Pengaruh Suhu Pirolisis dan Jumlah Katalis Karbon Aktif terhadap Yield dan Kualitas Bahan Bakar Cair dari Limbah Plastik Jenis Polipropilena
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1] Ane R. Sari, Nur R. Aprianingtyas, “Pembuatan Bahan Bakar Cair Dari Tremboso
(Sisa Sadapan Lateks) Menggunakan Katalis Zeolit Hy Dan Zsm-5”, 2011 : hal.
1 - 8.
[2] Mahendra F. Nugraha., Arifuddin Wahyudi., dan Ignatius Gunardi, “Pembuatan
Fuel dari Liquid Hasil Pirolisis Plastik Polipropilen Melalui Proses Reforming
dengan Katalis NiO/Γ-Al2O3”. Jurnal Teknik Pomits, 2 (2) 2013 : hal.
F-299 - F-302.
[3] UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), “Converting Waste Plastics
Into a Resource”, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International
Environmental Technology Centre, 2009.
[4] Nadia K. Dewi, “Indonesia`s plastics industry in 2012 Challenges from raw
materials and exchange rates Indonesia Update”, Juni 2012.
[5] Untoro B. Surono. 2013, “Berbagai Metode Konversi Sampah Plastik Menjadi
Bahan Bakar Minyak”, Jurnal Teknik 3 (1) 2013 : hal. 32 - 40.
[6] Sumarni dan Ani Purwanti, “Kinetika Reaksi Pirolisis Plastik Low Density
Poliethylene (LDPE)”, Jurnal Teknologi, 1(2) 2008 : hal. 135 - 140
[7] Febri S. Ningsih., Novesar Jamarun., dan Zulhadjri, “Pengaruh Katalis Dalam
Pengolahan Limbah Plastik Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Dengan Metode
Pirolisis”, Jurnal Kimia Unand, 2(2) 2013 : hal 128 – 132.
[8] Neha Patni, Pallav Shah, Shruti Agarwal, Piyush Singhal, “Alternate Strategies for
Conversion of Waste Plastic to Fuels”, ISRN Renewable Energy, 2013 : hal.
1 – 8.
[9] Yovana S. González, Carlos Costa, M. C Márquez, Pedro Ramos, “Thermal and
catalytic degradation of polyethylene wastes in the presence of silica gel, 5A
molecular sieve and activated carbon”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 2011
: hal. 101 – 112.
[10] Moinuddin Sarker, Mohammad Mamunor, “Rashid Catalytic Degradation of PVC
and PETE Mixture of Waste Plastic into Petrochemicals using Al2O3 & Activated
Carbon”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology, 1(1) 2012 : hal.
39 - 48.
[11] Alan Russell, Clare College, “Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis Of HDPE Using An
Activated Carbon Bed”. Dissertation Department Of Chemical Engineering And
Biotechnology, University Of Cambridge. Inggris, 2012, hal. 39 – 41.
[12] P.V. Thorata, Sandhya Warulkara, Harshal Sathonea, “Thermofuel - Pyrolysis of
waste plastic to produce Liquid Hydroocarbons”, Advances in Polymer Science
and Technology: An International Journal, 3(1) 2013 : hal. 14 - 18.
[13] J Scheirs, W Kaminsky, Pyrolysis of polymers. 2006. Feedstock Recycling and
Pyrolys is of Waste Plastics: Converting Waste Plastics into Diesel and Other
Fuels (Australia : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2006)
[14] Shartak Das, Saurabh Pandey, “Pyrolysis and Catalytic Cracking Of Municipal
Plastic Waste For Recovery of Gasoline Range Hydrocarbons”. Thesis
Departement of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology.
Rourkela, 2007.
[15] Dan Weckstrom, “Changes in mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene”,
Thesis Plastic Technology, Arcada-University of Applied Sciences. 2012.
46
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[16] Rosita Idrus, Bosi Pahinop Lapanporo, Yoga Satria Putra “Pengaruh Suhu
Aktivasi Terhadap Kualitas Karbon Aktif Berbahan Dasar Temperung Kelapa”,
Journal of Prisma Fisika, 1 (1) 2013 : hal. 50 – 55
[17] Andri Maulana, “Pembuatan Karbon Aktif Berbahan Dasar Petroleum Coke
Dengan Metoda Aktivasi Kimiawi”, Skripsi Jurusan Ekstensi Teknik Kimia,
Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 2011.
