Pengaruh Suhu Pirolisis dan Jumlah Katalis Silika Gel terhadap Yield dan Kualitas Bahan Bakar Cair dari Limbah Plastik Jenis Polipropilena
ABSTRAK
Beberapa permasalahan besar yang muncul di beberapa negara akibat
peningkatan jumlah penduduk yaitu peningkatan volume sampah dan peningkatan
konsumsi energi. Penanggulangan sampah plastik dengan landfill dan insinerasi masih
meninggalkan efek samping lain seperti polutan. Cadangan sumber energi tidak
terbarukan juga sudah menipis untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi. Proses pirolisis
atau cracking sampah plastik dapat menjadi solusi permasalahan ini. Penelitian ini
bertujuan untuk mengamati pengaruh suhu proses pirolisis dan jumlah katalis silika
gel terhadap yield dan kualitas bahan bakar cair yang dihasilkan dari Plastik Bekas
Kemasan Gelas (PBKG) jenis Polipropilena (PP). Suhu proses divariasikan yang
dimulai dari suhu 200 °C, 250 °C, 300 °C, dan 350 °C. Rasio jumlah bahan baku :
jumlah katalis divariasikan dari 10 : 0 (tanpa katalis), 10 : 1, 10 :1,5; 10 : 2, 10 : 2,5,
dan 10 : 3. Pirolisis dilakukan selama 2 jam. Rangkaian alat pirolisis terdiri dari reaktor
pirolisis, burner / kompor, dan kondensor. Analisis yang dilakukan yaitu analisis
densitas / specific gravity / API gravity, viskositas kinematis, karakterisasi GC-MS
dan FTIR, dan heating value. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan suhu proses
dapat menaikkan yield bahan bakar cair, namun suhu yang sangat tinggi dapat
menurunkan yield bahan bakar cair. Penambahan katalis juga dapat menambah yield
bahan bakar cair namun dalam jumlah yang banyak akan menurunkan yield bahan
bakar cair. Penambahan katalis silika gel memproduksi fraksi bahan bakar C8 – C21
lebih banyak dibandingkan tanpa penggunaan katalis silika gel. Yield bahan bakar cair
tertinggi didapatkan pada pirolisis suhu 350 °C tanpa katalis yaitu 71,064 %. Namun
kualitas bahan bakar terbaik didapatkan pada pirolisis suhu 300 °C dengan
perbandingan jumlah bahan baku dan katalis silika gel 10 : 3.
Kata kunci : Sampah Plastik, Pirolisis, Cracking, Katalis Silika Gel, Suhu, Bahan
Bakar Cair
vii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
Several major issues that arise in some countries as a result of increasing population
is increase in the volume of waste and energy consumption. Reduction of plastic
waste in landfills and incineration are still leaving the other side effects such as
pollutants. Non-renewable energy sources supply has also been low to meet energy
needs. The process of pyrolysis or cracking plastic waste can be a solution to this
problem. This study aims to observe the effect of temperature catalytic pyrolysis
process and the amount of silica gel to yield and quality of liquid fuels produced
from Polypropylene (PP) Used Plastic Packaging Glass. Temperatures varied
process that starts from a temperature of 200 ° C, 250 ° C, 300 ° C and 350 ° C.
Ratio of raw materials and the amount of catalyst was varied from 10: 0 (without
catalyst), 10: 1, 10: 1.5; 10: 2, 10: 2.5 and 10: 3. Pyrolysis carried out for 2 hours.
Pyrolysis apparatus consists of a pyrolysis reactor, burner, and a condenser. The
analysis carried out by an analysis of density/specific gravity/API gravity,
kinematic viscosity, characterization of GC-MS and FTIR, and heating value. Raise
the temperature of the process can increase the yield of liquid fuels, but the very
high temperatures can reduce the yield of liquid fuels. The addition of the silica gel
catalyst can also increase the yield of liquid fuels, but in large amounts will decrease
the yield of liquid fuel. The addition of silica gel catalysts produce fuel fraction C8
- C21 more than without using silica gel catalyst. The highest yield obtained at
pyrolysis temperature of 350 ° C without a silica gel catalyst that is 71.064%. But
the best fuel quality obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 300 ° C with a ratio of the
amount of raw materials and silica gel catalyst 10: 3.
