A Study of Safe and Green Infrastructure on Road Reconstruction Project.
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 616-620
AENSI Journals
Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756
EISSN-1998-1066
Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb.html
A Study of Safe and Green Infrastructure on Road Reconstruction Project
1
1
2
Dewa Ketut Sudarsana, 2Harnen Sulistio, 2Achmad Wicaksono and 2Ludfi Djakfar
Student at Doctoral Civil Engineering Program, University of Brawijaya, Lecturer at University of Udayana, Indonesia
Lecturer in Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 15 April 2014
Received in revised form 22 May
2014
Accepted 25 May 2014
Available online 15 June 2014
Key words:
road reconstruction, work zone,
negative impact, safe and green
ABSTRACT
Guidelines for green infrastructure defined in New Road Construction Concept (NR2C)
in European infrastructure vision 2040 concept, can be applied to mitigate this negative
impact during the road reconstruction period. The implementation of this concept has
never been done, so it needs to be studied. Twenty projects of the National road
reconstruction in East Java and Bali, Indonesia for fiscal year 2013 is used as a case
study. A descriptive methods used for the discussion of case studies. Management
traffic safety in the road reconstruction work zones assessed the suitability of the setting
up of signs, markings and guardrail. Shift arrangements work during the daytime (peak
hours) or night (off peak hour), is used as an indicator of the negative impact of road
users and the environment. The analysis resulted that the implementation of safety
attributes, average 68%, and the execution of the road reconstruction in the off peak
hours by 55 %. This result can be stated that the execution of road reconstruction
projects toward safe and green infrastructure.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Dewa Ketut Sudarsana, Harnen Sulistio, Achmad Wicaksono and Ludfi Djakfar., A Study of Safe and Green
Infrastructure on Road Reconstruction Project. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(10), 616-620, 2014
INTRODUCTION
National road connectivity serves as a national logistics and tourism. In its life cycle, such as the
reconstruction requires maintenance to improve service capacity. During road reconstruction period, a negative
impact was imposed on road users and the surrounding environment. These impacts are the result of the work
zone, which is used as working space and road reconstruction [6]. This work zone is likely to influence the
drivers' stress and to decrease road traffic performance, such as travel delays, congestions and road accidents.
Attempts to mitigate these negative impacts continue to be carried out continuously for toward green
construction. Innovative concepts of green road construction are now being developed is New Road
Construction Concept (NR2C) in European infrastructure vision 2040 [3]. Carrying out of safety and traffic
management of National road projects has been put off in the bid document. In this document, the service
providers (contractors) are asked to develop a "plan of management and traffic safety, which comply with the
provisions and guidelines of the Directorate General of Highways [9].
Literature Review:
The relevant aspect of the vision has been labelled with typical characteristic showing the color of the
demands of the future at a more recognizable level linked to the present jargon of policy makers and engineers
concerning road infrastructure. Clustering related characteristics produces this selected number of statements,
called new road construction concepts in the context of NR2C, representing and expressing the major users and
stakeholders’ requirements.
The society of 2040 expects:
1) Reliable Infrastructure, standing for optimizing the availability of infrastructure.
2) Green (environmentally-friendly) Infrastructure, standing for reducing the environmental impact of traffic
and infrastructure on the sustainable society.
3) Safe and Smart Infrastructure, standing for optimizing flows of traffic of all categories of road users and
safe road construction working.
4) Human (friendly) Infrastructure, standing for harmonizing infrastructure with the human dimensions.
These four concepts apply to the three fields of the NR2C project: urban and interurban roads and constructions.
Society demands reliable, green, humane, safe and smart infrastructure in a stable composition.
Corresponding Author: Dewa Ketut Sudarsana, Student at Doctoral Civil Engineering Program, University of Brawijaya,
Lecturer at University of Udayana, Indonesia
617
Dewa Ketut Sudarsana et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 616-620
The transformation of the vision 2040 into new road construction concepts with solution directions has
schematized in the Table-1.
Table-1: Characteristic of the NR2C Vision 2040.