[18] Valerie J. Watson, Cesar Nieto Delgado, and Bruce E. Logan “Influence of
Chemical and Physical Properties of Activated Carbon Powders on Oxygen
Reduction and Microbial Fuel Cell Performance”, Journal of Eviromental Science
& Technology, 2013.
[19] Jawad A. Bhatti, “Current State and Potential For Increasing Plastics Recycling
in The U.S.”, Thesis Department Of Earth & Environmental Engineering Fu
Foundation School Of Engineering & Applied Science, Columbia University,
Columbia, 2010.
[20] Achyut K. Panda, R.K Singh, D.K Mishra, “Thermolysis of waste plastics to
liquid fuel A suitable method for plastic waste management and manufacture of
value added products - A world prospective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 14 2010 : hal. 233 – 248.
[21] YB Sonawane, MR Shindikar, MY Khaladkar, “Onsite Conversion of
Thermoplastic Waste into Fuel by Catalytic Pyrolysis”, International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3 2007 : hal.
15903 – 15908.
[22] J. Aguado, D. P. Serrano, M. D. Romero, J. M. Escola, “Catalytic conversion of
polyethylene into fuels over mesoporous MCM-41”, Chem. Commun, 1996.
[23] Sachin Kumar, Achyut K. Panda, R.K. Singh, “A review on tertiary recycling of
high-density polyethylene to fuel”, Journal of Conservation and Recycling, 55
2011 : hal. 893 – 910
[24] Hanna Wilczura-Wachnik, “Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons”, Chemical
Technology Division, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 2014.
[25] Luis Noreña, Julia Aguilar, Violeta Mugica, Mirella Gutiérrez and Miguel Torres,
“Materials and Methods for the Chemical Catalytic Cracking of Plastic Waste”,
Applied Chemistry Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas,
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, México, 2012.
[26] Christine Cleetus, Shijo Thomas, Soney Varghese, “Synthesis of PetroleumBased Fuel from Waste Plastics and Performance Analysis in a CI Engine”,
Journal of Energy, 2013 : hal. 1 – 10.
[27] Feng Gao, “Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels. Chemical and
Process
Engineering”, Thesis University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 2010.
[28] P. N. Sharratt, Y.-H. Lin, “Investigation of the Catalytic Pyrolysis of HighDensity Polyethylene over a HZSM-5 Catalyst in a Laboratory Fluidized-Bed
Reactor”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 36(12) 1997 : hal. 5118 – 51124.
[29] Mochamad Syamsiroa, Harwin Saptoadi, Tinton Norsujianto, Putri Noviasria,
Shuo Cheng, Zainal Alimuddin, Kunio Yoshikawa, “Fuel Oil Production from
Municipal Plastic Wastes in Sequential Pyrolysis and Catalytic Reforming
Reactors”, Energy Procedia, 47 2014 : hal. 180 – 188.
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[30] Joko, Santoso, “Uji Sifat Minyak Pirolisis dan Uji Performasi Kompor Berbahan
Bakar Minyak Pirolisis dari Sampah Plastik”, Skripsi Jurusan Teknik Mesin,
Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 2010
[31] Qiangu Yan, Hossein Toghiani, Fei Yu, Zhiyong Cai, Jilei Zhang, “Effects of
Pyrolysis Conditions on Yield of Bio-Chars from Pine Chips”, Journal of Forest
Products, 61 (5) 2011 : hal. 367 – 371.
[32] American Society For Testing and Material, ASTM D1298 : Standard Test
Method for Density, Relative Density (Spesific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude
Petroleum and Liquid Petrolium Products by Hydrometer Method, 1999.
[33] American Society For Testing and Material, ASTM D445 : Standard Test Method
for Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (Kinematic and Dynamic
Viscosities), 1965.
[34] Douglas A Skoog, F. James Holler dan Stanley R. Grouch, “Principles of
instrumental Analysis”, Thomson Brooks , 2007
[35] Achyut Kumar Panda, “Studies on process optimization for production of liquid
fuels from waste plastics” Thesis National Institute of Technology, Rourkela,
2011.
