The Development of Technology Bundle in Packaging ofExport Quality of Mangosteens Transportation.

CONTENTS
MAIN PAPER
Informatization Agriculture in Japan
Author : Takashi Okayasu

Sub-Theme : Post Harvest and Food Engineering
A-1
Design of Thermal Conductivity Apparatus Base on
Transient-state Radial Cylinder Method

Authors : Bambang Dwi Argo, Wahyunanto A. Nugroho, Yoes B. Pristya and Ubaidillah

A-2
Effect Extraction Method of Composition Fatty Acid
Dieng Carica Seeds Oil (Carica candamarcensis HOK) as Edible Oil
Authors : Bambang Dwi Argo, Wahyunanto A. Nugroho, Yoes B. Pristya and Ubaidillah

A-3
Adsorption Equilibrium Studies of Bio-Based Butanol from
Fermentation Broth by Immobilized of Potato Starch Sorbent
Authors : Dina Wahyu, Tsair-Wang Chung

A-4
Quality Review of Three Types of Mangoesteen
Using Ultrasonic Waves
Authors : Emmy Darmawati, Amir Hamzah

A-5
Influence of Air Flow Rate on Drying Characteristics of Clove
Authors : Junaedi Muhidong, inge Scorpi Tulliza and Ishak

A-6
Performance Test of Equipment and Machines of
Banana Miller for Mechanization Technology Development of
Banana Processing in South Kalimantan Province
Authors : Retno Endrasari, Susy Lesmayati

A-7
Continuous Dehumidification of Organic Sorbent Powder in
Two Connected Fluidized Beds with a Cooling and a Heating Pipe
Authors : Sukmawaty, Syahrul

A-8
Method of Waxing on Quality and Shelf-life of Semi-cutting
Mangosteen in Low Temperature Storage
Authors : Usman Ahmad, Emmy, Darmawati, and Nur Rahma Refilia

A-9
Acidified Sodium Chlorite Treatments for Improving
Shelf-life of Unripe Shredded Papaya
Authors : Vinod K. Jindal, Pompailin Sinrat and Nipon Chamchan

A-10
Fighting for Malnutrition in Indonesia by Production of Artificial Rice
Based on Arrow Root and Cassava with Addition of Cowpea
Authors : Danial Fatchurrahman, Wenny Bekti Sunarharum, Anugerah Dany Priyanto,
Fathy Fasial Bahanan

A-11
Product Features and Cost Analysis of MOCAS
(Modified Cassava Starch) Based Bakery Products

Authors : Darmawan Ari Nugroho, Ibnu Wahid FA

A-12
Fuel Feeding Rate Controlling Base on The Temperature Distribution
Simulation on Rosella Pod (Hibiscus sabdariffa linn) Drying Process
Authors : Dyah Wulandani, Leopold Oscar Nelwan, I Made Dewa Subrata

A-13
Identification of Determinant Factors in Processing and Technology:
A Case Study of Fruit Processing Industries (FPIs) in Indonesia
Authors : Ida Bagus Suryaningrat

A-14
Profile of The Peanut Moisture Content During Deep Bed Drying
Authors : Ansar, Sirajuddin,Widhiantari

A-15
Effect Lindak Cacao Fruit Maturity (Theobroma Cacao F.)
With High Level of Polyphenols as Antioxidants
Authors : Jumriah Langkong and Mulyati M. Thahir

A-16
Study of Active Packaging System by Using Ethylene Adsorber to
Prolong The Storage Life of Avocado Fruits (Perseaamericana Mill)
Authors : Lilik Pujantoro, andi Nurfaidah and Yadi Haryadi

A-17
The Development of Technology Bundle in Packaging of
Export Quality of Mangosteens' Transportation
Authors : Ni Luh Yulianti and Gede Arda

A-18
SynThesis of Chitosan-Ag+ as Antibacterial Material

Authors : Shinta Rosalia Dewi, Sri Juari Santosa and Dwi Siswanta

A-19
Development of Coffee Beans Caffeine Extraction Using
Pressure and Temperature Controllable Reactor
Authors : Sukrisno Widyotomo

A-20
Optimization of The High Refined Cellulose Process Production from
The Sago Fiber Waste by a Delignification Process Involving Nitric Acid,
Sodium Hydroxide and Hydrogen Peroxide as The Delignificating Agent
Authors : Supranto

Sub-Theme : Energy and Agricultural Machinery
B-1
Technical Analysis and Performance Test of A Small Scale
Banana Milling Machine
Authors : Ade M Kramadibrata, Totok Herwanto and Boy Ricardo

B-2
Design of Measurement System Water Content in
Pressurized Chamber Without Disturbing The Process
Authors : Anang Lastriytanto, Sudjito S , Roedy S and Sumardi

