Edmond Dantes` motivation to fulfill human needs as revealed in Alexander Dumas` The Count Of Monte Cristo.

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

EDMOND DANTES’ MOTIVATION TO FULFILL
HUMAN NEEDS AS REVEALED IN ALEXANDER DUMAS’
THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Robertus Bellarminus Bagus Priyambodo Hamuluhur
Student Number: 06 1214 162

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

EDMOND DANTES’ MOTIVATION TO FULFILL
HUMAN NEEDS AS REVEALED IN ALEXANDER DUMAS’
THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Robertus Bellarminus Bagus Priyambodo Hamuluhur
Student Number: 06 1214 162

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
i

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

ii

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

iii

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALTY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the

references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 14 August 2013
The writer

Robertus Bellarminus Bagus Priyambodo Hamuluhur
061214162

iv

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama

: Robertus Bellarminus Bagus Priyambodo Hamuluhur

Nomor mahasiswa

: 061214162

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
EDMOND DANTES’ MOTIVATION TO FULFILL HUMAN NEEDS AS
REVEALED IN ALEXANDER DUMAS’ THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 11 Juli 2013
Yang menyatakan

(Robertus Bellarminus Bagus Priyambodo Hamuluhur)

v

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

ABSTRACT
Hamuluhur, Robertus Bellarminus Bagus Priyambodo. 2013. Edmond
Dantes’ Motivation to Fulfill Human Needs as Revealed in Alexander Dumas’

The Count of Monte Cristo. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program. Department of Language and Arts Education. Faculty of Teachers
Training and Education. Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyses the motivation of Edmond Dantes as the main
character. This novel tells about the struggle of a young man who has been
betrayed by his friends. The focus on this study is about the main character and
his motivation.
There are two problems which are formulated in this study related to the
main character: 1) What is Edmond Dantes’ motivation? 2) How does Edmond
Dantes fulfill his needs?
The method employed in this study was a library study. There were two
kinds of data sources used in this study, namely primary and secondary sources.
The primary source was the novel itself, The Count of Monte Cristo. The
secondary sources were some books and some sources from the internet which
provided information related to the study. This study applied psychological
approach to describe the characteristic of Edmond Dantes, to find out Edmond
Dantes’ motivation, and to find out the way of Edmond Dantes fulfilling his
needs.
There are two points that can be concluded. The first is about Edmond
Dantes Motivation to fulfill human needs. The second is the way of Edmond

Dantes to fulfill human needs. In The Count of Monte Cristo, Edmond is
described as a nineteen-year-old young man. He is a sailor. He is a good hearted
young man. But then, he becomes a vengeful man. It is because of his falsely
imprisonment. In other words it means that Edmond Dantes’ behavior influenced
by his motivation. This novel tells about Edmond Dantes’ revenge. The falsely
imprisonment becomes the motivation of Edmond Dantes. There are some needs
that are broken by his falsely imprisonment. So that he wants to get back his
needs in order to give revenge to his enemies also. While he makes his
motivation meets the goal – give revenge to his enemies, Edmond Dantes has to
change his behavior several times. His changes based on five the human needs
that he has to achieve. In short, in order to make his revenge in line, Edmond
Dantes needs to be secure, to give and receive love, and needs to be respected.
Needs to be respected is the main goal of Edmond Dantes’ revenge. He needs his
self esteem back. So that he has to achieve the safety needs and love needs first.
This study also gives some suggestions for future researchers who will conduct
studies on other topics in The Count of Monte Cristo. This study also contains
suggestions for English teaching-learning activities.
Keywords:
Character, characterization, human needs, and motivation
vi

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

ABSTRAK
Hamuluhur, Robertus Bellarminus Bagus Priyambodo. 2013. Edmond
Dantes’ Motivation to Fulfill Human Needs as Revealed in Alexander Dumas’
The Count of Monte Cristo. Yogyakarta: Program Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris.
Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan. Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membahas motivasi Edmond Dantes sebagai karakter utama.
Novel ini bercerita tentang perjuangan seorang pemuda yang telah dikhianati
oleh temannya. Fokus studi ini adalah tentang karakter utama dan motivasinya.
Ada dua masalah yang dirumuskan dalam studi ini berkaitan dengan
karakter utama, yaitu: 1) Apa motivasi Edmond Dantes? 2) Bagaimana Edmond
Dantes memenuhi kebutuhannya?