[36] Achyut K. Panda dan R.K.Sigh, “ Optimization of Process for the Thermocatalytic Degradation of Waste Polypropylene to Liquid Fuel”, Advances in
Energy Engineering (AEE) 1 (3), 2013 : hal. 74 – 83.
[37] Hussain Gulab, Muhammad Rasul Jan, Jasmin Shah dan George Manos, “Plastic
catalytic pyrolysis to fuels as tertiary polymer recycling method: Effect of process
conditions”, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A:
Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 45 (2010) : hal.
908-915.
[38] Neeraj Mishra, Sunil Pandey, Bhushan Patil,Mukeshchand Thukur, Ashmi
Mewada,Madhuri Sharon, and Maheshwar Sharon, “Facile Route to Generate
Fuel Oil via Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Polypropylene Bags: Towards Waste
Management of >20�m Plastic Bags”, Journal of Fuels 2014: hal 1- 10
[39] M. Rezvanipour, F. Alikhani Hesari*, M. Pazouki, “Catalytic Pyrolysis of
General Purpose PolyStyrene Using Red Mud as a Catalyst”, Iranian Journal of
Chemical Engineering, 11 (4) 2014 : hal 10-20.
[40] Kaustav Mukherjee dan C.Thamotharan, “Performance and Emission Test of
Several Blends of Waste Plastic Oil with Diesel and Ethanol on Four Stroke Twin
Cylinder Diesel Engine”, Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 11 (2)
2014 : hal 47-51
[41] Ademiluyi, T dan Akpan, C, “Preliminary evaluation of fuel oil produced from
pyrolysis of low density polyethylene water- sachet wastes”, Preliminary
Evaluation of Fuel Oil, 11 (3) 2007: hal 15-19.
[42] Chevron Corporation, “Diesel Fuels Technical Review”, Chevron Products
Company, San Ramon, 2007
[43] Fika Hesti Wulandari dan Sri Wahyuni, “Konversi Katalitik Polipropilen menjadi
Fraksi Bahan Bakar Cair menggunakan Katalis Ni-Mo/Za”, Indonesian Journal
Of Chemical Science, 4(1)2015 : hal 70-74.
[44] Geankoplis. C.J. 1993. Transport Process and Unit Operation. Edisi Ketiga. New
York. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
48
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1] Ane R. Sari, Nur R. Aprianingtyas, “Pembuatan Bahan Bakar Cair Dari Tremboso
(Sisa Sadapan Lateks) Menggunakan Katalis Zeolit Hy Dan Zsm-5”, 2011 : hal.
1 - 8.
[2] Mahendra F. Nugraha., Arifuddin Wahyudi., dan Ignatius Gunardi, “Pembuatan
Fuel dari Liquid Hasil Pirolisis Plastik Polipropilen Melalui Proses Reforming
dengan Katalis NiO/Γ-Al2O3”. Jurnal Teknik Pomits, 2 (2) 2013 : hal.
F-299 - F-302.
[3] UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), “Converting Waste Plastics
Into a Resource”, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International
Environmental Technology Centre, 2009.
[4] Nadia K. Dewi, “Indonesia`s plastics industry in 2012 Challenges from raw
materials and exchange rates Indonesia Update”, Juni 2012.
[5] Untoro B. Surono. 2013, “Berbagai Metode Konversi Sampah Plastik Menjadi
Bahan Bakar Minyak”, Jurnal Teknik 3 (1) 2013 : hal. 32 - 40.
[6] Sumarni dan Ani Purwanti, “Kinetika Reaksi Pirolisis Plastik Low Density
Poliethylene (LDPE)”, Jurnal Teknologi, 1(2) 2008 : hal. 135 - 140
[7] Febri S. Ningsih., Novesar Jamarun., dan Zulhadjri, “Pengaruh Katalis Dalam
Pengolahan Limbah Plastik Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Dengan Metode
Pirolisis”, Jurnal Kimia Unand, 2(2) 2013 : hal 128 – 132.
[8] Neha Patni, Pallav Shah, Shruti Agarwal, Piyush Singhal, “Alternate Strategies for
Conversion of Waste Plastic to Fuels”, ISRN Renewable Energy, 2013 : hal.
1 – 8.