Characteristics
Construction concepts
1) Available
2) Durable
Reliable Infrastructure
3) Reliable
1)
Energy efficient
2) Sustainable
3) Environment
1) Accessible
2) Smart
3) Safe
1) Multi-functional
2) Multi usable
3) Public Security
Sources: Fehrl.org, 2008
Green Infrastructure
Direction for solution
a) Life time engineering
b) Fast, hindrance-free maintenance
c) Balancing demand and capacity
d) Asset management tools
a) Saving natural resources
b) Emission control
Safe and Smart Infrastructure
Human Infrastructure
b)
a) Safe design
b) Smart design
c) Smart communication
d) Smart monitoring
a) Public Security
Multi-functional use\Human design
The functional relationship between accident (m) and the traffic flow (q), is a safety performance function.
A safety performance function is depicted schematically in Figure-1. For the moment its shape is immaterial. It
tells how for some entity the expected frequency of accidents of any type would be changed if traffic flow on
the entity changed while all other conditions affecting accident occurrence remained fixed [1].
Fig. 1: Flow and Accidents Relationship [1].
Fuel consumption depends on the variable speed of the vehicle. Relationship speed with fuel consumption
are presented in figure-2.
The fuel consumption for each vehicle can be calculated by the following equation, namely [2]:
KBBMi = (+ 1/VR + 2 x VR2 + 3 x RR + 4 x FR + 5 x FR2 + 6 x DTR + 7 x AR
+ 8 xSA + 9 x BK + 10 x BK x AR + 11 x BK x SA)/1000
(1)
Where;
KBBMi
= Consumption of fuel for vehicle type i, in liters / km
= Constant
= parameter coefficients
VR
= means speed (km/h)
RR
= average road ramp up
FR
= average road sloop down
DTR = degree of average road curve
AR
= average acceleration (m/s2)
SA
= Standard deviation of acceleration
BK = Weight of Vehicles
Air pollution from road traffic model has been developed by the British Transport and Road Research
Laboratory (TRRL) and it predicts air pollution from road traffic. The estimations of air pollution are in the
form of hourly average concentrations of carbon monoxide at selected locations around a network of roads. The
input data required are the configuration of the road network, the location of the receptor, traffic volumes and
speeds, wind speed, and wind direction. The concentration of carbon monoxide may be used as to approximate
the likely levels of other pollutants using the following relations (AHB45, 2001):
HC Emission (gram/sec) = 0.018 + 5.668*10-3 (A*S) + 2.165*10-4 (A*S2)
(2)
CO Emission (gram/sec) = 0.182 - 8.587*10-2 (A*S) + 1.279*10-2 (A*S2)
(3)
Where,
618
Dewa Ketut Sudarsana et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 616-620
A = acceleration (meters/sec2) and
S = speed (meters/sec).
Fig. 2: Speed and Fuel Consumption Relationship [1].
Method of study:
The descriptive method be used in this study. Case study is the National road reconstruction projects, in of
East Java and Bali province, Indonesia for fiscal year 2013. The number of cases is 20 link road reconstruction
projects. It is located in the province of East Java, 12 projects, and Bali 8 projects. Indicator refers to the concept
of green construction NR2C Vision Europe 2040. The concept used is limited to aspects of safety and efficiency
of energy consumption and air pollution. Evaluation based on the safety aspects of the implementation of the
safety management of traffic in the work zone. Attributes are evaluated by 9 attributes. Nine of these attributes
refer to practical guidance on road safety working zone [5]. Assessment scores using the zero-one (1-0). If the
attribute according to the implementation plan, it gives a value of one (1). Whereas if there is no appropriate,
given the value of zero (0).
Efficiency aspects of energy fuel consumption and pollution, assessed from the time of implementation of
the projects. When the project is done in the daytime (afternoon), then categorized not environmentally
friendly. Because of these hour period, the traffic flow often occurs at peak hours of the daytime. Whereas if the
night (often off peak hours), then categorized green construction, given a score of one (1).
Data And Analysis:
In the Table-2 below, presented attribute assessment of road safety management aspects of 20 cases. Case
numbers 1 to 8 are road projects in the province of Bali. Case numbers 9 to 20 are road projects in the province
of East Java.