Metode studi ini adalah studi pustaka. Ada dua jenis sumber data dalam
studi ini yaitu sumber utama dan sumber lainnya. Sumber utama adalah novel
The Count Monte Cristo. Sumber lainnya adalah beberapa buku dan beberapa
sumber dari internet yang memberikan informasi berkaitan dengan studi ini.
Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis untuk menggambarkan
karakteristik Edmond Dantes, mengetahui motivasi Edmond Dantes, dan
mengetahui cara Edmond Dantes memenuhi kebutuhannya.
Ada dua hal yang dapat disimpulkan. Yang pertama adalah motivasi
Edmond Dantes untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia. Yang kedua adalah cara
Edmond Dantes untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia. Dalam The Count Monte
Cristo, Edmond digambarkan sebagai seorang pemuda berusia sembilan belas
tahun. Dia adalah seorang pemuda yang baik hati. Tapi kemudian, ia menjadi
manusia pendendam. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pemenjaraannya yang janggal.
Dengan kata lain, perilaku Edmond Dantes dipengaruhi oleh motivasinya. Novel
ini bercerita tentang pembalasan dendam Edmond Dantes. Kejanggalan
pemenjaraannya menjadi motivasi Edmond Dantes. Ada beberapa kebutuhan
yang dirusak oleh pemenjaraannya. Sehingga dia ingin mendapatkan kembali
kebutuhannya serta memberikan balas dendam kepada musuhnya. Pada saat ia
ingin menyelesaikan motivasinya, yaitu memberikan balas dendam kepada
musuhnya, Edmond Dantes harus mengubah perilakunya beberapa kali.

Perubahan itu didasarkan pada lima kebutuhan manusia yang ia harus capai.
Supaya pembalasan dendamnya tetap pada rencana, Edmond Dantes harus
memenuhi kebutuhan akan rasa aman, kebutuhan memberi dan menerima cinta,
dan kebutuhan dihormati. Dihormati adalah tujuan utama pembalasan dendam
Edmond Dantes. Ia ingin harga dirinya. Sehingga dia harus mencapai kebutuhan
akan keamanan dan cinta terlebih dahulu. Studi ini menyertakan saran bagi para
peneliti di masa depan yang akan melakukan studi tentang topik lain dalam The
Count Monte Cristo. Studi ini juga memuat saran untuk kegiatan belajarmengajar bahasa Inggris.
Kata kunci:
Karakter, pemeranan, kebutuhan manusia, dan motivasi
vii

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

"It is in the moments of our decisions, that our destiny is shaped"
-Anthony Robbins-

This thesis is dedicated to my beloved family

viii

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I thank Jesus Christ that finally I could finish this thesis. I
thank Him because He always gives me spirit in finishing this thesis.
I would also like to thank Mr. Gregorius Punto Aji, who carefully read
and suggested many ideas and improvement during the writing. My lovely wife,
Florentina Nanda Rasty Oktaviana, who helped me in every condition. I thank
her for the love, patience, and support. I would also thank my lovely daughter
Fransisca Melody Chaprisa Hamuluhur, who gave me motivation to finish my
study.
I also thank my family, my mother, father, brother and sister for their love,
support, and care. Especially for my mother and my father, I would like to say
that you are the best.
I would like to give my other gratitude to Sanata Dharma University
(Romo Kun, Romo In, and Pak Heri Psikologi). They give me a lot of values
of life. Finally, for my best friends (Darwin, Ellisa, and Gerard), who always
support me to finish this study.

Robertus Bellarminus Bagus Priyambodo Hamuluhur

ix

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………..

i

APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………....

ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY…………………………...

iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS……………………........

v

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………....

vi

ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………….....

vii

DEDICATION PAGE…………………………………………………….

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………...