[9] Yovana S. González, Carlos Costa, M. C Márquez, Pedro Ramos, “Thermal and
catalytic degradation of polyethylene wastes in the presence of silica gel, 5A
molecular sieve and activated carbon”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 187 2011
: hal. 101 – 112.
[10] Moinuddin Sarker, Mohammad Mamunor, “Rashid Catalytic Degradation of PVC
and PETE Mixture of Waste Plastic into Petrochemicals using Al2O3 & Activated
Carbon”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology, 1(1) 2012 : hal.
39 - 48.
[11] Alan Russell, Clare College, “Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis Of HDPE Using An
Activated Carbon Bed”. Dissertation Department Of Chemical Engineering And
Biotechnology, University Of Cambridge. Inggris, 2012, hal. 39 – 41.
[12] P.V. Thorata, Sandhya Warulkara, Harshal Sathonea, “Thermofuel - Pyrolysis of
waste plastic to produce Liquid Hydroocarbons”, Advances in Polymer Science
and Technology: An International Journal, 3(1) 2013 : hal. 14 - 18.
[13] J Scheirs, W Kaminsky, Pyrolysis of polymers. 2006. Feedstock Recycling and
Pyrolys is of Waste Plastics: Converting Waste Plastics into Diesel and Other
Fuels (Australia : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2006)
[14] Shartak Das, Saurabh Pandey, “Pyrolysis and Catalytic Cracking Of Municipal
Plastic Waste For Recovery of Gasoline Range Hydrocarbons”. Thesis
Departement of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology.
Rourkela, 2007.
[15] Dan Weckstrom, “Changes in mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene”,
Thesis Plastic Technology, Arcada-University of Applied Sciences. 2012.
46
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[16] Rosita Idrus, Bosi Pahinop Lapanporo, Yoga Satria Putra “Pengaruh Suhu
Aktivasi Terhadap Kualitas Karbon Aktif Berbahan Dasar Temperung Kelapa”,
Journal of Prisma Fisika, 1 (1) 2013 : hal. 50 – 55
[17] Andri Maulana, “Pembuatan Karbon Aktif Berbahan Dasar Petroleum Coke
Dengan Metoda Aktivasi Kimiawi”, Skripsi Jurusan Ekstensi Teknik Kimia,
Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 2011.
[18] Valerie J. Watson, Cesar Nieto Delgado, and Bruce E. Logan “Influence of
Chemical and Physical Properties of Activated Carbon Powders on Oxygen
Reduction and Microbial Fuel Cell Performance”, Journal of Eviromental Science
& Technology, 2013.
[19] Jawad A. Bhatti, “Current State and Potential For Increasing Plastics Recycling
in The U.S.”, Thesis Department Of Earth & Environmental Engineering Fu
Foundation School Of Engineering & Applied Science, Columbia University,
Columbia, 2010.
[20] Achyut K. Panda, R.K Singh, D.K Mishra, “Thermolysis of waste plastics to
liquid fuel A suitable method for plastic waste management and manufacture of
value added products - A world prospective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 14 2010 : hal. 233 – 248.
[21] YB Sonawane, MR Shindikar, MY Khaladkar, “Onsite Conversion of
Thermoplastic Waste into Fuel by Catalytic Pyrolysis”, International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3 2007 : hal.
15903 – 15908.
[22] J. Aguado, D. P. Serrano, M. D. Romero, J. M. Escola, “Catalytic conversion of
polyethylene into fuels over mesoporous MCM-41”, Chem. Commun, 1996.
[23] Sachin Kumar, Achyut K. Panda, R.K. Singh, “A review on tertiary recycling of
high-density polyethylene to fuel”, Journal of Conservation and Recycling, 55
2011 : hal. 893 – 910
[24] Hanna Wilczura-Wachnik, “Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons”, Chemical
Technology Division, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 2014.
[25] Luis Noreña, Julia Aguilar, Violeta Mugica, Mirella Gutiérrez and Miguel Torres,
“Materials and Methods for the Chemical Catalytic Cracking of Plastic Waste”,
Applied Chemistry Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas,
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, México, 2012.
[26] Christine Cleetus, Shijo Thomas, Soney Varghese, “Synthesis of PetroleumBased Fuel from Waste Plastics and Performance Analysis in a CI Engine”,
Journal of Energy, 2013 : hal. 1 – 10.
