Fundamental!Movement!Learning!Method!In!Class!Early!Elementary!
School!!!
Nofi!Marlina!Siregar!The!Implementation!Of!Linguistic!Gymnastic!
To!Increase!Locomotoric!Movement!In!Pre!School!Children!In!
Mentari!Kindergarten!Bogor!District!
Nurul!Ihsan!Pencak!Silat!(Indonesian!Martial!Art)!Athlete!
Achievement!Creating!Seen!From!Dominant!Character!!!
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210[215!
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192[209!
216[226!
227[232!
233[238!
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Pekan!Ramli!!
A!Study!Of!Attitudes!Of!University!Athletes!Toward!Doping!In!
University!Teknologi!Mara!(UiTM),!Malaysia!
Pitnawati!!
Improvement!Of!Student!Learning!Through!!'Tennis!Play!And!Stay!
"On!Faculty!Of!Sport!Science!!Padang!State!University!!!
Ramdan!Pelana!!
Development!Of!Sports!Industry!In!The!Era!Of!Globalization!!!
Rasyono!!
An!Extracurricular!Taekwondo!Development!System!For!A!Basic!Of!
Talent!Scouting!Athletes!In!The!District!Of!Ogan!Ilir!!!
Rizki!Kurniati!!
The!Effect!Of!Aerobic!Dance!And!Cycling!On!The!Psychological!Well[
Being!Of!Teenagers!
Roma!Irawan!!
Violence!In!Sports!Outside!And!Inside!The!Field!!!
Sri!Gusti!Handayani!!
The!Effect!Of!Dynamic!And!Static!Stretching!Exercises!To!Flexibility!
In!Rhythmic!Gymnastics!Athletes!In!The!Sijunjung!West!Sumatera!!!
Vincent!A.!Parnabas!!
Level!Of!Self!Confidence!And!Sport!Performance!Among!Football!
Players!!!
Wahyu!Nopianto!
Coordination!Of!Relationship!Skills!Hands!On!Passing!Game!Ball!
State!Student!Extracurricular!SMA!2!Lubuklinggau!
Sabar!Surbakti!!
Exercise!Load!Capability!Using!Pulleys!Cast!Of!Discs!On!Student!
Activities!Extracurricular!
Deddy!Sofyan,!Windi!Tustiyana!
Building!Character!Of!Leadership!And!Entrepreneurship!
To!Improve!Competitiveness!In!Education!
!
Muhamad!Sazeli!Rifky!Energy!Intake!During!Volleyball!Training!
Camp!Athlete!Of!Week!Sports!National!Student!(POMNAS)!West!
Sumatera!!!
Setyo!Purwanto!!
Effectiveness!Of!Exercise!Hammer!And!Concentration!Curl!Against!
Forehand!Drive!Skills!Athletes!Squash!Jakarta!
Yasep!Setiakarnawijaya!!
Psychological!Aspect!Of!Depok!City!Elite!Athletes!
Yusmawati!!
Improvement!Efforts!Of!Learning!Lay[Up!Basketball!!!
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247!
239[246!
248[257!
258[267!
268[278!
279[285!
286[292!
293[298!
299[305!
306[312!
313[318!
319[325!
326[330!
331[336!
347[345!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Vincent!A.!Parnabas!!
The!Usage!Of!Imagery!And!Sport!Performance!On!Football!Players!!!
Hartati!!
Fitness!Profile!Junior!School!Students!Physical!Group!B!Children!
With!Disabilities!Eligible!Educate!And!Train!At!Palembang!City!
Nguyen!Van!Tri,!!
Nguyen!Thanh!De!!
Teaching!Process!Of!A!Physical!Exercise!For!Visually!Impaired!
Students!
Mulyana!
Kinesthetic!Implementation!of!Spike!Skill!in!Volleyball!
Heni!Widyaningsih!
Organizational!Climate,!Personal!Skill!And!Performance!Of!Physical!
Education!Teacher!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
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!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!346[350!
351[357!
358[365!
366[374!
375[383!
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
1
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian
Football Association (PSSI)
Aan Wasan
Sport Science Faculty, State University of Jakarta
Email: aan.wasan@gmail.com
Abstract
Indonesia football will not be free from political intervention, because politics always used
football to get the goal. PSSI management has an affiliation with the political parties. They are
from several parties, such as from the Party of the Functional Groups, Democratic Party, United
Development Party, National Mandate Party, and People’s Conscience Party. It has conflict
interest in the organization, because they often used football to gain the political destination.
The regulation noted that all clubs which following the professional league cannot use the Budget
Revenue and Expenditure; they should be autonomous and independent. In fact, all members of the
Indonesia Football League are only 12 football clubs which do not use the fund from the Budget
Revenue and Expenditure. Many football clubs are possessed by the Regional Government and
still using the Budget Revenue and Expenditure. Without it they cannot follow the Indonesia league
competition. The management of football clubs has tried to be independent, but it is difficult,
because the big companies are not interested in the Indonesia football to be sponsor. Meanwhile,
selling tickets and merchandise are still not significant to support finance the club.
Keywords: sport, politic, football.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays the meaning of sport is not just as physical activities of modern people
culture, but also it is able to describe phenomena of social life. Sport is a universal
language. At its best it can bring people together, no matter what their origin,
background, religious beliefs or economic status. (Damell, 2010: 54-75) Sports
are often used to gain both sport destination and non-sport destination, such as
politics, economics and culture destinations.
According to Coakley (1998), sport themselves involve political process
associated with issue such as who controls sport and sport events, the term of
eligibility and team selection, rule and rule change, rule enforcement, and
administration of sanctions. Sport and sport organizations are political, since them
to do with the exercise of power.
Markovits and Rensmann (2010) wrote that as sports have gone global they have
become more embedded in politics, constituting an important display of political
authority and even figuring into the most quotidian political matters. Throughout
the twentieth century, dictatorships of various kinds utilized the charismatic power
of sports for their own, often nefarious, causes. Examples abound, from Adolf
Hitler’s harnessing the Berlin Olympics in 1936 for his regime’s propaganda
purposes, to China’s rulers doing the same seventy-two years later; from Benito
Mussolini’s basking in his country’s winning the second World Cup in soccer
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
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with Fascist Italy playing host, to the Argentina military junta’s gaining muchneeded legitimacy by the national team’s triumph in 1978.
Meanwhile, Franklin Foer (2010) found out that sport, football in particular, can
be an instrument to understand contemporary world affected by any impacts of
globalization. Football may reflect the social, economic or political condition of a
nation. On the other hand, World Cup and European Cup often interrupt the
rhythm of life in a moment, as this event normally attracts its fans attention.
Football is often used as an opportunity to gain benefit either for individual or
group (political or economic benefit), so in sport it is easy for us to find tricky
intrigue, including controlling score, bribery of referee, corruption, collusion and
nepotism.
Clearly, the organization of sport can be as prototype of the countries’ condition,
because the organization of sport can describe the condition of countries. Football
is the most strategic sport to show the existence of a nation. Being aware of this, a
number of Asian countries have tried to develop their football so that they can
equal the quality of the teams from Europe and Latin America. Japan, South
Korea, Saudi Arabia are among the Asian Countries, which have participated in
world level. Meanwhile, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam keep
preparing themselves to improve and enhance the quality of their teams.
Similarly, Indonesia through PSSI (The Indonesian Football Association) has
made efforts to enhance the quality of national football team; however it is still
very hard to be the best in ASEAN or in the world. Internal problem is still the
unsolved problem, from unprofessional organization of league to controversy
about the leadership. It is affected by many factors, such as politics, economic,
and social-culture, even collusion, and nepotism can be seen in the organization of
sport.
Therefore this study will describe about the political power which is in PSSI, how
its form and, and what its advantages. Beside that it will explain the relationship
between sport and politics.
Sport and Politics
The first modern Olympic game held in April 1896 which was followed by
thirteen nations, making the early stages of international sport and its
globalization. After 116 years later, the Olympic Games is the most recognized
celebration of sport and physical human achievement, commanding an
international audience of approximately 4.7 billion spectators, over 70% of the
world‘s population.(Dorothy, 2005) Hence, those games are very popular so many
people used it to acquire many kinds of purposes.
Between sports and politics has had intimate relationship since many decades ago.
Political events have exerted a significant effect on modern Olympic Games. For
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
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example, four of the most ‘political’ Olympic Games are undoubtedly Berlin,
1936; Helsinki, 1952, Mexico, 1968; and Munich, 1972. The 1938 Olympic
Games, in Berlin, is used by Hitler as a vehicle for showcasing Aryan supremacy
was famously undermined by the US African-American athlete Jesse Owens, who
became the hero of the Games winning four gold medals. At the 1952 Helsinki
Games, with the arrival of a team from the Union Soviet Socialist Republics, Cold
War Politics were added to the formula.(Gamache, 2010)
In Mexico, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who finished 1st and 3rd in the 200m,
created what was to become one of the most memorable sporting images of all
time; the Black Power salute. The athletes were protesting against the racial
injustices that black Americans continued to experience in the US. The Munich
Games in 1972 are most often remembered for the ‘terrorist’ attack that resulted in
the death of 11 Israeli athletes. With five days of the Games left, 8 Palestinian
terrorists broke into the Olympic Village, killing two Israelis and taking nine
others hostage. The Palestinians demanded the release of 200 prisoners from
Israel.