Keywords: Waste Plastics, Pyrolysis, Cracking, Silica Gel Catalyst, Temperature,
Liquid Fuels
viii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Beberapa permasalahan besar yang muncul di beberapa negara akibat
peningkatan jumlah penduduk yaitu peningkatan volume sampah dan peningkatan
konsumsi energi. Penanggulangan sampah plastik dengan landfill dan insinerasi masih
meninggalkan efek samping lain seperti polutan. Cadangan sumber energi tidak
terbarukan juga sudah menipis untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi. Proses pirolisis
atau cracking sampah plastik dapat menjadi solusi permasalahan ini. Penelitian ini
bertujuan untuk mengamati pengaruh suhu proses pirolisis dan jumlah katalis silika
gel terhadap yield dan kualitas bahan bakar cair yang dihasilkan dari Plastik Bekas
Kemasan Gelas (PBKG) jenis Polipropilena (PP). Suhu proses divariasikan yang
dimulai dari suhu 200 °C, 250 °C, 300 °C, dan 350 °C. Rasio jumlah bahan baku :
jumlah katalis divariasikan dari 10 : 0 (tanpa katalis), 10 : 1, 10 :1,5; 10 : 2, 10 : 2,5,
dan 10 : 3. Pirolisis dilakukan selama 2 jam. Rangkaian alat pirolisis terdiri dari reaktor
pirolisis, burner / kompor, dan kondensor. Analisis yang dilakukan yaitu analisis
densitas / specific gravity / API gravity, viskositas kinematis, karakterisasi GC-MS
dan FTIR, dan heating value. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan suhu proses
dapat menaikkan yield bahan bakar cair, namun suhu yang sangat tinggi dapat
menurunkan yield bahan bakar cair. Penambahan katalis juga dapat menambah yield
bahan bakar cair namun dalam jumlah yang banyak akan menurunkan yield bahan
bakar cair. Penambahan katalis silika gel memproduksi fraksi bahan bakar C8 – C21
lebih banyak dibandingkan tanpa penggunaan katalis silika gel. Yield bahan bakar cair
tertinggi didapatkan pada pirolisis suhu 350 °C tanpa katalis yaitu 71,064 %. Namun
kualitas bahan bakar terbaik didapatkan pada pirolisis suhu 300 °C dengan
perbandingan jumlah bahan baku dan katalis silika gel 10 : 3.
Kata kunci : Sampah Plastik, Pirolisis, Cracking, Katalis Silika Gel, Suhu, Bahan
Bakar Cair
vii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
Several major issues that arise in some countries as a result of increasing population
is increase in the volume of waste and energy consumption. Reduction of plastic
waste in landfills and incineration are still leaving the other side effects such as
pollutants. Non-renewable energy sources supply has also been low to meet energy
needs. The process of pyrolysis or cracking plastic waste can be a solution to this
problem. This study aims to observe the effect of temperature catalytic pyrolysis
process and the amount of silica gel to yield and quality of liquid fuels produced
from Polypropylene (PP) Used Plastic Packaging Glass. Temperatures varied
process that starts from a temperature of 200 ° C, 250 ° C, 300 ° C and 350 ° C.
Ratio of raw materials and the amount of catalyst was varied from 10: 0 (without
catalyst), 10: 1, 10: 1.5; 10: 2, 10: 2.5 and 10: 3. Pyrolysis carried out for 2 hours.
Pyrolysis apparatus consists of a pyrolysis reactor, burner, and a condenser. The
analysis carried out by an analysis of density/specific gravity/API gravity,
kinematic viscosity, characterization of GC-MS and FTIR, and heating value. Raise
the temperature of the process can increase the yield of liquid fuels, but the very
high temperatures can reduce the yield of liquid fuels. The addition of the silica gel
catalyst can also increase the yield of liquid fuels, but in large amounts will decrease
the yield of liquid fuel. The addition of silica gel catalysts produce fuel fraction C8
- C21 more than without using silica gel catalyst. The highest yield obtained at
pyrolysis temperature of 350 ° C without a silica gel catalyst that is 71.064%. But
the best fuel quality obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 300 ° C with a ratio of the
amount of raw materials and silica gel catalyst 10: 3.
Keywords: Waste Plastics, Pyrolysis, Cracking, Silica Gel Catalyst, Temperature,
Liquid Fuels
viii
Universitas Sumatera Utara