[27] Feng Gao, “Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels. Chemical and
Process
Engineering”, Thesis University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 2010.
[28] P. N. Sharratt, Y.-H. Lin, “Investigation of the Catalytic Pyrolysis of HighDensity Polyethylene over a HZSM-5 Catalyst in a Laboratory Fluidized-Bed
Reactor”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 36(12) 1997 : hal. 5118 – 51124.
[29] Mochamad Syamsiroa, Harwin Saptoadi, Tinton Norsujianto, Putri Noviasria,
Shuo Cheng, Zainal Alimuddin, Kunio Yoshikawa, “Fuel Oil Production from
Municipal Plastic Wastes in Sequential Pyrolysis and Catalytic Reforming
Reactors”, Energy Procedia, 47 2014 : hal. 180 – 188.
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[30] Joko, Santoso, “Uji Sifat Minyak Pirolisis dan Uji Performasi Kompor Berbahan
Bakar Minyak Pirolisis dari Sampah Plastik”, Skripsi Jurusan Teknik Mesin,
Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 2010
[31] Qiangu Yan, Hossein Toghiani, Fei Yu, Zhiyong Cai, Jilei Zhang, “Effects of
Pyrolysis Conditions on Yield of Bio-Chars from Pine Chips”, Journal of Forest
Products, 61 (5) 2011 : hal. 367 – 371.
[32] American Society For Testing and Material, ASTM D1298 : Standard Test
Method for Density, Relative Density (Spesific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude
Petroleum and Liquid Petrolium Products by Hydrometer Method, 1999.
[33] American Society For Testing and Material, ASTM D445 : Standard Test Method
for Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (Kinematic and Dynamic
Viscosities), 1965.
[34] Douglas A Skoog, F. James Holler dan Stanley R. Grouch, “Principles of
instrumental Analysis”, Thomson Brooks , 2007
[35] Achyut Kumar Panda, “Studies on process optimization for production of liquid
fuels from waste plastics” Thesis National Institute of Technology, Rourkela,
2011.
[36] Achyut K. Panda dan R.K.Sigh, “ Optimization of Process for the Thermocatalytic Degradation of Waste Polypropylene to Liquid Fuel”, Advances in
Energy Engineering (AEE) 1 (3), 2013 : hal. 74 – 83.
[37] Hussain Gulab, Muhammad Rasul Jan, Jasmin Shah dan George Manos, “Plastic
catalytic pyrolysis to fuels as tertiary polymer recycling method: Effect of process
conditions”, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A:
Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 45 (2010) : hal.
908-915.
[38] Neeraj Mishra, Sunil Pandey, Bhushan Patil,Mukeshchand Thukur, Ashmi
Mewada,Madhuri Sharon, and Maheshwar Sharon, “Facile Route to Generate
Fuel Oil via Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Polypropylene Bags: Towards Waste
Management of >20�m Plastic Bags”, Journal of Fuels 2014: hal 1- 10
[39] M. Rezvanipour, F. Alikhani Hesari*, M. Pazouki, “Catalytic Pyrolysis of
General Purpose PolyStyrene Using Red Mud as a Catalyst”, Iranian Journal of
Chemical Engineering, 11 (4) 2014 : hal 10-20.
[40] Kaustav Mukherjee dan C.Thamotharan, “Performance and Emission Test of
Several Blends of Waste Plastic Oil with Diesel and Ethanol on Four Stroke Twin
Cylinder Diesel Engine”, Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 11 (2)
2014 : hal 47-51
[41] Ademiluyi, T dan Akpan, C, “Preliminary evaluation of fuel oil produced from
pyrolysis of low density polyethylene water- sachet wastes”, Preliminary
Evaluation of Fuel Oil, 11 (3) 2007: hal 15-19.
[42] Chevron Corporation, “Diesel Fuels Technical Review”, Chevron Products
Company, San Ramon, 2007
[43] Fika Hesti Wulandari dan Sri Wahyuni, “Konversi Katalitik Polipropilen menjadi
Fraksi Bahan Bakar Cair menggunakan Katalis Ni-Mo/Za”, Indonesian Journal
Of Chemical Science, 4(1)2015 : hal 70-74.
[44] Geankoplis. C.J. 1993. Transport Process and Unit Operation. Edisi Ketiga. New
York. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
48
Universitas Sumatera Utara