B-3
Design of Farm Road Construction at The Tertiary Plot of Paddy Field

Authors : Asep Sapei, Erizal, and Tatang Sumarna

B-4
Aerodynamics Properties of Castor Bean and It's Application for
Blower System at Ricinus Castor Bean Hulling Machine
Authors : Cahyawan Catur Edi Margana, Rahmat Sabani, and Baharuddin

B-5
The Effect of Sugarcane Litter Compost to Soil Physical Mechanical
Properties and Ratoon Sugarcane Performance
Authors : Iqbal, Tineke Mandang, E. Namaken Sembiring, M.A. Chozin

B-6
Tillage Characteristics of Rotavators in Famland Condition of Korea
Authors : Dae-Cheol Kim , Ju-Seok Nam, Myoung-Ho Kim and Dae-Chun Kim

B-7
Feasibility Analysis of Palm Oil Mill
Effluent Utilization as a Source of Electrical Energy
Authors : Suprihatin, E. Gumbira-Sa’id, O. Suparno, D.O. Suryanto and Sarono

B-8
Potential Production of Agricultural Byproducts and The Economic
Feasibility of Rice Straw as a Feedstock for Bioethanol in Korea
Authors : Yeonghwan Bae, Kidong Park, Keum Joo Park

B-9
Study on Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunch Bruise in
Harvesting and Transportation as a Function to Quality
Authors : andreas Wahyu Krisdiarto and Lilik Sutiarso

B-10
Application of KUBOTA DC-60 for Paddy Wet Field Harvesting
Authors : Ledyta Hindiani and Gatot Pramuhadi

B-11
Engineering Characteristics and Potential Energy of
Oil Palm Fruit Bunches Harvesting
Authors : Wawan Hermawan, Desrial, Muhammad Iqbal Nazamuddin

B-12
Design of Iron Wheel of a Light Tractor for
Crop Maintenance in Unconsolidated Paddy Field
Authors : Radite P.A.S, I. W. Astika, D. M. Subrata and A. Azis

B-13
Design and Performance Test of Metal Kiln Venturi Drum Type
for
Coconut Shell Carbonization
Authors : S. Endah Agustina and Nurul Hasanah

B-14
Design of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) Cutting Machine
for
Seedling Preparation with Bud-chip Method
Authors : Siswoyo Soekarno, Luqman Budi Setiawan and Askin

B-15
The Clay Content Effect on The formation of Shallow Mole
Drainage:

An Experimental Study
Authors : Siti Suharyatun, Bambang Purwantana, Abdul Rozaq and Muhjidin
Mawardi

B-16
The Usage of Shaft to Shaft Transmission for
Rotary Saw Crusher for Paddy Straw
Authors : Tri Tunggal, Tamaria Panggabean and Hilda Agustina

B-17
Functional Interaction Between Pressure and Soil Sinkage for
Terrestrial Robotic Vehicles
Authors : Lenny Saulia

B-18
Design a Mechanical Device for Making Briquettes
Authors : Wiludjeng Trisasiwi, Agus Margiwiyatno, Petrus Hary Tjahja
Soedibyo

B-19

A Method of Workload Application for Tractor Transmission
Authors : Su Chul Kim, Yoo Joo Kim, Seung Jae Park

Sub-Theme :
Engineering

Land

and

Water

Resources

C-1
Water Conservation Concern in Surakarta, Indonesia
Authors : Agus Suyanto

C-2
Influence of Increasing Rain due to Climate Changeon

Forest Slope Stability in Aso City, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
Authors : Aril Aditian and Tetsuya Kubota

C-3

Evaluation on Land Use Toward
The Environment Support in Ponorogo Regency
Authors : Bambang Rahadi, Tunggul Sutan Haji, Euis Elih Nurlelih and Novia
Lusiana

C-4
The Potential and Constraints of Agricultural Engineering
Application in Tidal Lowlands Support Sustainable Food Crops
Farming (A Case Study of former Transmigration Area of
Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia)
Authors : Husin, Robiyanto H. Susanto, Benyamin Lakitan,Ardiyan Saptawan
and M. Yazid

C-5
The Effect of Elevation on Planting Calender in West Timor
Using Agricultural Rainfall Index (ARI) Method
Authors : Jonathan E.Koehuan and Juli Setyanto

C-6
Analysis of Soil Erosion on The Catchment Area of
Musi Hydro-Power Plant, Bengkulu Province
Authors : Khairul Amri, A. Halim, Ngudiantoro and M. Faiz Barchia

C-7
Distribution and Characteristic of Landslides in
Volcanic Mountains of West Java, Indonesia
Authors : Ngadisih, Ryuichi Yatabe, Netra P. Bhandary and Ranjan K. Dahal