At the Table-1 there are 9 attributes of the parts valuation work zone. In the initial approach zone there are
5 attributes (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e). At the initial taper there are 2 attributes (2a, 2b), 1 attribute in work zone (3a)
and 1 attribute (4a) on the end of the taper. If 9 attributes implemented in 20 cases, the obtained score = 180.
Observations obtained a total score of 123. Percentage implementation of safety management aspects of the
work zone was 68% (=123/180 * 100%).
Table 2: Assessment of Safety Management Aspects in The Work Zone.
Case number
Atribut
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1a) Roadworks warning
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
1b) Instructions for Use lane
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
19
1c) The maximum speed limit
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
7
1d) Instructions traffic diversion
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
14
1e) Instructions merging lane
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
13
2a) Installation of traffic cones
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
11
2b) Installation of reflector stick (lamp)
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
Signs before the approach zone
Initial Taper
Work zone area
3a) Installation of traffic cones (guardrail)
The end of Taper
4a) Installation of traffic cones
Source: Analysis, 2014.
12
Total
123
Procentage
68%
619
Dewa Ketut Sudarsana et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 616-620
Data for the evaluation of green of fuel consumption and pollution are identified from the working time
shift of the implementation of reconstruction projects. In the Table-3 below, presented the case of projects
executed in the afternoon or daytime (peak hour) with a major risk and night (off peak hour) with minor risk.
Table 3: Data and Evaluation of working time of execution of road reconstruction project.
Working time shift
1
Aafternoon shift (peak hour)
0
Night (off peak hour)
1
Procentage Night working( off peak hour)
Case number
2
0
1
3
0
1
4
0
1
5
0
1
6
1
0
7
1
0
8
0
1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Total
9
11
55%
Source: Analysis, 2014.
In Table-2, it can be seen that 11 of the 20 projects or 55% of the project is executed on a working night
shift. At night time working traffic flow Q (pcu/h) is lower, and vehicle speed V (km/h) is higher (see Figure-3
and Figure-4). This condition has minimal impact on fuel consumption and pollution. Execution of the projects
be done on the night shift more environmentally friendly (greener) than the daytime.
Fig. 3: Fluctuation of Speed, V (km/h) by hour of day, cases 3 and 4 (Analysis, 2014).
Fig. 4: Fluctuation of Traffic flow, Q (pcu/h) by hour of day, cases 3 and 4 (Analysis, 2014).
Conclusion:
The implementation of 20 national road reconstruction projects in the province of East Java and Bali in
Indonesia, for fiscal year 2013 indicate that the execution of road reconstruction projects toward safe and green
construction. It is shown based on the results of the evaluation of the safety aspects of the assessment of the
implementation by 68%. And found also by 55% projects executed at night time working. This can be
interpreted more environmentally friendly (greener), because the impact of increased fuel consumption slightly
and lower pollution.
REFERENCES
[1] AHB45, 2001. Traffic Flow
revised_monograph_2001.pdf.
Theory
A
State-of-the-Art
Report.
http://www.tft.pdx.edu/docs/
620
Dewa Ketut Sudarsana et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 616-620
[2] DPU (Departemen Pekerjaan Umum), 2005. Pedoman Perhitungan Biaya Operasi Kendaraan, Nomor:
Pd.T-15-2005-B, Puslitbang Prasarana Transportasi.
[3] FEHRL, Org, 2008. New Road Construction Concepts: Vision 2040.
[4] http://nr2c.fehrl.org/?m=23&id_directory=429
[5] IndII (Indonesia Infrastructure Initiatives). 2011. Petunjuk Praktis- Keselamatan Jalan Pada Zona Kerja Di
Jalan- Dalam Mendukung Proyek-Proyek EINRIP.
[6] Jiang Yi, Chen Huaxin and Li Shuo, 2010. Determination of Contract Time and Incentive and Disincentive
Value of Highway Construction Project, International Journal of Construction Education and Research,
Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 6: 285-302,.
[7] Jiang Yi and Chen Huaxin, 2009. Contract Time Optimization Methodologies for Highway Construction
Projects, Purdu University.