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………….......

x

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………

1

1.1 Background of the Study..……………………………………………..

1

1.2 Problem Formulation………………………………………………….

4

1.3 Problem Limitation……………………………………………………

4

1.4 Objectives of the Study...………………………………………………

5

1.5 Benefits of the Study…………………………………………………

5

1.6 Definitions of Terms…………………………………………………..

5

1.6.1 Main Character………………………………………………..

5

1.6.2 Needs………………………………………………………….

6

1.6.3 Motivation…………………………………………………….

6

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………...

7

x

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

2.1 Review of Related Theories………………………………………….

7

2.1.1 Critical Approaches………………………………………….

7

2.1.2 Character…………………………………………………….

8

2.1.3 Characterization……………………………………………...

9

2.1.4 Motivation……………………………………………………

12

2.2 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………..

16

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY……………………………………….

18

3.1 Object of the Study………………………………………………….

18

3.2 Approach of the Study………………………………………………

20

3.3 Method of the Study…………………………………………………

21

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS……………………………………………….

23

4.1 Edmond Dantes’ Motivation to Fulfill His Needs……………………

23

4.2 Edmond Dantes’ Ways to Fulfill His Needs…………………………..

26

4.2.1 Edmond Dantes’ Struggle to Feel Safety……………………...

26

4.2.2 Edmond Dantes’ Struggle to Give and Receive……………….

28

4.2.3 Edmond Dantes’ Struggle to Be Respected……………………

31

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS…………………

37

5.1 Conclusions………………………………………………….…………

37

5.2 Suggestions………………………………………………….…………

39

5.2.1 Suggestions for Further Research………………………………

39

5.2.2 Suggestions for Teaching Implementation…………………….

40

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………

41

APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….

42

xi

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

1.

APPENDIX 1: Summary………………………………………

44

2.

APPENDIX 3: Alexander Dumas’ Biography…………………

50

3.

APPENDIX 3: Lesson Plan and Learning Materials...…………

54

xii

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts. Those are background of the study,
problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and
definitions of terms. The background of the study explains about the description
of the topic of this study and also states the reason of the writer in writing this
thesis. The problem formulation describes the problems that will be analyzed in
this study. The benefits of the study explain the contribution of this study while
the definitions of terms give some explanations about some terms which are
related to the study to give a clear view.
1.1

Background of the study
Novel is one kind of literary works. Reading literature work such as novel

is an interesting activity. Novel reflects human life and it contains many
messages about every aspect of human life. Literature work such as novel is
interesting because it does not only entertain readers but also gives some good
value.
Bressler says in his book, a novel, a work of literature is a text which has
certain qualities containing some elements, such as plot, character, tone, symbol,
and conflict, which often represents the author’s life and has major actions to
teach good values and clearly to entertain the readers (1999:10).
Therefore, the writer thinks, by reading and analyzing literary work such
as a novel we can understand and learn good lessons on it.

1

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
2
In this study, the writer chooses Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte
Cristo as the subject of the study. This novel is a fiction novel. This novel tells us
about the struggle of a young sailor named Edmond Dantes. Edmond Dantes was
a young, good sailor and he was a crew of Pharon. In the middle of the way back
home, the captain of the ship died. Before dying, the captain asked Dantes to take
offer the control of the ship.
In land, after the back of Pharon, the ship owner wanted Edmond Dantes
to be the new captain of Pharon. Unfortunately, Danglars, his friend on Pharon
was jealous with Dantes. It was because he had ambition to be the Captain of
Pharon. Then he planned to fight Edmond.
At the other side, Fernand, who loved Mercedes so much, was also jealous
with Edmond. Fernand could not accept news about Mercedes and Edmond‘s
wedding. He wanted to separate them. Then, Fernand and Danglars started to
separate them.
Danglars reminded, “If the walls of prison were between Edmond and
Mercedes, they could be separated.” They then decided to denounce
Edmond as a Bonapartist agent and then Danglars wrote an anonymous
letter to the Government prosecutor. To change his writing he wrote it with
his left hand. (Dumas 4)
Finally, Fernand and Danglars succeeded in making Mercedes and
Edmond separated. Edmond Dantes was arrested on his wedding day. Edmond
Dantes was brought to the examining magistrate. But, Mr. De Villefort, the
magistrate, could not find him guilty. Mr. Villefort told him that he would be free
soon. Before it became the truth, Mr. Villefort read the letter. He found his
father’s name in the letter. In order to save his father Mr Villefort burnt the letter