C-8
Sediment Related Disasters Induced by Intense Precipitation
During Hurricane Events in Nuevo Leon, Mexico
Authors : Laura Sanchez-Castillo, Tetsuya Kubota, Israel Cantu-Silva and
Hasnawir

C-9
Prediction of Water Balance to Determine Growing Period of
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Kalasan, Sleman
Authors : Kamelia Dwi Jayanti, Putu Sudira and Bambang Hendro Sunarminto

C-10
Effect of Silica Extracted from Sugar Cane Bagasse and Compost to
Soil’s Physical Properties Under Rainfall Simulator

Authors : Musthofa Lutfi, Hafidz Yuswandhito U and Wahyunanto Agung N

C-11
Determining The Relationships Between Soil Electrical
Conductivity and
Some Soil Properties Measured by The Real-Time Soil Sensor
(RTSS)
Authors : Ni Nyoman Sulastri, Sakae Shibusawa and Masakazu Kodaira

C-12
Implementing a Minimum Environmental Flow and Its Effects on
Water Management at Sekampung Irrigation Area
Authors : Endro Prasetyo Wahono, D. Legono and Istiarto and B.

C-13
Constraint and Accelerating Factors of Hydrology and Water
Resources in
Monsoon Region for The Development of Irrigated Paddy
Land:
A Case Study At Bali Island
Authors : Sahid Susanto

C-14
Development of Bio-System Management for
Land and Water Conservation of Watershed
Authors : Sahid Susanto

C-15
Prospectives of Water Table Management on Reclaimed Tidal
Lowlands With
Subsurface Drainage Systems (Case Study of Banyu Urip of
Banyuasin,
South Sumatera Province. Indonesia)
Authors : Erry Koriyanti, Robiyanto H. Susanto, Dedi Setiabudidaya,
Ngudiantoro and F.X. Suryadi

C-16
Load Force of Water in Tubes on Irrigation Water-Scooped
Wheel
Authors : Mohammad Agita Tjandra and Apri Roma Habeahan

C-17

Organic Mulching for Soil Water Conservation
Authors : Muhjidin Mawardi

C-18
Performance of Rotary Sprinkler on The Dry Land
Authors : Sitti Nur Faridah, Daniel Useng, Mahmud Achmad, Aryuni

C-19
Soil Conservation Strategy for Potentially Landslide Areas in
Gintung Sub-Watershed, Central Java Province, Indonesia
Authors : Nur Ainun Pulungan, Chandra Setyawan, Sekar Jatiningtyas, Junun
Sartohadi

Sub-Theme : Environmental Engineering
D-1
Water Quality (BOD5 and COD) Mapping of
West Tarum Canal as Water Resources for Irrigation
Authors : Mouli De Rizka Dewantoro and Yan El Rizal U.D.

D-2
Characteristic of Friction and Shading Rate for Al-Screen Curtain
Authors : Wonsik Choi, Sunmi Choi, Kyungran Kim, Changju Lee, Jaeyoung
Byun,and Sungyoung Park, and Daeyoung Park

D-3
Utilization of Cassava Peel as Feed by Fermentation
(Zero Waste Application in Mocaf industry)
Authors : Andrew Setiawan, Gensi Ginting, Sukatiningsih, Achmad Subagio

D-4
Utilization of Tofu Liquid Waste as Growing Media for
Hair Worm (Tubifex sp.) to Reduce Environmental Pollution
Authors : Arief Muammar, Aditya Mahendra, Astia R. Safitri

D-5
Cultivation of Chlorella Sp. in Tofu Processing Wastewater
Using Raceway Recirculated Pond Bioreactor
Authors : Wahyunanto A. Nugroho, Mustofa Lutfi

D-6
Effect of Transient Organic Load Fluctuation Using
Cassava Waste Water on Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor
Authors : Yusron Sugiarto, Pratin Kullavanijaya

D-7
Reduction of Metal Mercury Concentration by The Plant’s
Mata Lele
(Azolla pinnata R. Br.) for Irrigation Water
Authors : Rusnam, Asmiwarti and Maidar Pratomo

Sub-Theme : Biophysics Engineering
D-8
Inoculation of Uromycladium tepperianum Causes Gall Rust
Disease in Various
Provenances Sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.)
Authors : Arief Muammar, Gita Meidiana, Fitria R. Ratmadanti, Siti H.
Nurrohmah and Diah Rachmawati

D-9
Spectral Imaging Technology
Agricultural Materials

for

Quality

Evaluation

of

Authors : Byoung-Kwan Cho

D-10
Phenotypic Characters Analysis of Cross Melon
(Cucumis melo L.) Tacapa Cultivar
Authors : Ganies Riza Aristya ,andika Tripramudya Onggo, Budi Setiadi
Daryono