[8] KPUDJBM (Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Dirtektorat Jendral Bina Marga), 2012. Serial Rekayasa
Keselamatan Jalan, Panduan Teknis 3 Keselamatan Di Lokasi Pekerjaan, “Mewujudkan lokasi pekerjaan
jalan yang lebih berkeselamatan”, Prakarsa Infrastruktur Indonesia (IndII)- SMEC-AusAID.
[9] KPUDJBM (Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Dirtektorat Jendral Bina Marga), 2010. Dokumen Pelelangan
Nasional Penyedia Jasa Pekerjaan Konstruksi (Pemborongan) untuk Kontrak Harga Satuan- Bab VII
Spesifikasi Umum -Edisi 2010 (Revisi).
[10] Morgan, J.F., A.R. Duley and P.A. Hancock, 2010. Driver Responses to Differing Urban Work Zone
Configuration, Journal Accident Analysis and Prevention, Enselvier, (42): 978-985. DI
[11] Waterfield, V.H. and A.J. Hickman, 1982. Estimating Air Pollution From Road Traffic: A Graphical
Screening Method, TRRL Report SR 752. Department of the Environment.
AENSI Journals
Advances in Environmental Biology
ISSN-1995-0756
EISSN-1998-1066
Journal home page: http://www.aensiweb.com/aeb.html
A Study of Safe and Green Infrastructure on Road Reconstruction Project
1
1
2
Dewa Ketut Sudarsana, 2Harnen Sulistio, 2Achmad Wicaksono and 2Ludfi Djakfar
Student at Doctoral Civil Engineering Program, University of Brawijaya, Lecturer at University of Udayana, Indonesia
Lecturer in Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Received 15 April 2014
Received in revised form 22 May
2014
Accepted 25 May 2014
Available online 15 June 2014
Key words:
road reconstruction, work zone,
negative impact, safe and green
ABSTRACT
Guidelines for green infrastructure defined in New Road Construction Concept (NR2C)
in European infrastructure vision 2040 concept, can be applied to mitigate this negative
impact during the road reconstruction period. The implementation of this concept has
never been done, so it needs to be studied. Twenty projects of the National road
reconstruction in East Java and Bali, Indonesia for fiscal year 2013 is used as a case
study. A descriptive methods used for the discussion of case studies. Management
traffic safety in the road reconstruction work zones assessed the suitability of the setting
up of signs, markings and guardrail. Shift arrangements work during the daytime (peak
hours) or night (off peak hour), is used as an indicator of the negative impact of road
users and the environment. The analysis resulted that the implementation of safety
attributes, average 68%, and the execution of the road reconstruction in the off peak
hours by 55 %. This result can be stated that the execution of road reconstruction
projects toward safe and green infrastructure.
© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.
To Cite This Article: Dewa Ketut Sudarsana, Harnen Sulistio, Achmad Wicaksono and Ludfi Djakfar., A Study of Safe and Green
Infrastructure on Road Reconstruction Project. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(10), 616-620, 2014
INTRODUCTION
National road connectivity serves as a national logistics and tourism. In its life cycle, such as the
reconstruction requires maintenance to improve service capacity. During road reconstruction period, a negative
impact was imposed on road users and the surrounding environment. These impacts are the result of the work
zone, which is used as working space and road reconstruction [6]. This work zone is likely to influence the
drivers' stress and to decrease road traffic performance, such as travel delays, congestions and road accidents.
Attempts to mitigate these negative impacts continue to be carried out continuously for toward green
construction. Innovative concepts of green road construction are now being developed is New Road
Construction Concept (NR2C) in European infrastructure vision 2040 [3]. Carrying out of safety and traffic
management of National road projects has been put off in the bid document. In this document, the service
providers (contractors) are asked to develop a "plan of management and traffic safety, which comply with the
provisions and guidelines of the Directorate General of Highways [9].
Literature Review:
The relevant aspect of the vision has been labelled with typical characteristic showing the color of the
demands of the future at a more recognizable level linked to the present jargon of policy makers and engineers
concerning road infrastructure. Clustering related characteristics produces this selected number of statements,
called new road construction concepts in the context of NR2C, representing and expressing the major users and
stakeholders’ requirements.