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
3
and asked his soldier to imprison Dantes. Dantes was reported by Mr. Villefort as
a guilty man. Edmond Dantes did not know the reason of Mr. Villefort’s
decision. Days had passed by and he did not get the answer.
Then one day Edmond Dantes found a friend named Abbe. They liked to
talk each other. Edmond Dantes told Abbe about his story. They analyzed it and
found that Danglars and Fernand were the man behind his suffering. He also got
the answer why Mr. Villefort reported him as the guilty man. Edmond Dantes got
angry. He promised to take revenge against his enemies. Here, the struggle of
Edmond Dantes began; the struggle of fulfilling his needs which was broken by
his friends’ conspiracy.
In this story, Edmond Dantes could achieve his rights or needs back
because some of motivation he faced. So that the writer thinks that this novel
may give a good lesson.
The writer chose this novel as the subject of the study because there is a
struggle of a young man in fulfilling his needs and motivation. The writer finds a
motivation in every act of fulfilling some needs in main character’s life. The
writer finds the needs of main character themselves must be fulfilled. The main
character will do everything in order to get what he wants. In other words, there
must be motivations behind the action in order to fulfill the needs. The main
motivation is clear in the beginning of the story. Edmond Dantes got betrayed
and falsely imprisoned by his friends. His freedom or rights was injured.
Maslow states that there are some freedom that should be fulfilled in living
such as freedom to speak, freedom to do what one wishes so long as no harm is

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
4
done to others, freedom to investigate and seek for information, and freedom to
defend oneself (1987, p. 22).
In this study, the writer uses three theories. The first is theory of
motivation which is explained by five experts. They are theory of motivation by
Kalish, Robert Beck, Murray, Petri, and Maslow. Theory of motivation is used to
find whether there is motivation or not, what motivation, and how to reach the
goal of motivation.
The next theory is theory of character and characterization. These theories
are used to explain the struggle of Edmond Dantes to reach the goal of his
motivation. The writer tries to find out Edmond Dantes’ struggle through his
reaction, conversation, and the way of thinking.
1.2

Problem Formulation
There are three major problems formulated in this study. Those are:

1.

What is Edmond Dantes’ motivation to fulfill his needs?

2.

How does Edmond Dantes fulfill his needs?

1.3

Problem Limitation
In order to limit the scope of the study, the writer will focus on the main

character of the novel. The focus is Edmond Dantes’ motivation to fulfill his
needs. The writer expects to be able to get the answer about Edmond Dantes’
motivation by understanding characterization of Edmond Dantes in the novel.

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
5
1.4

Objectives of the Study
This study has two objectives. Firstly, is to find out the motivation of

Edmond Dantes to fulfill his needs. The second is to explain the way of Edmond
Dantes to fulfill his needs.
In other words, the writer tries to analyze the main character’s motivation
in fulfilling his needs through his reaction, behavior, conversation and the way of
thinking.
1.5

Benefits of the study
There are some benefits which can be taken. For the writer, this study

exactly gives more understanding about unseen lesson in the novel. For the
readers who are interested in literary works, this study will help the reader to get
a clear understanding about the novel from psychological point of view. For
teachers, this novel can be used as the resource of teaching and learning activity.
1.6

Definitions of terms
This part consists of definitions of some significant terms used in this

study. The objective of this part is to help readers to avoid misunderstanding in
reading this thesis.
1.6.1 Main Character
According to Abrams, main character is defined as the most important
person in the story. It can be the center of the story. Usually the acts of the story
are focused on this character from the beginning to ending parts (1981. p. 20)

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
6
1.6.2 Needs
According Maslow, needs are something that must be fulfilled. People will
do everything based on their needs. (1987, p. 15)
1.6.3 Motivation
According to Murray (7), motivation is related to behavior. It is because
motivation related to every kind of behaviors such as learning, performing,
perceiving, attending, remembering, forgetting, thinking, creating and feeling.
Motivation is related to human behavior because it stimulates someone to behave
in certain manner. Related to this study, motivation means Edmond Dantes
reasons in doing something in his life. Petri states that motivation is the concept
we use when we describe the reaction on or within an organism to initiate and
direct behavior (p. 3).