D-11

Yield Function Model of Vegetable Crops
Authors : Rahman Arif, Rahmad Hari Purnomo and Hilda Agustina

D-12
Identification of Nitrogen Status in Brassica juncea L.
Using Color Moment, GLCM and Backpropagation Neural
Network
Authors : I Putu Gede Budisanjaya, I. K. G. Darma Putra and I Nyoman Satya
Kumara

D-13
Real Time Detection of Pin Hole on
Worm-eaten Chestnut with 2CCD Camera
Authors : Soo Hyun Park, Soo Hee Lee, Seong Min Kim and Sang Ha Noh

D-14
Growth and Light Utilization Efficiency of Lettuce as
Affected
by Frequency and Duty Ratio of LED Illumination
Authors : Jae Su Lee and Yong Hyeon Kim

D-15
A Model-Based Approach for Extracting Viscoelastic
Properties from Ultrasound Measurements
Authors : Sri Waluyo, Ya Guo, Gang Yao and Jinglu Tan

D-16
Energy and Emissions on Lemuru (Sardinella sp.) Fishing in
Bali Strait
Authors : Miftahul Choiron, Wahyu Supartono, Ag. Suryandono

D-17
Scale-up of Production System Prior to Commercial
Moss (Sphagnum sp) Rooftop Greening Material
Authors : Mirwan Ushada,
Wicaksono,Haruhiko Murase

Wildan

Fajar

Bachtiar,

Ario

D-18
The Role of Seed Producer in Maintaining Corn Production
Sustainability
Authors : Winda Amilia, Didik Purwadi, Henry Yuliando

D-19
Non Destructive Measurement of Catechin Content in Gambir
(Uncaria gambir Roxb) Using NIR Spectroscopy
Authors : andasuryani, Y.A. Purwanto, I.W. Budiastra, K. Syamsu and Lady
C.E.Lengkey

D-20
Non Destructive Prediction of Ripe-Stage Quality of Mango Fruit
CV ‘Gedong Gincu’ Stored in Low Temperature by NIR
Spectroscopy
Authors : Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Putri Wulandari Zainal, Sutrisno, Usman
Ahmad, Yoshio Makino, Seiichi Oshita, Yoshinori Kawagoe and Shinichi Kuroki

Sub-Theme : System and Management
E-1
Production Optimization of Crude Palm Oil at PTPN VII
Unit Usaha Betung by Using Goal Programming Method
Authors : Rahmad Hari Purnomo, Endo Argo Kuncoro and Malis Septian

E-2
Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process in Selection of
Herbal Product
Authors : Luh Putu Wrasiati, Dewa Ayu Anom Yuarini, Ida Ayu Mahatma
Tuningrat and
I Made Anom Sutrisna Wijaya

E-3
Subak Development Programs to Implement Agro-Ecotourism
Authors : Sumiyati, Wayan Windia, I Wayan Tika and Ni Nyoman Sulastri

E-4
A Study on Determinant Factor Affecting Performance of Palm
Oil
Productivity in Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia
Authors : Widya Alwarritzi and Putu Hangga

E-5
Design of Wireless Measurement of Soil Gases and Soil
Environment
Based on Programmable-System-On-Chip (PSOC)
Authors : Arief Sudarmaji, Akio Kitagawa and Junichi Akita

E-6
Development of UV and Violet Illumination System with
High Power LED for Fluorescence Imaging
Authors : Hoyoung Lee, Moon S. Kim, Soo Hyun Park and Sang Ha Noh

E-7
Development of Real Time Change Point Analysis for
Field Environmental Information in Agriculture
Authors : Andri Prima Nugroho, Takashi Okayasu, Muneshi Mitsuoka,
Eiji inoue, Yasumaru Hirai and Lilik Sutiarso

E-8
Simplified Algorithm for Daily Time Step Simulation of
Standalone PV System Using Peak Sun Hour Data
Authors : Dimas Firmanda Al Riza and Syed Ihtsham-ul Haq Gilani

E-9
Image Processing Method for Counting of Fish Eggs and Fish
Juveniles
Authors : I Wayan Astika and Fajar Mulyanti

E-10
Institutional Culture in Brantas Watershed Management
Authors : Nugroho Tri Waskitho

E-11
Modeling and Simulation of Oil Palm Plantation Productivity
Based on
Land Quality and Climate Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors : Hermantoro

E-12

Application of Fuzzy Quantification Theory I in The Criteria
Selection of
Gate Operation in Blawong Irrigation System, Bantul,
Yogyakarta
Authors : Murtiningrum, Mega Primarini and Saiful Rochdyanto

E-13
Kinetic of Drying of Sliced Turmeric with Modified
Direct Sun Drying by Employing Greenhouse Effect
Authors : Hanim Z. Amanah, Silvia insan Muliawati and Sri Rahayoe