(http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-OlympicGames/Summer/Munich-1972/)
In the United Kingdom government is involved in programmers to achieve
sporting success and acquire major championships to a degree that was almost
inconceivable in the 1980s.But, it is difficult to conceive of the events of 1980,
when Mrs. Thatcher’s government attempted to boycott the Moscow Olympics
but the vast majority of British sports federations ignored the boycott, taking part.
In Africa, there was a heyday of successful intervention lasting from the 1960s to
the 1980s during which governments were able to achieve goals of international
prestige and internal unity through sport. This capacity has now diminished
considerably, partly because of general economic failure, but also because the
competitors themselves have been spirited away beyond the control of domestic
politicians in the direction of American campuses and European football clubs,
though in some countries, such as South Africa and Ethiopia, there is still clearly a
‘sports dividend’ (Allison, 2005).
Great-power political difficulties loomed as the following Olympics – the 1988
Seoul games – approached. South Korea did not enjoy diplomatic relations with
the socialist countries, which had boycotted the world shooting championships in
Seoul in 1978 an event that yielded Finland six gold medals. With the advent of
Gorbachev’s détente policy, the situation changed, however, and in the end only a
handful of countries – Cuba and Ethiopia, most prominently – joined the boycott
called by North Korea.
On the other case, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian prime minister on multiple occasions,
used his success as president and principal owner of AC Milan to convince the
Italian public that he could govern the country with similar results, bringing to
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Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
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Italy the same fame and pride that his club “Milan” attained. Berlusconi’s “soccer
power” was crucial on his road to attaining the pinnacle of Italy’s political power.
In addition, Berlusconi’s party Forza Italia was named after the national soccer
slogan “Go Italy.” With this slogan Berlusconi successfully used the appeal of
Italian national soccer to gain political support for his populist one-man-party in a
time of highly divisive and collapsing party politics. (Shin and Agnew, 2008.)
Also in China, sports competitions have at times been used for diplomacy. After
Communist takeover, Chinese regimes had used sports to advance larger political
and diplomatic goals. Largely because they approached sports as a diplomatic and
political instrument, the leaders of Communist China paid special attention to
sports teams and competitive events. Although Mao Zedong, Chinese’s leader,
behaved like an emperor, avoiding the public in most situations, he met with the
Chinese Ping Pong teams several times. Mao also sometimes met with visiting
teams from abroad. For instance, on February 6, 1956, Mao met with the members
of the visiting Yugoslavia youth football team.
Premier of China, Zhou Enlai, was particularly brilliant at this tactic. Despite
Zhou’s extremely busy schedule, he rarely missed an opportunity to meet with
visiting sport teams. Once he even met with the Russian chess team. The next day
he explained to Chinese sports officials that these Russian chess players were not
important individuals themselves, but he had met with them to show that the
Chinese were “very, very” friendly toward the Russian people. Yet, in China the
Chinese Communist and Nationalist were political rivals, with radically different
ideology. But both understood the value of sport for national building, expressing
Chinese nationalism, and international engagement.
If we looked Olympic Games 2008 in Beijing, sport showed well how nationalism
and internationalism come together in China. Chinese participation and interest in
modern sports are largely motivated by nationalism. Sport as a collective
experience crosses the social and political divisions of everyday life, and the study
of it offers a unique window into larger historical processes. It is an effective
vehicle for studying society-to-society, people-to-people, and culture-to-culture
interactions. It allows us to examine how the Chinese relate to the rest of the
world and how they negotiate the tricky matters of self-perception and perception
by others as their national identity evolves.
Besides that, a political motive has underpinned South Africa’s bids to host the
World Cup 2010 from the outset, and popular pressure on the authorities to
deliver on promised World Cup returns may, if anything, be mounting. Yet it is
not clear whether authorities can successfully navigate the strictures laid by the
rules of proprietorship in the wider political economy of global sport, and find the
means to draw developmental gains from the event. Further, one of the other
primary justifications for hosting the 2010 tournament was that it could serve the
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
5
professed emotional and socio-cultural attachment of the country’s black
population towards football. In the meantime, however, South Africa’s 2010
campaign has morphed into one where the larger forces of commerce and politics
of global football steer the agenda.
According to the explanation in above that politics always come in the several
events of sport game. Even, many countries’ leader used this event to undertake
diplomacy, to influence the other group or to protest the political policy from their
country. But, why sport game events often were used to gain the non-sport
destinations, because of many spectators from variety counties in the world. Such
as holding of the World Cup and Olympic Games are watched by billion
spectators.
The Power of Political Party on PSSI
The political leaders or governments in the management of sports organizations
are adaptation of the sport organization on external factors such as, social,
cultural, economic and politics. They usually will be influenced by political
system which is bureaucratic politics. Therefore it will occur power centralization
of politics and economic on one figure.
The role of the political leaders or governments in the management of sports
organizations is hoped to make the sport organization easy to gain fund for
funding its programs. The sources of the fund can be derived from the Revenue
and Expenditure or the influence of political leaders and the government to get
sponsors from the big companys. It means that they can give the big contribution
for the sport organization. In fact, the involving of political leaders or
governments in the management of sports organizations is as the chaotic sources
in the organizations. For example, in the case of football, there are two bigwigs
who make national football chaotic; namely Arifin Panigoro (AP) and Nirwan
Dermawan Bakrie (NDB). This fact was further confirmed by the statement of
Minister of Youth and Sports, Roy Suryo that the key to solve the national
football problem is in the hands of these two bigwigs. Therefore, Roy Suryo came
to solve the problem with the two bigwigs, after that the national football problem
was become well gradually.
Further, the gait of two bigwigs, both are as business partner. In 2002 when
Bakrie brothers Group got the tender of oil drilling in Sidoarjo, East Java, then
NDB established the company, Minarak Lapindo. The relationship between AP
and NDB is well because AP’s company, Medco Energy, shared in this business
with 15 percent in Minarak Lapindo. Then, in 2005 to 2006, both taken agreement
to arrange the national football be better in that time NDB as Vice Chairman of
PSSI. NDB invited AP to develop the National Football League that spawned
Medco League, a youth competition football which AP’s company is as sponsor.
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
6
However, the relationship between AP and NDB as business partners and cooperation in football came to end after the tragedy of drilling on the object
Minarak Lapindo Sidoarjo which resulted in the catastrophic of mud in Sidoarjo,
East Java.
NDB demanded AP’s responsibility for this disaster, but AP refused it because he
thought that his responsibility as far as his share in the PT. Manarak Lapindo.
According to AP’s opinion that the losses caused by the company will be borne by
the company's financial capability, but if the company cannot afford, PT. Lapindo
Brantas will be bankrupted by government. Therefore, government got the loss
responsibility of Sidoarjo Society.
Refusing of AP to settle up the loss of Sidoarjo society made it bring to the
International business arbitrage court. Yet, it did not make the relation better, it
was worse. For example, NDB always tried to press AP if he had opportunity
because of avoiding the responsibility. The fact, AP did not feel comfortable with
NDB’s attitude, so he given the response that made rival sharper.
The feud of the two figures are then brought into the realm of national football,
which at the time, PSSI's achievement have not improved, so AP had opportunity
to press NDB step down as vice chairman of PSSI. AP get support from the
Surabaya football figure, Saleh Ismail Mukadar (SIM), which in the same year he
was not satisfy with the result PSSI because of Persebaya degradation on
Indonesian Super League. Then AP and SIM initiated to think out of a new
football league that carried the spirit of the change and the clean football. So, they
invented the campaign of clean football which is supported by Metro TV that
Surya Paloh is as the owner. In other hand, Surya Paloh was defeated by Aburizal
Bakrie, NDB’s older brother, in the election of the chairman of the Party of the
Functional Groups (Golkar).
The new league was supported by government through Minister Youth and Sport
with 20 clubs and including 3 clubs which was punished by PSSI. Then this
league was as the campaign tool to push Nurdin Halid (NH) and NDB step down
as member of PSSI management. In the other hand, public who agreed with the
Indonesia Super League (ISL), supported NH step down, because he was as a
convict and did not have ability to manage PSSI. Besides that, NH was been
suspicious, gave the way to occur the gambling in ISL and AFF Cup 2010.
Although till now it had never been proved, but it made public not trust NH.
REFERENCES
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
7
Darnell, Simon C. Power, Politics and “Sport for Development and Peace”:
Investigating the utility of Sport for International Development. Sociology
of Sport Journal, 2010, 27, 54-75.
Coakley, J.J. 1998. Sport in society: Issues and controversies. New York:
McGraw-Hill
Markovits, Andrei S. and Rensmann, Lars. (2010). Gaming the world: How sports
are reshaping global politics and culture. New Jersey: Princeton University
Press.