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter 2 consists of two sections. The first section is the review of related
theories or description of theories which is used in this study namely theory of
critical approaches, theory of character and characterization, and theory of
motivation. The second one is the theoretical framework. Theoretical framework
is used to explain the contribution of each theory in answering the problem
formulation.
2.1

Review of Related Theories

2.1.1 Critical Approaches
Rohrberger and Woods Jr. stated that there were five approaches that
could be used in analyzing a literary work including the formalistic approach,
biographical approach, socio-cultural historical approach, mythopoeia approach
and psychological approach (pp. 6-15).
The formalistic approach concentrates on the total integrity of literary
works. This approach does not concern with author’s life, genre of literary
works, and social background.
The biographical approach aims to consider author’s life, personality, and
ideas for a deep understanding to his writings.
The socio-cultural historical approach has two factors. The first is
accuracy in presentation of historical facts and the second factor is work
literature might have historical significance, but not literary significance.

7

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
8
The mythopoeic approach is used when a critic attempts to find a
particular pattern of human thought.
The psychological approach related to theory of psychology to explain
characters behavior in the story. In this approach, character is the element of
literary work.
2.1.2 Character
Character is an important element in literary works. According to Klarer,
characters in a literary text can be understood as individuals or as types (1998, p.
17). Gill is stated that characters in books might have all sorts of links with
people met every day but people only met them in books (1995, p. 127). Based
on the statements above, it could be concluded that a character has relation with
daily life.
Stanton is categorized character into two. They are major and minor
characters. Major character is a character which dominates the whole story and
always presented to gain the story. Minor character is shown to help the main
character (1965, pp. 17-18).
Holman and Harmon classified character into two types, namely major
character and minor character. A major character is the character that plays the
most important role in a story. A major character is the focus of the story. He or
she is the most frequently appearing character in the story from the beginning
until the end. A minor character is the character that takes a less important role in
the story. He or she does not always appear in the story (1980, p. 82).

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
9
Further, according to Forster in his book Aspects of the Novel, character is
classified into two types. They are flat or static characters and round or dynamic
characters. A flat character is built around “a single idea or quality” and
presented in outline and without much individualizing detail. A flat character is
characterized by one or two traits because we see only one side of him. There are
two advantages of a flat character. The first advantage of a flat character is that
he is recognized easily whenever he appears.
A round character often changes and learns or becomes enlightened, grows
or deteriorates. This is the most perfect way for authors to present the characters
since the author is able to represent them in their wholeness and in their different
aspects. Meaning that the authors present the characters complete from one side
to other and how the characters react differently towards different situation
and/or person encountered (pp. 46-51).
2.1.3 Characterization
Klarer explains about two methods of character presentation in literary
work. The first is explanatory characterization. It describes a person through a
narrator. This technique places the narrator as a judgmental mediator between the
action and the reader. The second is dramatic characterization. This method
creates the impression on the reader that he or she is able to distinguish the acting
figures without any intervening agency, as if witnessing a dramatic performance.
The image of a person is shown only through his or her actions and utterances
without interfering commentary (1998, pp. 19-20).

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
10
According to Grenville characterization is the way that the author presents
the character(s) and this is the process that transforms real life people into
characters in fiction work (1990, p. 36). In relation to characterization, Holman
and Harmon explain that there are three fundamental methods of characterization
in fiction (1980, p. 82). Those are:
1.

The explicit presentation by the author of the character through direct
exposition, they can be placed in introductory block or in the action
throughout the work.

2.

The presentation of the character in the action makes the readers be able to
deduce the attribute of the actor from the action.