E-14
Performance Analysis of Horizontal Tube Coffee Roaster
Heated by
Combustion of Producer Gas of Biomass Gasification
Authors : Bambang Purwantana, Arjanggi Nasution and Bambang
Prastowo

E-15
A Quantitative Assessment Model of Water Resource
Conservation Measures Case Study At Upper Watershed of
Kali Progo
Authors : Chandra Setyawan, Sahid Susanto and Sukirno

E-16
Kinetic of Drying of Banana Chip with Cabinet Dryer
Authors : Joko Nugroho W.K., Ascaryo Dwi Anggoro and Nursigit Bintoro

E-17
The Change of Chili Quality During Storage in Plastic Cup
After Hot Water Treatment in Various Temperature and Time
Authors : Devi Yuni Susanti, Sri Rahayoe, Budi Rahardjo and Jesica Elviana

POSTER SESSION
P-1
Making Blondo Flour as Protein Source Food with
Physical, Mechanical

and Chemical Treatments on Virgin Coconut Oil (Vco)
Processing Waste
Authors : Anak Agung Istri Sri Wiadnyani, and I Wayan Rai Widarta

P-2
Development of a Colorimetric Taste Sensor Based on
Dye-Bead Conjugated Array
and Imaging System for White Wines
Authors : Soo Chung, Soo Hyun Park, Tu San Park, Seongmin Park,
Daesik Son and Seong In Cho

P-3
Rotating Force of Vanes on Irrigation Water-Scooped
Wheel
Authors : Mohammad Agita Tjandra and Qaddara Fahada

The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013

The Development of Technology Bundle in Packaging of Export Quality of
Mangosteens' Transportation
Ni Luh Yulianti and Gede Arda
Jurusan Teknik Pertanian Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Udayana
Email : yulianti_ardana@yahoo.co.id

Abstract
The aim of this study was to formulate the packaging technology which able to reduce
the damage on mangosteens fruit after transportation. This study was conducted using the
factorial experiment dsign, the Randomized Complete Block (RCB) designs, in which the first
factor was packaging capacity (K), the second factor was fruits arrangement pattern (P), and the
third one was the packaging types (T). The first factor was designed by implementing two level
of capacity that was 5 kg (K1) and 8 kg (K2). The second factor was designed using two kinds of
fruits arrangement pattern that was fcc (face centered cubic) with net foam (P1), neatly
separation (P2) and the third one was designed using two kinds of packaging types that was
RSC corrugated board (T1) and fullflap corrugated board (T2). Each treatments were replicated
twice. The quality parameters which were measured were physical damage, weight loss
percentage, and respiration rate. The results showed that 5 kilograms of mangosteen which was
package using fcc fruits arrangement pattern and fullflap type (K1P1T1) was the most effective
way to reduce physical damage and weight loss of mangosteen during transportation process.
Keywords: mangosteen, packaging, physical damage, transportation

Introduction
Government’s policy to increase the competitive ability of horticultural commodities in
international market had encouraged the horticultural farmers and stakeholders to enhance their
products quality and increase its price. Mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana L ) was one of
horticultural commodity having high price and it is very potential to be developed as a exported
commodity. Among region in Indonesia, Bali was one of province which produce mangosteen
with good quality. According to production data 2011 based on province (BPS, 2011), suggest
that among 33 provinces in Indonesia, Bali is on 7 position with 39.511 tons of production.
However, its high number of production has not accompanied by high number of export volume
yet. This was showed on indonesis’s mangosteen export value on 2011 in which, out of all
mangosteen export, only 10.71% of indonesia mangosteen production which could penetrate
exported market with volume of 12.600 tons including Bali (BPS,2011). Refusal on mangsoteen
coming from indonesia in marketing countries are caused by the fruit’s condition which was
asserted as improper quality by consumers, for examples, its undergoing physical damage
ranging from hardening, memar, or damage on its shells to damage on its crown causing
incomplete condition. As a consequence, the product could only sale on local market with low
price which led to profit loss to local producers.
The damage which mostly occurred were physical damages caused by transportation
process. The study suggested that 30-35% of damage on food (fresh) product were caused by
A17 - 1