Foer, Franklin (2010).How Soccer Explains the World: An Unlikely Theory of
Globalization. HarperCollins.
Smith, Dorothy. 2005. Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. New
York: Altamira
Gamache, Ray. 2010. A History of Sports Highlights: Replayed Plays from
EDISON to ESPN. London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer. Sport in the Shadow of
Politics.
Michael E. Shin and John A. Agnew. 2008. Berlusconi’s Italy: Mapping
Contemporary Italian Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p.
121–46.
Guoqi, Xu. 2008. Olympic Dreams: China and Sport. Harvard University Press:
London. P.45
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
8
The Effect Traditional Game and Learning Motivation Through
Physical Fitness Of Student Class V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
Abdul Halim
Departement Elementary Teacher in Universitas Esa Unggul
Email: abdul.halim07@ymail.com
Abstract
This research is aimed at analyzing the effect of the traditional game and motivation of learning
through physical fitness. The approach used was quantitative by applying experimental method,
and design used was treatment design by level 2x2 in the elementary school 20 Sub district East
Sinjai, regency Sinjai. The data were collect from 40 student, using technique random sampling.
Then data were analyzed by using ANAVA 2x2 and Tukey test. The result of this research shows
that, (1) in general, there is a difference of effect rounder’s game and Hadang games through
physical fitness, (2) there is an interaction between traditional games and motivation of learning
through physical fitness, (3) there is a difference between Rounder’s game groups and Hadang
game groups for high motivation through physical fitness, (4) there is a difference between
rounder game groups and Hadang game groups for lower motivation through physical fitness.
Keywords: traditional game, motivation of learning, and physical fitness
INTRODUCTION
Exercise is physical activity a human, has now used as living needs, which
involves large muscles, exercise can be used as a medium in the fulfillment of
economic needs, maintaining freshness and rehabilitation, as a medium for
recreation, education, and the achievement of course.
Life in the future is filled with challenges, including the threat to the quality of life
related to human health. People in developed countries have felt the series as a
result of lifestyle more silent, less mobile, and the excess calories as a result of
automation and excess calories. Sooner or later now starting to feel the people of
Indonesia have started to live a life of silence, especially among the upper and
middle layers. Perceived result is an increase in regenerative disease or illness
hipokinetik (lack of movement), the direct result is the low capacity and high rates
of illness which would also have an impact on a person's physical fitness.
To measure the amount of physical fitness level, up to date cannot be measured
with a measuring instrument valid. Which can be measured is that each
component of physical fitness. The components of physical fitness can be grouped
into components related to aspects of skills (skills) and a component related to
health aspects. The components of physical fitness related to skill / skills are:
agility, balance, speed, explosive muscle power, leisure time, and coordination.
Meanwhile, the components of physical fitness related to health aspects, which
consist of: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength,
flexibility, and body composition.
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
9
Among the components of motivation is also an important component, as well as
heart-lung endurance, because in addition to the components of physical fitness
related to health aspects, as well as components that support the ability of physical
fitness related to aspects of the skill / skill and are systematic.
Formulation of the problem in the studies above, as follows: (1) Are there
differences in the influence rounder’s game and hadang game towards physical
fitness ?; (2) Is there an interaction between traditional games and motivation
toward physical fitness ?; (3) Are there any differences between the groups
influence game rounder’s and the group play a game hadang for students who
have a high learning motivation toward physical fitness ?; and (4) Is there any
influence between the group play a game rounder’s and the group play a game
hadang for students who have a low learning motivation toward physical fitness.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1. Physical Fitness
In general the word physical fitness is commonly known by the term foreign
"physical fitness." Means the body or body Physical fitness means while fresh.
Thus, the meaning of physical fitness a body that is healthy and fresh. Definition
of physical fitness is seen as a concept that has a fairly wide scope. Therefore,
according to the experts define skill standpoint. For example, in terms of medicine
focuses on the ability of the heart and lungs. From the sports field more focused
on the success of physical activity without causing significant fatigue.
Soedarno (1990: 64) states that: "A person who has good physical health to be
able to meet the physical demands of a particular." The next said also: "something
a person is declared fit for duty activity when he was able to complete the task
quite efficiently and without excessive fatigue and can be recovered."
Physical fitness is a very important aspect of physical fitness as a whole, which
will give the person's ability to lead a productive life and can adjust to any decent
physical load. Browell and Hogman cited by Pasau (1990: 68) say that: Freshness
is the physical ability of an individual to carry out tasks to completion well,
without experiencing significant fatigue.
From the views about physical fitness, can be concluded that physical fitness is
the basis of human physical abilities essential for himself who is always ready
shoulder the burden of duty demanded or charged for individuals to be
implemented as well as possible. Therefore, physical fitness is a person's ability or
the ability of the body as a whole is doing a job or activity that effectively and
efficiently without creating fatigue which meaningful to somebody and afterwards
was still has enough energy to do or to continue another activities.
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
10
2. Games Rounder’s and Games Hadang
2.1. Games rounders’
Rounders’ Games is the game of small ball with basic techniques similar to
baseball games is throwing, catching, and hitting coupled with a typing skills and
avoid touching it the ball. Sukintata (1992: 89) stated that the game is a little
Games that has no fixed rule, and there is no parent organization, included is a
children's game, rounders’, at the ball, handball, and basketball, and obstructed
which used game in elementary school.
2.2. Games Hadang
At the present time most likely is no longer a traditional game played by children.
Games is the result a human cultivation in the past, it has actually excites kids to
have fun, and have a very significant effect on the personal development of their
children.
Revealing and preserving traditional local game is the preservation of the cultural
values of the nation. The re-introduction of national culture is expected to arouse
feelings of the child's sense of culture and people. The re-introduction to the past
that has been a result of ancestral culture can be perceived as something that can
be enjoyed something that needs to be owned and preserved. Obstructed Games is
a game played in a field length and is often uses the badminton court.
From the explanation of the above mentioned games obstructed, then is
synthesized that obstructed the game is a traditional game played by two groups,
where one group facing the attackers which crossed the line.
3. Learning Motivation
Motivation comes from another word which means movere impulse or
locomotion. Winkel (1996: 169) defines motivation to learn as a psychic
locomotion in the overall student learning activities that give rise to, ensure the
continuity of learning activities and provides direction to the learning activities in
order to achieve a goal. Meanwhile, Frederich J. Mc.Donald in Vashti Sumanto
(1998: 203), motivation is a force of change in oneself and reaction to achieve the
goal.
Motivation is an internal factor which excites, directs and integrates the power of
a person. But some who stated that motivation is the power source of our daily
behavior. Motivation is also discussed about the behavior and activities to see if
there is a motive behind it and to try to identify the purpose (the activity itself).
Intrinsic motivation is the motivation which included in a learning situation and to
meet the needs and goals of students. Meanwhile, extrinsic motivation is
motivation which caused by factors outside the learning situation. Maslow said
that motivation is the hierarchy of human needs in human beings.
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
11
Based on the above description, then synthesized that motivation to learn is the
psychological process of locomotion someone to do something in the learning
activities in order to achieve a goal (the need for) which is influenced by intrinsic
and extrinsic properties, with a indicators such as the desire for success, selfconfidence, the need for esteem, and the standard of excellence.
METHOD
This research was used an experimental method with design treatments by Level
2x2 at State Elementary School 30 East Sinjai district. The samples which
selected according to the criteria specified amounts to class V and 40 students
aged 10-12 years, which divided into 4 groups of samples. To equalize the ability
of both groups, then early test was held on the level of physical fitness and the
motivation to learn and for the distribution the group using the ordinal matching
technique, also techniques of data analysis using descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics.
Descriptive analysis is used to present data in the form of a central size and the
size of the spread from the each of the variables singly. Inferential statistics are
statistics that are used to test the hypothesis. The test this hypothesis is used the
technique of analysis of variance (ANOVA) two lanes 2x2 at significant level =
0.05. And Tukey test. Before hypothesis test, first tested for normality by using
the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test techniques and test the homogeneity of variance.
From the description above rounders’ game, is synthesized that rounders’ game is
the game small ball carried by children who do not have standard rules and no
parent organization in it.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of variance analysis calculation about the difference effectiveness
between the two methods of training the overall, namely; F Observations between
column (FA) = 40 992, was higher than the F table, amounting to 4,091 (F0 =
40.992 > Ft = 4.091), so that the HO is rejected and H1 is accepted. Thus it can be
concluded that overall there is a significant difference between the game rounders’
and hadang to the results of physical fitness. In other words that physical fitness
the results with the game rounders’ ( = 20 and s = 2.25) is better than a game of
physical fitness with a hadang ( = 16.25 and s = 1.97). The overall physical
fitness the results by using rounders’ game are better than the game hadang tested.
Accordingly, based on the discussion of the research results, then can be
recommended that the game rounders’ more appropriate in physical fitness
training.