The society of 2040 expects:
1) Reliable Infrastructure, standing for optimizing the availability of infrastructure.
2) Green (environmentally-friendly) Infrastructure, standing for reducing the environmental impact of traffic
and infrastructure on the sustainable society.
3) Safe and Smart Infrastructure, standing for optimizing flows of traffic of all categories of road users and
safe road construction working.
4) Human (friendly) Infrastructure, standing for harmonizing infrastructure with the human dimensions.
These four concepts apply to the three fields of the NR2C project: urban and interurban roads and constructions.
Society demands reliable, green, humane, safe and smart infrastructure in a stable composition.
Corresponding Author: Dewa Ketut Sudarsana, Student at Doctoral Civil Engineering Program, University of Brawijaya,
Lecturer at University of Udayana, Indonesia
617
Dewa Ketut Sudarsana et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 616-620
The transformation of the vision 2040 into new road construction concepts with solution directions has
schematized in the Table-1.
Table-1: Characteristic of the NR2C Vision 2040.
Characteristics
Construction concepts
1) Available
2) Durable
Reliable Infrastructure
3) Reliable
1)
Energy efficient
2) Sustainable
3) Environment
1) Accessible
2) Smart
3) Safe
1) Multi-functional
2) Multi usable
3) Public Security
Sources: Fehrl.org, 2008
Green Infrastructure
Direction for solution
a) Life time engineering
b) Fast, hindrance-free maintenance
c) Balancing demand and capacity
d) Asset management tools
a) Saving natural resources
b) Emission control
Safe and Smart Infrastructure
Human Infrastructure
b)
a) Safe design
b) Smart design
c) Smart communication
d) Smart monitoring
a) Public Security
Multi-functional use\Human design
The functional relationship between accident (m) and the traffic flow (q), is a safety performance function.
A safety performance function is depicted schematically in Figure-1. For the moment its shape is immaterial. It
tells how for some entity the expected frequency of accidents of any type would be changed if traffic flow on
the entity changed while all other conditions affecting accident occurrence remained fixed [1].
Fig. 1: Flow and Accidents Relationship [1].
Fuel consumption depends on the variable speed of the vehicle. Relationship speed with fuel consumption
are presented in figure-2.
The fuel consumption for each vehicle can be calculated by the following equation, namely [2]:
KBBMi = (+ 1/VR + 2 x VR2 + 3 x RR + 4 x FR + 5 x FR2 + 6 x DTR + 7 x AR
+ 8 xSA + 9 x BK + 10 x BK x AR + 11 x BK x SA)/1000
(1)
Where;
KBBMi
= Consumption of fuel for vehicle type i, in liters / km
= Constant
= parameter coefficients
VR
= means speed (km/h)
RR
= average road ramp up
FR
= average road sloop down
DTR = degree of average road curve
AR
= average acceleration (m/s2)
SA
= Standard deviation of acceleration
BK = Weight of Vehicles
Air pollution from road traffic model has been developed by the British Transport and Road Research
Laboratory (TRRL) and it predicts air pollution from road traffic. The estimations of air pollution are in the
form of hourly average concentrations of carbon monoxide at selected locations around a network of roads. The
input data required are the configuration of the road network, the location of the receptor, traffic volumes and
speeds, wind speed, and wind direction. The concentration of carbon monoxide may be used as to approximate
the likely levels of other pollutants using the following relations (AHB45, 2001):
HC Emission (gram/sec) = 0.018 + 5.668*10-3 (A*S) + 2.165*10-4 (A*S2)
(2)
CO Emission (gram/sec) = 0.182 - 8.587*10-2 (A*S) + 1.279*10-2 (A*S2)
(3)
Where,
618
Dewa Ketut Sudarsana et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 616-620
A = acceleration (meters/sec2) and
S = speed (meters/sec).
Fig. 2: Speed and Fuel Consumption Relationship [1].