The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013

transportation process especially land transportation and the 10% were caused by long term
storage Hetzroni et. al. 2000 ; Arazuri et al, 2007; Tim Penulis PS, 2003). The good
transportation packaging was demanding accordance of packaging kinds and packaged
commodity’s characteristics. The kinds of packaging which was usually used for transporting
mangosteen fruits was plastic container of 8-10 kg in capacity. Based on information collected
from farmers and mangosteen exporters, physical damage that was frequently occurred causing
by using this kind of packaging as high as 20-30% (Yulianti et al., 2009). In addition, proper
packaging was the packaging that could deflate the impact during transportation. A corrugated
board was a packaging material which had high damping properties at low price and accepted by
export destination countries because of its recycling ability and environmentally friendly
compared to other materials. The study suggest that application of corrugated board able to
reduce the damage on packaged product to 3.7% (Yulianti, 2007). Thompson et al., (2006) said
that pear that was packaged using corrugated board and transported as far as 4.500 km
experienced low degree of damage compared to other kinds of material. Lewis et al., (2007)
reported that apple packaged using corrugated board underwent bruise area smaller than other
kinds of packaging material at various level of drop. Therefore, it is important to conduct a study
to formulate the technological bundle of packaging that has an ability to reduce the level of
damage of mangosteen during transportation process considering the capacity of packaging,
fruits arrangement of mangosteen inside the packaging and types of packaging that is applied.

Materials And Methods
Materials and instruments
The materials that were used in this study were mangosteen with index of maturity 2, first
class of quality which had 6.0 cm – 6.5 cm in diameter, corrugated board and net foam. The
instrument test were digital balance ((Kris Chef Model Ek9250, China), glass jar, gas analyzer
TA. XTplus, England).

(a)

(b)

Picture 1. The types of packaging (a) fullflap type (b) RSC type

A17 - 2

The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013

Methods
This study was conducted using the factorial experiment dsign, the Randomized
Complete Block (RCB) designs, in which the first factor was packaging capacity (K), the second
factor was fruits arrangement pattern (P), and the third one was the packaging types (T). The first
factor was designed by implementing two level of capacity that was 5 kg (K1) and 8 kg (K2).
The second factor was designed using two kinds of fruits arrangement pattern that was fcc (face
centered cubic) with net foam (P1), neatly separation (P2) and the third one was designed using
two kinds of packaging types that was RSC corrugated board (T1) and fullflap corrugated board
(T2). Each treatments were replicated twice. Data was analyzed with Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA), and if there was any influence of treatment on observed parameters then further
analysis would be conducted by Duncan Test (Steel and Torrie, 1993).
Observed Parameters
The observed parameters that were measured after transportation process were percentage
of fruits that underwent sinking on its shell, weight loss, and CO 2 production rate during storage.
All parameters except physical damage were measured and observed every day until fruits were
asserted as not acceptable to consume.

Results And Discussion
Physical Damage
Physical condition of mangosteen after transportation is one of important factors that is
considered by consumers when they consume the fruit. Defect damage on fruit when it is being
consumed is the cause of refusal of mangosteen in export destination countries. The study found
that physical damage on fruit were sunk shell and crown damage. The sunk shell was indicated
by some are of shell was pressed by other fruit’s shell result in a concave shape. This was one of
the physical damage caused by transportation. The percentage of sunk shell was obtain by
counting the ration between the sum of sunk shell and total sum of observed shell’s surface.
According to counting results it was found that the lowest percentage, that was 0.35%, was
occurred on K1P1T1 treatment; that is mangosteen that were packaged at 5 kg of capacity with fcc
pattern in fullplap type of packaging. In contrast, the highest percentage of sunk shell was shown
by K2P2T2; mangosteen that were packaged at 8 kg of capacity with separation in fullplap type of
packaging, that is 2.58%. however, if the treatment K2P2T2 was compared to control
(mangosteen that were packed with plastic container of 8 kg in capacity, based on what farmers
or exporter usually use), percentage of sunk shell on control significantly higher than other
treatments, that is 4.73% (Table 1). As a consequence of high percentage of sunk shell is it will
generally influences percentage of physical damage.

A17 - 3

The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013

Tabel 1. Mean of percentage of sunk shell after transportation
Treatment
control
capacity 8 kg,separation, fullflap (K2P2T2)
capacity 8 kg, fcc, fullflap (K2P1T2)
capacity 8 kg, fcc, rsc (K2P1T1)
capacity 5 kg, sekat, fullflap (K1P2T2)
capacity 8 kg, sekat, rsc (K2P2T1)
capacity 5 kg, fcc, rsc (K1P1T1)
capacity 5 kg, separation, rsc (K1P2T1)
capacity 5 kg, fcc, fullflap (K1P1T2)