Results of analysis of variance 2x2, about the interaction between the practice and
the balance of skills the results indicate that the price the price of F interaction
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
12
(FAB) = 4555 and F table = 4.09, it appears that the Fcount > F table, so that the null
hypothesis (H0) that states there is an interaction between traditional games and
motivation toward physical fitness is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1)
is accepted. In other words it can be stated that achievement of physical fitness
level influenced the interaction between traditional games and learning
motivation. This interaction illustrates that rounders’ game implemented for
students who are motivated to learn higher than the game hadang: A1B1> A2B1.
Instead, the game hadang more appropriate for students which has motivation to
learn is low compared to the game rounders’; A2B2> A1B2. This is further
reinforced by the results which comparison between the game rounders’ with a
high balance and the game hadang with a high balance; A1B1: A2B1 (P1: P2),
Results Q count = 8.537 is greater than the value Qtable = 4.260. In other words,
the effectiveness of the game rounders’ with a high balance ( = 21.50 and s =
2.22) was higher than which the game hadang ( = 16.50 and s = 3.27). Games
hadang with a low learning motivation and play rounders’ with a low learning
motivation; A2B2: A1B2 (P4: P3), the results Q count (Qc) = 4.268 is greater than
the value Qtable = 4.260. In other words, the effectiveness of the game rounders’
with a low learning motivation ( = 18.50 and s = 1.79) compared with the game
hadang ( = 16 and s = 2.05).
The results of hypothesis test, proving that the overall student doing rounders’
game high results were compared with students which did play obstructed. In this
case can be stated that in order to achieve the goal, the game rounders’ are more
effective than the game had been obstructed in improving physical fitness.
The method rounders’ game in actual practice, is done by increasing the training
load step by step, where in the application of training methods rounders’ the
game, using the tool that can improve the physical condition of students, such as
strength, agility and speed. The results of the exercise, done effectively without
causing muscle injury and excessive rigidity, so that the stability of the power
increase, maintained to perform a series of movements that support student skills.
The effectiveness of the training methods of the rounders’ game, supported also
by the balance of which is connected to the speed, agility and strength, so as to
contribute with a range of motion in the traditional game, with a warning stages
ups, core exercises, cooling down. These contributions will be seen among the
respective series of the motion, so it helps the students in making the game
rounders’ which considered young but complicated to implement. In many
settings rounders’ game movement difficult and dynamic movements, such as the
position requires throwing the ball should be thrown with great force, faster, and
just above the home base with a full swing grip on the ball placement,
coordinating the strength than the leg to the arm. The series of the movement, it
will require a high balance.
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
13
Meanwhile, training methods hadang game is a game played in a field length and
is often using the badminton court. The implementation the exercise of Hadang
games is done with the game being played by two blocking groups, where one
group facing the attackers which crossed the line. Adjustment exercise load of
hadang game using only the internal burden of takes time to increase the strength
in generating explosive power as needed in the traditional game.
Based on the above description can be concluded traditional games and learning
motivation, each of which can improve physical fitness. But the improvement was
better rounders’ game. Rounders’ is a Games of small ball game with a basic
techniques similar to rounders’ game is throwing, catching, and hitting coupled
with a typing skills and avoid touching it the ball.
So it can be believed that the game rounders’ had a significant impact in
improving physical fitness. The advantages of the game are related rounders’
small ball game carried by children who do not have standard rules and no parent
organization in it.
It can be concluded that for students which has high motivation to learn, if you
want to improve the results physical fitness should be trained with a rounders’
game, and vice versa for students which has low learning motivation, if you want
to improve the results physical fitness should be trained with a play rounders’.
The results are consistent with a result of research conducted by Irfan (2013)
entitled Correlation Study of Motor Ability, Academic Potential, Physical
Freshness Student Learning and Motivation Nikken UNM Makassar. This
research was concludes there is a direct positive effect on the learning
achievement of physical fitness.
The second research was conducted by Joni Muis (2008), entitled Comparison
between the Effects of Exercise Games Fortress Games of Baseball and Improved
Physical Freshness and Vital capacity Lung Bacukiki Pupil Elementary School
District of the City of Pare-Pare in 2011. Based on the data analysis can be seen
that, the game of rounders’ significant effect on the improvement of physical
fitness level students Bacukiki City Elementary School District of Pare-Pare.
CONCLUSION
Based on the research results, the conclusion of this research is the first: Overall,
there are differences in the influence game rounders’ and game hadang towards
physical fitness. This means that the influence of the game rounders’ higher than
the game hadang.
Second: There is an interaction effect between traditional games and
motivation toward physical fitness. With this interaction is found, it can be
interpreted that both traditional games give different results on physical fitness.
When linked with a motivation to learn, in the group of students who has high
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
14
motivation to learn the game rounders’ are better than with a game hadang. While
the group of students which has low learning motivation in the group rounders’
game better than with a game hadang.
Third: There is a difference in effect between the group a game rounders’
and the group a game hadang for a student which has high learning motivation
toward physical fitness.
Fourth: There is a difference in effect between the group a game rounders’
and the group game hadang for a student which has low learning motivation
toward physical fitness.
For the student who has a good physical fitness, the data obtained show
that results of traditional games and motivation toward better physical fitness.
Thus, it is recommended that traditional games and learning motivation are more
appropriate for students to improve physical fitness.
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Irfan, Studi Korelasi Kemampuan Motorik, Potensi Akademik, Kesegaran
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Joni Muis, Perbandingan Antara Pengaruh Latihan Permainan Kasti Dan
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Kadir, Abdul Ateng, Asas dan Landasan Pendidikan Jasmani. Jakarta:P3IK 1993.
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
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EDITOR!
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Prof.!Dr.!Anuar!bin!Hasan!(AUSC)!
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ASSOCIATE!EDITORS!
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Prof.!Dr.!Mulyana!(UNJ/IUSC/BAPOMI)!
!
Prof.!Dato'!Dr.!Abdullah!Moh.!Said!(UITM/MASUM)!
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Prof.!Dr.!dr.!Hj.!Fauziah!Nuraini!Kurdi,!SpKFR,!MPH.!(UNSRI)!
!
ADVISORY!BOARD! !
!
Dr.!Mahenderan!Appukutty!(Malaysia)!
!!
Prof.!Dr.!Moch.!Asmawi,!M.Pd.!(Indonesia)!
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Dr.!Alongkone!(Laos)!
!!
Preecha!Prayoonpat!(Thailand)!
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SECRETARIAT!
!
Eva!Julianti,!SE,!M.Sc.!(Indonesia)!
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Farahiza!Razali!
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PARALEL!SESSION!
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Dr.!Meirizal,!M.!Kes!!
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Dr.!Iyakrus,!M.Kes!
!!
!!
PROCEEDING!
!
Heni!Widyaningsih,!SE,!M.SE.!
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Ayu!Ratna!Wulandari,!S.Pd.!
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Susilo!Nugroho,!S.Pd.!
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Rasyono,!S.!Pd.,!M.!Pd.!!
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ASEAN!SPORT!UNIVERSITY!COUNCIL!
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Once! every! two! years,! ASEAN! University! Sport! Council! holds! an!
International! conference! on! sport! science! in! conjunction! with! ASEAN!
University!Games.!!
!
The!2nd!AUSC!International!Conference,!titled!“Nation!Character!Building!
through!Sport”,!will!be!held!at!Politeknik!Sriwijaya!in!Palembang.!It!will!
deal!with!various!topics!on!the!sports!agenda!
!
The! reasoning! is! that! moral! behavior! is! acquired! through! social!
interaction!that!occurs!through!sport!and!physical!activity!conducted!in!
a! collective.! Whether! or! not! sport! has! a! positive! impact! on! character[!
building!in!individual!is!highly!dependent!on!the!context!of!the!program!
and!the!values!promoted!and!developed.!
!
In! this! respect,! physical! educators,! coaches,! trainers! or! community!
leaders! have! a! determining! influence! on! a! young! person’s! sporting!
experience! and! on! the! degree! of! “character! building”! that! can! arise.!
Some! research! also! indicates! that! physical! activity! outside! of!
competitive! sport! may! be! more! effective! in! promoting! mutual!
understanding!and!empathy!among!young!people.!
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2#! AUSC! International! Conference! (AUSCIC)! then! focuses! in! the! issue!
about!how!sports!could!develop!character!of!a!nation.!
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AUSC!President!
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Prof.!Dr.!Anuar!bin!Hasan!
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Page!
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Aan!Wasan!!
Sport!And!Politics:!Power!Of!Political!Party!In!The!Indonesian!Football!
Association!(PSSI)!
Abdul!Halim!!
The!Effect!Of!Achievement!Motivation!On!The!Physical!Fitness!Student!
Grade!V!At!SDN!30!The!Sinjai!District!!!
Anton!Komaini!!
Study!On!Students!Gross!Motor!Skills!Kindergarten!District!Sijunjung!West!
Sumatera!!!
Ari!Subarkah!!
Student!Interest!Of!Badminton!Club!FIK!UNJ!Toward!Refereeing!In!
Badminton!Sports!!!