Method of study:
The descriptive method be used in this study. Case study is the National road reconstruction projects, in of
East Java and Bali province, Indonesia for fiscal year 2013. The number of cases is 20 link road reconstruction
projects. It is located in the province of East Java, 12 projects, and Bali 8 projects. Indicator refers to the concept
of green construction NR2C Vision Europe 2040. The concept used is limited to aspects of safety and efficiency
of energy consumption and air pollution. Evaluation based on the safety aspects of the implementation of the
safety management of traffic in the work zone. Attributes are evaluated by 9 attributes. Nine of these attributes
refer to practical guidance on road safety working zone [5]. Assessment scores using the zero-one (1-0). If the
attribute according to the implementation plan, it gives a value of one (1). Whereas if there is no appropriate,
given the value of zero (0).
Efficiency aspects of energy fuel consumption and pollution, assessed from the time of implementation of
the projects. When the project is done in the daytime (afternoon), then categorized not environmentally
friendly. Because of these hour period, the traffic flow often occurs at peak hours of the daytime. Whereas if the
night (often off peak hours), then categorized green construction, given a score of one (1).
Data And Analysis:
In the Table-2 below, presented attribute assessment of road safety management aspects of 20 cases. Case
numbers 1 to 8 are road projects in the province of Bali. Case numbers 9 to 20 are road projects in the province
of East Java.
At the Table-1 there are 9 attributes of the parts valuation work zone. In the initial approach zone there are
5 attributes (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e). At the initial taper there are 2 attributes (2a, 2b), 1 attribute in work zone (3a)
and 1 attribute (4a) on the end of the taper. If 9 attributes implemented in 20 cases, the obtained score = 180.
Observations obtained a total score of 123. Percentage implementation of safety management aspects of the
work zone was 68% (=123/180 * 100%).
Table 2: Assessment of Safety Management Aspects in The Work Zone.
Case number
Atribut
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1a) Roadworks warning
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20
1b) Instructions for Use lane
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
19
1c) The maximum speed limit
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
7
1d) Instructions traffic diversion
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
14
1e) Instructions merging lane
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
13
2a) Installation of traffic cones
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
11
2b) Installation of reflector stick (lamp)
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
Signs before the approach zone
Initial Taper
Work zone area
3a) Installation of traffic cones (guardrail)
The end of Taper
4a) Installation of traffic cones
Source: Analysis, 2014.
12
Total
123
Procentage
68%
619
Dewa Ketut Sudarsana et al, 2014
Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(10) June 2014, Pages: 616-620
Data for the evaluation of green of fuel consumption and pollution are identified from the working time
shift of the implementation of reconstruction projects. In the Table-3 below, presented the case of projects
executed in the afternoon or daytime (peak hour) with a major risk and night (off peak hour) with minor risk.
Table 3: Data and Evaluation of working time of execution of road reconstruction project.
Working time shift
1
Aafternoon shift (peak hour)
0
Night (off peak hour)
1
Procentage Night working( off peak hour)
Case number
2
0
1
3
0
1
4
0
1
5
0
1
6
1
0
7
1
0
8
0
1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Total
9
11
55%
Source: Analysis, 2014.
In Table-2, it can be seen that 11 of the 20 projects or 55% of the project is executed on a working night
shift. At night time working traffic flow Q (pcu/h) is lower, and vehicle speed V (km/h) is higher (see Figure-3
and Figure-4). This condition has minimal impact on fuel consumption and pollution. Execution of the projects
be done on the night shift more environmentally friendly (greener) than the daytime.
Fig. 3: Fluctuation of Speed, V (km/h) by hour of day, cases 3 and 4 (Analysis, 2014).
Fig. 4: Fluctuation of Traffic flow, Q (pcu/h) by hour of day, cases 3 and 4 (Analysis, 2014).
Conclusion:
The implementation of 20 national road reconstruction projects in the province of East Java and Bali in
Indonesia, for fiscal year 2013 indicate that the execution of road reconstruction projects toward safe and green
construction. It is shown based on the results of the evaluation of the safety aspects of the assessment of the
implementation by 68%. And found also by 55% projects executed at night time working. This can be
interpreted more environmentally friendly (greener), because the impact of increased fuel consumption slightly
and lower pollution.
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