Sunk shell (%)
4.73
2.58
1.35
0.98
0.87
0.68
0.38
0.38
0.35

Percentage of physical damage was counted by calculate the ration between sum of
damage fruit in a pack and total sum of all fruit packed in that pack. A sample was asserted as
damage fruit if it was observed one of this kinds of damage: sunk shell, detach any part of its
crown, broken stalk and crack on the shell (Picture 1). The study results showed that the lowest
physical damage, that is 2.5%, was found on K1P1T2 treatment that is mangosteen that was
packed 5 kg in capacity with fcc pattern in the fullplap type pack. The highest percentage of
damage was showed by control of 10.93%. The low percentage on K1P1T2 indicated smaller
number of fruit lesser force that work on fruits. In addition, the utility of net foam on fruit that
were arranged with fcc pattern was able to protect fruits’ shell from friction and impact which
occurred during transportation. Arrangement of fruits with fcc pattern give fruits more
advantages because this pattern increase the density of fruit in a pack, therefore arrangement is
more compact and void left inside the pack which allow fruit experience friction become smaller.
Application fcc pattern to arrange the fruits in a corrugated board result in 34% higher than
randomized arrangement (Yulianti, 2007). Maximum percentage of density of fruit that are
arrenged with randomized arrangement is 50% (Peleg, 1985).

Gambar 2. Physical damage (a) detached crown; (b) sunk shell

Weight loss
Economically, weight loss of agricultural commodity result in loss in profit especially for
the commodities that are sold based on its weight such as mangosteen. Weight loss indicates the
level of damage that occurred after transportation. Based on ANOVA to each treatment’s data
were found that interaction among treatments (capacity, arrangement and packaging type)
significantly influenced the weight loss during storage. The lowest percentage of weight loss was
found on treatment K1P1T2 that is 0.183%, in contrast, the highest percentage of weight loss was
found on treatment K2P2T1 that is 0.259% (Table 2).
A17 - 4

The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013

The low percentage of weight loss on treatment K1P1T2 was the consequence of low level
of damage. In contrast, high percentage of weight loss was the consequence of high level of
damage occurred on K2P2T1. Possibly, the low percentage of weight loss on treatment K1P1T2 are
caused by force that was exist in fruits arrangement was low and was dispersed evenly. The
advantages of using fcc pattern are fruits are arranged more tidy, the fruits number per pack is
the same, and the number of fruits per pack can be determined in advance (Sutrisno, 2008 dan
Yulianti, 2007). Moreover, packing the fruit in lower or equal to 5 kg in capacity will reduce
fruit load and damage during transportation. (Osman, 2006 ).
The utility of fullplap type packaging is one of the supporting factors that give the good
advantage because this type have an ability to support the product against the load that exist
when the pack are stacked.
Tabel 2. Mean of percentage of weight loss
Treatment

Weight loss mean (%)

Notation*

capacity 8 kg, separation, rsc (K2P2T1)
0.259
a
capacity 5 kg, sekat, fullflap (K1P2T2)
0.250
a
capacity 8 kg, fcc, fullflap (K2P1T2)
0.248
a
capacity 8 kg, fcc, rsc (K2P1T1)
0.242
a
capacity 5 kg, separation, rsc (K1P2T1)
0.238
a
capacity 8 kg, separation, fullflap (K2P2T2)
0.231
a
capacity 5 kg, fcc, rsc (K1P1T1)
0.223
a
capacity 5 kg, fcc, fullflap (K1P1T2)
0.183
b
*number followed by same letter in the same collumn are not significantly different at DMRT

5%.
The percentages of weight change during observation are depicted on Picture 3. The
graph shows that percentage of weight loss increase day by day. The graph points out that
control shows the highest percentage of weight loss among others. This phenomena has proved
the employing plastic container 8 kg in capacity as mangosteen packaging is not sufficient to
decrease the weight loss during transportation. The 8 kg plastic container is container that is
generally used by mangosteen farmers or exporter to transport their product. The high percentage
of weight loss on control are caused by higher level of mechanical damage occurs on
mangosteen packed using this kind of packaging. The higher level of mechanical damage
experienced by mangosteen come from container properties itself which are not able to redeem
the impact during transportation. The low damping properties of plastic container bring on
mechanical damage such as wound or scratch on mangosteen’s shell dan it will influence the
weight loss during transportation. Water loss from product potentially occur through open part of
fresh product’s surface tissues that are influenced by internal factor such as wound on product’s
surface. (Utama, 2002).

A17 - 5

aweight loss (%)

The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013

0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00

(K1P1T1)
(K2P2T2)
(K2P1T1)
(K1P2T1)
(K1P2T2)
(K2P2T1)
(K2P1T2)
(K1P1T2)
6

12

18

24

36 48 60
Time (hour)