Asep!Sujana!Wayuri!!
The!Contribution!Of!Exercising!Motivation!And!Physical!Activities!Of!
Students!Physical!Fitness!At!Junior!High!School!Of!Sungai!Penuh!Subdistrict,!
Sungai!Penuh!City.!!!
Atri!Widowati!!
Factors!Supporting!Performance!Branch!Rowing!In!Jambi!
Bafirman!Barin!!
Sports!Aerobic!Exercise!Programme!For!Patients!Diabetes!Mellitus!!!
Budiman!Agung!P.!!
Survey!Implementation!Evaluation!Of!Physical!Education!!!
Clartje!Silvia!E.!Awulle,!Faridah!Manik!!
Enhancement!And!Equitable!Education!Accessibility!
Damrah!!
Evaluation!Program!Guidance!On!Tennis!Center!In!West!Sumatera!And!Riau!!!
Del!Asri!!
Scoring!Methods!Of!The!Skills!Test!To!Selection!New!Students!On!Sport!
Sciences!Faculty!State!University!Of!Jakarta!!!
Dian!Pujianto!!
Physical!Activity!And!Blood!Pressure!!!
Eka!Fitri!Novitasari,!Gumilar!Mulya!!
Analysis!Of!Basic!Movement!Skills!Of!Grade!Ii!Elementary!School!Students!!!
Hendra!Mashuri,!Fadilah!Umar!!
The!Influence!Of!Menstruation!For!The!Achievement!Of!Sprint!100!Meters!In!
The!Study!Of!Physical!Education!
Fauziah!Nuraini!Kurdi!!
Low[Level!Laser!Therapy!for!Sports!Injuries!
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Fitri!Lestasri!Issom!!
118[123!
Characteristics!Of!Physical!Education!Teachers!Who!Can!Develop!Empathy!
Children!!!
Noridah!Abu!Bakar!!
124[130!
Factors!Contribute!To!Obesity!Among!Primary!School!Children!!!
Eva!Yulianti!!
131[138!
Management!Of!Physical!Education!To!Enhance!Kinesthetic!Intelligence!
(Kinesthetic!Intelligence!Sport!Scale[Kiss)!
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Hary!Muhardi!Syaflin!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!139[144!
Improving*Learning*through*Engineering*Services*Sepak*Takraw*
Game*Target,*In*Class*V*SD*State*7*Lubukkeliat*Kab.*Ogan*Ilir!
Ika!Novitaria!Petanque’s!Equipment!As!One!Of!Business!
145[152!
Opportunities!In!The!Sports!Industry!In!Indonesia!!!
Iyakrus!Physical!Exercise!Model!For!Tekong!Athlete!Sepaktakraw!
153[163!
Sriwijaya!University!!!
Juriana,!Kurnia!Tahki!
The!Role!Of!Airsoftgun!Game!In!Building!The!Values!Of!Leadership!!!
164[169!
Johansyah!Lubis!Development!‘Jurus!Tunggal’!Of!Pencak!Silat!For!
Ages!10[12!Years!!!
170[181!
Kusmajid!Abdullah,!Mimin!Ninawati!
!The!Effectiveness!Of!Multimedia!Class!In!Learning!At!Cipete!Utara!
16!Pagi!Elementary!School!
Lim!Khong!Chiu!Examining!Sport!And!Physical!Activity!Participation!
Motivations!And!Barriers!Among!Young!Malaysians!!!
182[191!
Meirizal!Usra!Positive!Thinking!To!Improve!Performance!
Achievement!Athlete!!!
Mohamad!Syarif!Sumantri!!
Fundamental!Movement!Learning!Method!In!Class!Early!Elementary!
School!!!
Nofi!Marlina!Siregar!The!Implementation!Of!Linguistic!Gymnastic!
To!Increase!Locomotoric!Movement!In!Pre!School!Children!In!
Mentari!Kindergarten!Bogor!District!
Nurul!Ihsan!Pencak!Silat!(Indonesian!Martial!Art)!Athlete!
Achievement!Creating!Seen!From!Dominant!Character!!!
!
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210[215!
!
192[209!
216[226!
227[232!
233[238!
!
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Pekan!Ramli!!
A!Study!Of!Attitudes!Of!University!Athletes!Toward!Doping!In!
University!Teknologi!Mara!(UiTM),!Malaysia!
Pitnawati!!
Improvement!Of!Student!Learning!Through!!'Tennis!Play!And!Stay!
"On!Faculty!Of!Sport!Science!!Padang!State!University!!!
Ramdan!Pelana!!
Development!Of!Sports!Industry!In!The!Era!Of!Globalization!!!
Rasyono!!
An!Extracurricular!Taekwondo!Development!System!For!A!Basic!Of!
Talent!Scouting!Athletes!In!The!District!Of!Ogan!Ilir!!!
Rizki!Kurniati!!
The!Effect!Of!Aerobic!Dance!And!Cycling!On!The!Psychological!Well[
Being!Of!Teenagers!
Roma!Irawan!!
Violence!In!Sports!Outside!And!Inside!The!Field!!!
Sri!Gusti!Handayani!!
The!Effect!Of!Dynamic!And!Static!Stretching!Exercises!To!Flexibility!
In!Rhythmic!Gymnastics!Athletes!In!The!Sijunjung!West!Sumatera!!!
Vincent!A.!Parnabas!!
Level!Of!Self!Confidence!And!Sport!Performance!Among!Football!
Players!!!
Wahyu!Nopianto!
Coordination!Of!Relationship!Skills!Hands!On!Passing!Game!Ball!
State!Student!Extracurricular!SMA!2!Lubuklinggau!
Sabar!Surbakti!!
Exercise!Load!Capability!Using!Pulleys!Cast!Of!Discs!On!Student!
Activities!Extracurricular!
Deddy!Sofyan,!Windi!Tustiyana!
Building!Character!Of!Leadership!And!Entrepreneurship!
To!Improve!Competitiveness!In!Education!
!
Muhamad!Sazeli!Rifky!Energy!Intake!During!Volleyball!Training!
Camp!Athlete!Of!Week!Sports!National!Student!(POMNAS)!West!
Sumatera!!!
Setyo!Purwanto!!
Effectiveness!Of!Exercise!Hammer!And!Concentration!Curl!Against!
Forehand!Drive!Skills!Athletes!Squash!Jakarta!
Yasep!Setiakarnawijaya!!
Psychological!Aspect!Of!Depok!City!Elite!Athletes!
Yusmawati!!
Improvement!Efforts!Of!Learning!Lay[Up!Basketball!!!
!
!
!
!
!
247!
239[246!
248[257!
258[267!
268[278!
279[285!
286[292!
293[298!
299[305!
306[312!
313[318!
319[325!
326[330!
331[336!
347[345!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Vincent!A.!Parnabas!!
The!Usage!Of!Imagery!And!Sport!Performance!On!Football!Players!!!
Hartati!!
Fitness!Profile!Junior!School!Students!Physical!Group!B!Children!
With!Disabilities!Eligible!Educate!And!Train!At!Palembang!City!
Nguyen!Van!Tri,!!
Nguyen!Thanh!De!!
Teaching!Process!Of!A!Physical!Exercise!For!Visually!Impaired!
Students!
Mulyana!
Kinesthetic!Implementation!of!Spike!Skill!in!Volleyball!
Heni!Widyaningsih!
Organizational!Climate,!Personal!Skill!And!Performance!Of!Physical!
Education!Teacher!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!346[350!
351[357!
358[365!
366[374!
375[383!
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
1
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian
Football Association (PSSI)
Aan Wasan
Sport Science Faculty, State University of Jakarta
Email: aan.wasan@gmail.com
Abstract
Indonesia football will not be free from political intervention, because politics always used
football to get the goal. PSSI management has an affiliation with the political parties. They are
from several parties, such as from the Party of the Functional Groups, Democratic Party, United
Development Party, National Mandate Party, and People’s Conscience Party. It has conflict
interest in the organization, because they often used football to gain the political destination.
The regulation noted that all clubs which following the professional league cannot use the Budget
Revenue and Expenditure; they should be autonomous and independent. In fact, all members of the
Indonesia Football League are only 12 football clubs which do not use the fund from the Budget
Revenue and Expenditure. Many football clubs are possessed by the Regional Government and
still using the Budget Revenue and Expenditure. Without it they cannot follow the Indonesia league
competition. The management of football clubs has tried to be independent, but it is difficult,
because the big companies are not interested in the Indonesia football to be sponsor. Meanwhile,
selling tickets and merchandise are still not significant to support finance the club.
Keywords: sport, politic, football.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays the meaning of sport is not just as physical activities of modern people
culture, but also it is able to describe phenomena of social life. Sport is a universal
language. At its best it can bring people together, no matter what their origin,
background, religious beliefs or economic status. (Damell, 2010: 54-75) Sports
are often used to gain both sport destination and non-sport destination, such as
politics, economics and culture destinations.
According to Coakley (1998), sport themselves involve political process
associated with issue such as who controls sport and sport events, the term of
eligibility and team selection, rule and rule change, rule enforcement, and
administration of sanctions. Sport and sport organizations are political, since them
to do with the exercise of power.
Markovits and Rensmann (2010) wrote that as sports have gone global they have
become more embedded in politics, constituting an important display of political
authority and even figuring into the most quotidian political matters. Throughout
the twentieth century, dictatorships of various kinds utilized the charismatic power
of sports for their own, often nefarious, causes. Examples abound, from Adolf
Hitler’s harnessing the Berlin Olympics in 1936 for his regime’s propaganda
purposes, to China’s rulers doing the same seventy-two years later; from Benito
Mussolini’s basking in his country’s winning the second World Cup in soccer
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
2
with Fascist Italy playing host, to the Argentina military junta’s gaining muchneeded legitimacy by the national team’s triumph in 1978.
Meanwhile, Franklin Foer (2010) found out that sport, football in particular, can
be an instrument to understand contemporary world affected by any impacts of
globalization. Football may reflect the social, economic or political condition of a
nation. On the other hand, World Cup and European Cup often interrupt the
rhythm of life in a moment, as this event normally attracts its fans attention.
Football is often used as an opportunity to gain benefit either for individual or
group (political or economic benefit), so in sport it is easy for us to find tricky
intrigue, including controlling score, bribery of referee, corruption, collusion and
nepotism.
Clearly, the organization of sport can be as prototype of the countries’ condition,
because the organization of sport can describe the condition of countries. Football
is the most strategic sport to show the existence of a nation. Being aware of this, a
number of Asian countries have tried to develop their football so that they can
equal the quality of the teams from Europe and Latin America. Japan, South
Korea, Saudi Arabia are among the Asian Countries, which have participated in
world level. Meanwhile, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam keep
preparing themselves to improve and enhance the quality of their teams.
Similarly, Indonesia through PSSI (The Indonesian Football Association) has
made efforts to enhance the quality of national football team; however it is still
very hard to be the best in ASEAN or in the world. Internal problem is still the
unsolved problem, from unprofessional organization of league to controversy
about the leadership. It is affected by many factors, such as politics, economic,
and social-culture, even collusion, and nepotism can be seen in the organization of
sport.
Therefore this study will describe about the political power which is in PSSI, how
its form and, and what its advantages. Beside that it will explain the relationship
between sport and politics.
Sport and Politics
The first modern Olympic game held in April 1896 which was followed by
thirteen nations, making the early stages of international sport and its
globalization. After 116 years later, the Olympic Games is the most recognized
celebration of sport and physical human achievement, commanding an
international audience of approximately 4.7 billion spectators, over 70% of the
world‘s population.(Dorothy, 2005) Hence, those games are very popular so many
people used it to acquire many kinds of purposes.
Between sports and politics has had intimate relationship since many decades ago.
Political events have exerted a significant effect on modern Olympic Games. For
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
3
example, four of the most ‘political’ Olympic Games are undoubtedly Berlin,
1936; Helsinki, 1952, Mexico, 1968; and Munich, 1972. The 1938 Olympic
Games, in Berlin, is used by Hitler as a vehicle for showcasing Aryan supremacy
was famously undermined by the US African-American athlete Jesse Owens, who
became the hero of the Games winning four gold medals. At the 1952 Helsinki
Games, with the arrival of a team from the Union Soviet Socialist Republics, Cold
War Politics were added to the formula.(Gamache, 2010)
In Mexico, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who finished 1st and 3rd in the 200m,
created what was to become one of the most memorable sporting images of all
time; the Black Power salute. The athletes were protesting against the racial
injustices that black Americans continued to experience in the US. The Munich
Games in 1972 are most often remembered for the ‘terrorist’ attack that resulted in
the death of 11 Israeli athletes. With five days of the Games left, 8 Palestinian
terrorists broke into the Olympic Village, killing two Israelis and taking nine
others hostage. The Palestinians demanded the release of 200 prisoners from
Israel.
(http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-OlympicGames/Summer/Munich-1972/)
In the United Kingdom government is involved in programmers to achieve
sporting success and acquire major championships to a degree that was almost
inconceivable in the 1980s.But, it is difficult to conceive of the events of 1980,
when Mrs. Thatcher’s government attempted to boycott the Moscow Olympics
but the vast majority of British sports federations ignored the boycott, taking part.
In Africa, there was a heyday of successful intervention lasting from the 1960s to
the 1980s during which governments were able to achieve goals of international
prestige and internal unity through sport. This capacity has now diminished
considerably, partly because of general economic failure, but also because the
competitors themselves have been spirited away beyond the control of domestic
politicians in the direction of American campuses and European football clubs,
though in some countries, such as South Africa and Ethiopia, there is still clearly a
‘sports dividend’ (Allison, 2005).
Great-power political difficulties loomed as the following Olympics – the 1988
Seoul games – approached. South Korea did not enjoy diplomatic relations with
the socialist countries, which had boycotted the world shooting championships in
Seoul in 1978 an event that yielded Finland six gold medals. With the advent of
Gorbachev’s détente policy, the situation changed, however, and in the end only a
handful of countries – Cuba and Ethiopia, most prominently – joined the boycott
called by North Korea.
On the other case, Silvio Berlusconi, Italian prime minister on multiple occasions,
used his success as president and principal owner of AC Milan to convince the
Italian public that he could govern the country with similar results, bringing to
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
4
Italy the same fame and pride that his club “Milan” attained. Berlusconi’s “soccer
power” was crucial on his road to attaining the pinnacle of Italy’s political power.
In addition, Berlusconi’s party Forza Italia was named after the national soccer
slogan “Go Italy.” With this slogan Berlusconi successfully used the appeal of
Italian national soccer to gain political support for his populist one-man-party in a
time of highly divisive and collapsing party politics. (Shin and Agnew, 2008.)
Also in China, sports competitions have at times been used for diplomacy. After
Communist takeover, Chinese regimes had used sports to advance larger political
and diplomatic goals. Largely because they approached sports as a diplomatic and
political instrument, the leaders of Communist China paid special attention to
sports teams and competitive events. Although Mao Zedong, Chinese’s leader,
behaved like an emperor, avoiding the public in most situations, he met with the
Chinese Ping Pong teams several times. Mao also sometimes met with visiting
teams from abroad. For instance, on February 6, 1956, Mao met with the members
of the visiting Yugoslavia youth football team.
Premier of China, Zhou Enlai, was particularly brilliant at this tactic. Despite
Zhou’s extremely busy schedule, he rarely missed an opportunity to meet with
visiting sport teams. Once he even met with the Russian chess team. The next day
he explained to Chinese sports officials that these Russian chess players were not
important individuals themselves, but he had met with them to show that the
Chinese were “very, very” friendly toward the Russian people. Yet, in China the
Chinese Communist and Nationalist were political rivals, with radically different
ideology. But both understood the value of sport for national building, expressing
Chinese nationalism, and international engagement.
If we looked Olympic Games 2008 in Beijing, sport showed well how nationalism
and internationalism come together in China. Chinese participation and interest in
modern sports are largely motivated by nationalism. Sport as a collective
experience crosses the social and political divisions of everyday life, and the study
of it offers a unique window into larger historical processes. It is an effective
vehicle for studying society-to-society, people-to-people, and culture-to-culture
interactions. It allows us to examine how the Chinese relate to the rest of the
world and how they negotiate the tricky matters of self-perception and perception
by others as their national identity evolves.
Besides that, a political motive has underpinned South Africa’s bids to host the
World Cup 2010 from the outset, and popular pressure on the authorities to
deliver on promised World Cup returns may, if anything, be mounting. Yet it is
not clear whether authorities can successfully navigate the strictures laid by the
rules of proprietorship in the wider political economy of global sport, and find the
means to draw developmental gains from the event. Further, one of the other
primary justifications for hosting the 2010 tournament was that it could serve the
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
5
professed emotional and socio-cultural attachment of the country’s black
population towards football. In the meantime, however, South Africa’s 2010
campaign has morphed into one where the larger forces of commerce and politics
of global football steer the agenda.
According to the explanation in above that politics always come in the several
events of sport game. Even, many countries’ leader used this event to undertake
diplomacy, to influence the other group or to protest the political policy from their
country. But, why sport game events often were used to gain the non-sport
destinations, because of many spectators from variety counties in the world. Such
as holding of the World Cup and Olympic Games are watched by billion
spectators.
The Power of Political Party on PSSI
The political leaders or governments in the management of sports organizations
are adaptation of the sport organization on external factors such as, social,
cultural, economic and politics. They usually will be influenced by political
system which is bureaucratic politics. Therefore it will occur power centralization
of politics and economic on one figure.