84 108 132 156 180

KONTROL 1

Picture 3. Percentage of weight loss

Respiration Rate
Respiration rate is a good indicator to know shelf life of fruits after fruit are harvested.
High respiration usually indicate short shelf life (Pantastico, 1997). According to ANOVA it was
found that interaction between capacity and arrangement pattern significantly influenced the
production rate of CO2. In addtion, K1P1 (5 kg in capacity, fcc) showed the lowest production
rate of CO2 that is 52.594 ml/kg.hr, and it also significantly different compared to other
treatments.
Another phenomena illustrated that interaction between capacity and packaging types
showed significant influence to production rate of CO2 during storage. Advanced analysis (table
3) showed that the lowest production rate of CO2 was indicated by K1T2(5 kg in capacity,
fullplap) and the highest one was showed by K2t1 (8 kg in capacity, rsc). In conclusion,
employment of fullplap corrugated board with 5 kg in capacity had an ability to reduce the
production rate of CO2 of packed mangosteen.
The low production rate of CO2 on K1T2 indicated that level of damage occurred was
low as well. In one hand, application lower load on fullplap type packaging through lower
capacity result in maximum protection to mangosteen against friction, impact, and pressure/load.
On the other hand high production rate of CO2 on K2T1 (8 kg in capacity, rsc) indicated the high
level of damage on mangosteen. High level of damage lead to respiration process as an influence
of ethylen gas production (Pantastico, 1997).

A17 - 6

The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013

Tabel 3. Mean of percentage of production rate of CO2 on interaction between capacity
and types of packaging
Treatment

Notati
on*

Rate (ml/kg.hr)

capacity 8 kg, rsc (K2T1)

78.264

a

capacity 8 kg, fullflap (K2T2)

75.832

a

capacity 5 kg, rsc (K1T1)

75.104

a

capacity 5 kg, fullflap (K1T2)
52.594
b
*number followed by same letter in the same collumn are not significantly different at

DMRT 5%.

Conclusion
Application fullplap type corrugated board of 5 kg in capacity with face centered cubic
pattern is able to significantly reduce physical damage and weight loss during transportation
process of mangosteen.

References
1.

Arazuri,S. Jare´n, J.I. Arana, J.J. Pe´rez de Ciriza. (2007). Influence of mechanical harvest
on the physical properties of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Journal of
Food Engineering 80 (2007) 190–198
2. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) provinsi Bali. (2012). Data Produksi Buah Manggis Menurut
Provinsi
3. Darmawati,E. Yulianti, N.L. (2009). Packaging Design of The Mangosteen for Local
Transportation. International Agricultural Engineering Conference. Roler of agricultural
engineering in adved of changing gobal landscape. Bangkok (Thailand) 7–10 December
Proceedings seminar ISBN 978-974-8257-70-9
4. Hetzroni A. Bechar A. Antler,A. (2000). Analysis Of Mechanical Injuries Caused To Apples
Along The Fruit Handling Process. Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, The Volcani
Center, Israel.Paper Number 011099
5. Lewis, R. Yoxall, L.A. Canty, E. Reina Romo. (2007). Development of engineering design
tools to help reduce apple bruising. Journal of Food Engineering 83 (2007) 356–365.2007
6. Osman, B.M. Milan A.R. (2006). Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana L. monograph book
7. Pantastico, ER. B. (1997). Fisiologi Pascapanen, Penanganan dan Pemanfaatan BuahBuahan dan Sayuran Tropika dan Sub Tropika. Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta
8. Peleg, K. (1985). Produce Handling Packaging and Distribution. Avi Publishing Company,
Inc.Westport, Connecticut.
9. Steel R.G.D. dan J.H. Torrie. (1993). Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistik Suatu Pendekatan
Biometric. penerjemah Bambang Sumantri. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta
10. Sutrisno. Darmawati,E. (2011). Rancangan Kemasan Berbahan Karton Gelombang untuk
Individual Buah Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana L.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perteta,
Jember, 21-22 Juli 2011
A17 - 7

The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013

11. Thompson,J.F. Slaughter,D.C. Arpaia,M.L. (2008). Suspended Tray Package For Protecting
Soft Fruit From Mechanical Damage. Arpaia Applied Engineering in Agriculture Vol.
24(1): 71‐75 _ 2008 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ISSN 08838542
12. Tim Penulis PS. (2003). Peluang Usaha dan Pembudidayaan Jeruk Siam. Penebar Swadaya.
Jakarta.
13. Utama, I Made. (2002). Hortikultura Teknologi Pascapanen. Pusat Pengkajian buah-buahan
tropika Universitas Udayana. Bali
14. Yulianti, N.L. Sutrisno. Darmawati E. (2009). Improvement Of The Technology Packaging
For The Mangosteen Transportation. International Symposium AESA. Proceedings
ISBN9789748257709978-602-95924-0-5
15. Yulianti,N.L. (2007). Kemasan Untuk Transportasi Buah Manggis. Jurnal AGRITEK Edisis
Hari Lingkungan Hidup Sedunia, Juni 2007.Terakreditasi No. 026/DIKTI/K EP/2005. Vol.
16, No 06 ISSN 0852.5426

A17 - 8