The role of the political leaders or governments in the management of sports
organizations is hoped to make the sport organization easy to gain fund for
funding its programs. The sources of the fund can be derived from the Revenue
and Expenditure or the influence of political leaders and the government to get
sponsors from the big companys. It means that they can give the big contribution
for the sport organization. In fact, the involving of political leaders or
governments in the management of sports organizations is as the chaotic sources
in the organizations. For example, in the case of football, there are two bigwigs
who make national football chaotic; namely Arifin Panigoro (AP) and Nirwan
Dermawan Bakrie (NDB). This fact was further confirmed by the statement of
Minister of Youth and Sports, Roy Suryo that the key to solve the national
football problem is in the hands of these two bigwigs. Therefore, Roy Suryo came
to solve the problem with the two bigwigs, after that the national football problem
was become well gradually.
Further, the gait of two bigwigs, both are as business partner. In 2002 when
Bakrie brothers Group got the tender of oil drilling in Sidoarjo, East Java, then
NDB established the company, Minarak Lapindo. The relationship between AP
and NDB is well because AP’s company, Medco Energy, shared in this business
with 15 percent in Minarak Lapindo. Then, in 2005 to 2006, both taken agreement
to arrange the national football be better in that time NDB as Vice Chairman of
PSSI. NDB invited AP to develop the National Football League that spawned
Medco League, a youth competition football which AP’s company is as sponsor.
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
6
However, the relationship between AP and NDB as business partners and cooperation in football came to end after the tragedy of drilling on the object
Minarak Lapindo Sidoarjo which resulted in the catastrophic of mud in Sidoarjo,
East Java.
NDB demanded AP’s responsibility for this disaster, but AP refused it because he
thought that his responsibility as far as his share in the PT. Manarak Lapindo.
According to AP’s opinion that the losses caused by the company will be borne by
the company's financial capability, but if the company cannot afford, PT. Lapindo
Brantas will be bankrupted by government. Therefore, government got the loss
responsibility of Sidoarjo Society.
Refusing of AP to settle up the loss of Sidoarjo society made it bring to the
International business arbitrage court. Yet, it did not make the relation better, it
was worse. For example, NDB always tried to press AP if he had opportunity
because of avoiding the responsibility. The fact, AP did not feel comfortable with
NDB’s attitude, so he given the response that made rival sharper.
The feud of the two figures are then brought into the realm of national football,
which at the time, PSSI's achievement have not improved, so AP had opportunity
to press NDB step down as vice chairman of PSSI. AP get support from the
Surabaya football figure, Saleh Ismail Mukadar (SIM), which in the same year he
was not satisfy with the result PSSI because of Persebaya degradation on
Indonesian Super League. Then AP and SIM initiated to think out of a new
football league that carried the spirit of the change and the clean football. So, they
invented the campaign of clean football which is supported by Metro TV that
Surya Paloh is as the owner. In other hand, Surya Paloh was defeated by Aburizal
Bakrie, NDB’s older brother, in the election of the chairman of the Party of the
Functional Groups (Golkar).
The new league was supported by government through Minister Youth and Sport
with 20 clubs and including 3 clubs which was punished by PSSI. Then this
league was as the campaign tool to push Nurdin Halid (NH) and NDB step down
as member of PSSI management. In the other hand, public who agreed with the
Indonesia Super League (ISL), supported NH step down, because he was as a
convict and did not have ability to manage PSSI. Besides that, NH was been
suspicious, gave the way to occur the gambling in ISL and AFF Cup 2010.
Although till now it had never been proved, but it made public not trust NH.
REFERENCES
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
Sport and Politics: Power of Political Party in the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI)
7
Darnell, Simon C. Power, Politics and “Sport for Development and Peace”:
Investigating the utility of Sport for International Development. Sociology
of Sport Journal, 2010, 27, 54-75.
Coakley, J.J. 1998. Sport in society: Issues and controversies. New York:
McGraw-Hill
Markovits, Andrei S. and Rensmann, Lars. (2010). Gaming the world: How sports
are reshaping global politics and culture. New Jersey: Princeton University
Press.
Foer, Franklin (2010).How Soccer Explains the World: An Unlikely Theory of
Globalization. HarperCollins.
Smith, Dorothy. 2005. Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. New
York: Altamira
Gamache, Ray. 2010. A History of Sports Highlights: Replayed Plays from
EDISON to ESPN. London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer. Sport in the Shadow of
Politics.
Michael E. Shin and John A. Agnew. 2008. Berlusconi’s Italy: Mapping
Contemporary Italian Politics. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p.
121–46.
Guoqi, Xu. 2008. Olympic Dreams: China and Sport. Harvard University Press:
London. P.45
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
8
The Effect Traditional Game and Learning Motivation Through
Physical Fitness Of Student Class V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
Abdul Halim
Departement Elementary Teacher in Universitas Esa Unggul
Email: abdul.halim07@ymail.com
Abstract
This research is aimed at analyzing the effect of the traditional game and motivation of learning
through physical fitness. The approach used was quantitative by applying experimental method,
and design used was treatment design by level 2x2 in the elementary school 20 Sub district East
Sinjai, regency Sinjai. The data were collect from 40 student, using technique random sampling.
Then data were analyzed by using ANAVA 2x2 and Tukey test. The result of this research shows
that, (1) in general, there is a difference of effect rounder’s game and Hadang games through
physical fitness, (2) there is an interaction between traditional games and motivation of learning
through physical fitness, (3) there is a difference between Rounder’s game groups and Hadang
game groups for high motivation through physical fitness, (4) there is a difference between
rounder game groups and Hadang game groups for lower motivation through physical fitness.
Keywords: traditional game, motivation of learning, and physical fitness
INTRODUCTION
Exercise is physical activity a human, has now used as living needs, which
involves large muscles, exercise can be used as a medium in the fulfillment of
economic needs, maintaining freshness and rehabilitation, as a medium for
recreation, education, and the achievement of course.
Life in the future is filled with challenges, including the threat to the quality of life
related to human health. People in developed countries have felt the series as a
result of lifestyle more silent, less mobile, and the excess calories as a result of
automation and excess calories. Sooner or later now starting to feel the people of
Indonesia have started to live a life of silence, especially among the upper and
middle layers. Perceived result is an increase in regenerative disease or illness
hipokinetik (lack of movement), the direct result is the low capacity and high rates
of illness which would also have an impact on a person's physical fitness.
To measure the amount of physical fitness level, up to date cannot be measured
with a measuring instrument valid. Which can be measured is that each
component of physical fitness. The components of physical fitness can be grouped
into components related to aspects of skills (skills) and a component related to
health aspects. The components of physical fitness related to skill / skills are:
agility, balance, speed, explosive muscle power, leisure time, and coordination.
Meanwhile, the components of physical fitness related to health aspects, which
consist of: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength,
flexibility, and body composition.
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
9
Among the components of motivation is also an important component, as well as
heart-lung endurance, because in addition to the components of physical fitness
related to health aspects, as well as components that support the ability of physical
fitness related to aspects of the skill / skill and are systematic.
Formulation of the problem in the studies above, as follows: (1) Are there
differences in the influence rounder’s game and hadang game towards physical
fitness ?; (2) Is there an interaction between traditional games and motivation
toward physical fitness ?; (3) Are there any differences between the groups
influence game rounder’s and the group play a game hadang for students who
have a high learning motivation toward physical fitness ?; and (4) Is there any
influence between the group play a game rounder’s and the group play a game
hadang for students who have a low learning motivation toward physical fitness.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1. Physical Fitness
In general the word physical fitness is commonly known by the term foreign
"physical fitness." Means the body or body Physical fitness means while fresh.
Thus, the meaning of physical fitness a body that is healthy and fresh. Definition
of physical fitness is seen as a concept that has a fairly wide scope. Therefore,
according to the experts define skill standpoint. For example, in terms of medicine
focuses on the ability of the heart and lungs. From the sports field more focused
on the success of physical activity without causing significant fatigue.
Soedarno (1990: 64) states that: "A person who has good physical health to be
able to meet the physical demands of a particular." The next said also: "something
a person is declared fit for duty activity when he was able to complete the task
quite efficiently and without excessive fatigue and can be recovered."
Physical fitness is a very important aspect of physical fitness as a whole, which
will give the person's ability to lead a productive life and can adjust to any decent
physical load. Browell and Hogman cited by Pasau (1990: 68) say that: Freshness
is the physical ability of an individual to carry out tasks to completion well,
without experiencing significant fatigue.
From the views about physical fitness, can be concluded that physical fitness is
the basis of human physical abilities essential for himself who is always ready
shoulder the burden of duty demanded or charged for individuals to be
implemented as well as possible. Therefore, physical fitness is a person's ability or
the ability of the body as a whole is doing a job or activity that effectively and
efficiently without creating fatigue which meaningful to somebody and afterwards
was still has enough energy to do or to continue another activities.
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
10
2. Games Rounder’s and Games Hadang
2.1. Games rounders’
Rounders’ Games is the game of small ball with basic techniques similar to
baseball games is throwing, catching, and hitting coupled with a typing skills and
avoid touching it the ball. Sukintata (1992: 89) stated that the game is a little
Games that has no fixed rule, and there is no parent organization, included is a
children's game, rounders’, at the ball, handball, and basketball, and obstructed
which used game in elementary school.
2.2. Games Hadang
At the present time most likely is no longer a traditional game played by children.
Games is the result a human cultivation in the past, it has actually excites kids to
have fun, and have a very significant effect on the personal development of their
children.
Revealing and preserving traditional local game is the preservation of the cultural
values of the nation. The re-introduction of national culture is expected to arouse
feelings of the child's sense of culture and people. The re-introduction to the past
that has been a result of ancestral culture can be perceived as something that can
be enjoyed something that needs to be owned and preserved. Obstructed Games is
a game played in a field length and is often uses the badminton court.
From the explanation of the above mentioned games obstructed, then is
synthesized that obstructed the game is a traditional game played by two groups,
where one group facing the attackers which crossed the line.
3. Learning Motivation
Motivation comes from another word which means movere impulse or
locomotion. Winkel (1996: 169) defines motivation to learn as a psychic
locomotion in the overall student learning activities that give rise to, ensure the
continuity of learning activities and provides direction to the learning activities in
order to achieve a goal. Meanwhile, Frederich J. Mc.Donald in Vashti Sumanto
(1998: 203), motivation is a force of change in oneself and reaction to achieve the
goal.
Motivation is an internal factor which excites, directs and integrates the power of
a person. But some who stated that motivation is the power source of our daily
behavior. Motivation is also discussed about the behavior and activities to see if
there is a motive behind it and to try to identify the purpose (the activity itself).
Intrinsic motivation is the motivation which included in a learning situation and to
meet the needs and goals of students. Meanwhile, extrinsic motivation is
motivation which caused by factors outside the learning situation. Maslow said
that motivation is the hierarchy of human needs in human beings.
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
11
Based on the above description, then synthesized that motivation to learn is the
psychological process of locomotion someone to do something in the learning
activities in order to achieve a goal (the need for) which is influenced by intrinsic
and extrinsic properties, with a indicators such as the desire for success, selfconfidence, the need for esteem, and the standard of excellence.
METHOD
This research was used an experimental method with design treatments by Level
2x2 at State Elementary School 30 East Sinjai district. The samples which
selected according to the criteria specified amounts to class V and 40 students
aged 10-12 years, which divided into 4 groups of samples. To equalize the ability
of both groups, then early test was held on the level of physical fitness and the
motivation to learn and for the distribution the group using the ordinal matching
technique, also techniques of data analysis using descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics.
Descriptive analysis is used to present data in the form of a central size and the
size of the spread from the each of the variables singly. Inferential statistics are
statistics that are used to test the hypothesis. The test this hypothesis is used the
technique of analysis of variance (ANOVA) two lanes 2x2 at significant level =
0.05. And Tukey test. Before hypothesis test, first tested for normality by using
the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test techniques and test the homogeneity of variance.
From the description above rounders’ game, is synthesized that rounders’ game is
the game small ball carried by children who do not have standard rules and no
parent organization in it.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of variance analysis calculation about the difference effectiveness
between the two methods of training the overall, namely; F Observations between
column (FA) = 40 992, was higher than the F table, amounting to 4,091 (F0 =
40.992 > Ft = 4.091), so that the HO is rejected and H1 is accepted. Thus it can be
concluded that overall there is a significant difference between the game rounders’
and hadang to the results of physical fitness. In other words that physical fitness
the results with the game rounders’ ( = 20 and s = 2.25) is better than a game of
physical fitness with a hadang ( = 16.25 and s = 1.97). The overall physical
fitness the results by using rounders’ game are better than the game hadang tested.
Accordingly, based on the discussion of the research results, then can be
recommended that the game rounders’ more appropriate in physical fitness
training.
Results of analysis of variance 2x2, about the interaction between the practice and
the balance of skills the results indicate that the price the price of F interaction
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
12
(FAB) = 4555 and F table = 4.09, it appears that the Fcount > F table, so that the null
hypothesis (H0) that states there is an interaction between traditional games and
motivation toward physical fitness is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (H1)
is accepted. In other words it can be stated that achievement of physical fitness
level influenced the interaction between traditional games and learning
motivation. This interaction illustrates that rounders’ game implemented for
students who are motivated to learn higher than the game hadang: A1B1> A2B1.
Instead, the game hadang more appropriate for students which has motivation to
learn is low compared to the game rounders’; A2B2> A1B2. This is further
reinforced by the results which comparison between the game rounders’ with a
high balance and the game hadang with a high balance; A1B1: A2B1 (P1: P2),
Results Q count = 8.537 is greater than the value Qtable = 4.260. In other words,
the effectiveness of the game rounders’ with a high balance ( = 21.50 and s =
2.22) was higher than which the game hadang ( = 16.50 and s = 3.27). Games
hadang with a low learning motivation and play rounders’ with a low learning
motivation; A2B2: A1B2 (P4: P3), the results Q count (Qc) = 4.268 is greater than
the value Qtable = 4.260. In other words, the effectiveness of the game rounders’
with a low learning motivation ( = 18.50 and s = 1.79) compared with the game
hadang ( = 16 and s = 2.05).
The results of hypothesis test, proving that the overall student doing rounders’
game high results were compared with students which did play obstructed. In this
case can be stated that in order to achieve the goal, the game rounders’ are more
effective than the game had been obstructed in improving physical fitness.
The method rounders’ game in actual practice, is done by increasing the training
load step by step, where in the application of training methods rounders’ the
game, using the tool that can improve the physical condition of students, such as
strength, agility and speed. The results of the exercise, done effectively without
causing muscle injury and excessive rigidity, so that the stability of the power
increase, maintained to perform a series of movements that support student skills.
The effectiveness of the training methods of the rounders’ game, supported also
by the balance of which is connected to the speed, agility and strength, so as to
contribute with a range of motion in the traditional game, with a warning stages
ups, core exercises, cooling down. These contributions will be seen among the
respective series of the motion, so it helps the students in making the game
rounders’ which considered young but complicated to implement. In many
settings rounders’ game movement difficult and dynamic movements, such as the
position requires throwing the ball should be thrown with great force, faster, and
just above the home base with a full swing grip on the ball placement,
coordinating the strength than the leg to the arm. The series of the movement, it
will require a high balance.
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
13
Meanwhile, training methods hadang game is a game played in a field length and
is often using the badminton court. The implementation the exercise of Hadang
games is done with the game being played by two blocking groups, where one
group facing the attackers which crossed the line. Adjustment exercise load of
hadang game using only the internal burden of takes time to increase the strength
in generating explosive power as needed in the traditional game.
Based on the above description can be concluded traditional games and learning
motivation, each of which can improve physical fitness. But the improvement was
better rounders’ game. Rounders’ is a Games of small ball game with a basic
techniques similar to rounders’ game is throwing, catching, and hitting coupled
with a typing skills and avoid touching it the ball.
So it can be believed that the game rounders’ had a significant impact in
improving physical fitness. The advantages of the game are related rounders’
small ball game carried by children who do not have standard rules and no parent
organization in it.
It can be concluded that for students which has high motivation to learn, if you
want to improve the results physical fitness should be trained with a rounders’
game, and vice versa for students which has low learning motivation, if you want
to improve the results physical fitness should be trained with a play rounders’.
The results are consistent with a result of research conducted by Irfan (2013)
entitled Correlation Study of Motor Ability, Academic Potential, Physical
Freshness Student Learning and Motivation Nikken UNM Makassar. This
research was concludes there is a direct positive effect on the learning
achievement of physical fitness.
The second research was conducted by Joni Muis (2008), entitled Comparison
between the Effects of Exercise Games Fortress Games of Baseball and Improved
Physical Freshness and Vital capacity Lung Bacukiki Pupil Elementary School
District of the City of Pare-Pare in 2011. Based on the data analysis can be seen
that, the game of rounders’ significant effect on the improvement of physical
fitness level students Bacukiki City Elementary School District of Pare-Pare.
CONCLUSION
Based on the research results, the conclusion of this research is the first: Overall,
there are differences in the influence game rounders’ and game hadang towards
physical fitness. This means that the influence of the game rounders’ higher than
the game hadang.
Second: There is an interaction effect between traditional games and
motivation toward physical fitness. With this interaction is found, it can be
interpreted that both traditional games give different results on physical fitness.
When linked with a motivation to learn, in the group of students who has high
ASEAN University Sports Council International Conference 2014
The Effect Traditional Game And Learning Motivation Through Physical Fitness Of Student Class
V At SDN 30 Regency Sinjai
14
motivation to learn the game rounders’ are better than with a game hadang. While
the group of students which has low learning motivation in the group rounders’
game better than with a game hadang.
Third: There is a difference in effect between the group a game rounders’
and the group a game hadang for a student which has high learning motivation
toward physical fitness.
Fourth: There is a difference in effect between the group a game rounders’
and the group game hadang for a student which has low learning motivation
toward physical fitness.
For the student who has a good physical fitness, the data obtained show
that results of traditional games and motivation toward better physical fitness.
Thus, it is recommended that traditional games and learning motivation are more
appropriate for students to improve physical fitness.
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