3.

The presentation from within a character, without comment on the impact
of the actions and emotions on the character’s inner self will bring the
readers to a clear understanding of the attributes of the character.
According to Murphy there are nine ways to reveal the character’s

personalities and traits to the readers. Those are personal description, character as
seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reaction, direct
comments, thoughts, and mannerism (pp. 161-173).
1.

The first method is personal description. It is related to physical
appearance for which the author gives knowledge to the readers in
understanding the character in a story through his or her facial expression
and what clothes he or she wears.

2.

The second method is character as seen by another. It means that a certain
person’s character can be drawn from another character’s point of view

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
11
and opinion. The author describes the character through the eyes and
opinion of others instead of describing the character directly. He
represents the character’s performance and personality by letting other
character in the story convey to their readers what they are like based on
the character that they encounter. The readers may gain the description as
a reflected image.
3.

The third method is a speech. Through character’s way of talking to other
people or the way he or she conveys the opinion toward something we
know the characteristic of that person. Whenever a person speaks,
whenever he or she is in a conversation with others, whenever he or she
puts forward an opinion, the person is giving us some clues to his or her
character.

4.

The fourth method is past life. The readers find out the character’s past life
by the author’s direct explanation, conversation with others and also by the
others’ opinion toward the character past life. The author gives some
events that have helped to shape the character’s characteristic by learning
something from someone’s past life in the story.

5.

The fifth method is conversation of others. By paying attention to the
conversation of other characters about him or her, we can see a person’s
character in the novel. People often talk about other people and the matter
of the conversation gives us reference to the character’s characteristic.

6.

The sixth method is reactions. It is the way to understand the character’s
character by seeing at his or her reaction if confronted with various

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
12
situations and events in his or her life. Each reaction toward the problems
shows the character’s tendency and this tendency gives the readers a
description about the character’s personality.
7.

The seventh method is direct comment. It is the author who gives his or
her personal reception or comment on the character’s characteristics
directly.

8.

The eighth method is thought. The author give direct knowledge of what a
person is thinking about. Knowing the character’s mind is one way to
know the character.

9.

The last method is mannerisms. The author describes the character’s
mannerisms through habits which may also tell us something about the
character’s personality.

2.1.4 Motivation
According to Kalish motivation could be strong enough to activate goalseeking behavior that began with curious feelings and ended with behavior that
satisfied his need. It means that motivation was seen as something which
activates an act to achieve a certain goal (p. 30).
Beck divided motivation into two types, namely intrinsic motivation and
extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation came from within based on personal
interests, desires, and need for fulfillment. Extrinsic motivation came from
external factors outside of the performer, such as rewards or punishment.
Extrinsic motivation drove the performer to do things for rewards or pressures,
rather than the fun of doing it (p. 144).

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
13
Murray defined motivation as a desire. Motivation was related to behavior
because it involved in all kinds of behaviors such as learning, performing,
perceiving, attending, remembering, forgetting, thinking, creating and feeling. It
affects someone’s behavior because motivation might function as incentive for
someone to behave in a certain manner (p. 7).
According to Petri, motivation is the concept we used when we described
the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior (1981,
pp. 3-4). Petri also stated that Maslow has also developed a motivational theory
that emphasizes the striving to reach one’s full potential as basic to human
motivation and included additional motives besides self-actualization. It meant
that someone’s behavior was related to the needs. It could be described that when
someone needed one thing he would direct his action or behavior to fulfill his
need (1981, p. 301).
According to Petri, Maslow found that human behavior was related to the
needs. Maslow classified motivation into a hierarchy of human needs (1981, p.
301). They are:
1.

Physiological needs
Physiological needs are the primary needs; they are the needs for human

survival, such as the need of air, water, sleep, food and sexual activity. For
example, when a person lacks of food, self-esteem and love, he is going to
demand food first. He will ignore the other needs until the need of food is
fulfilled.

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
14
This is the basic or the beginning point of motivation theory by Maslow.
Physiological needs contain need for food, water, and sex (McClelland, 1985, p.
41). Canon (1932) describes this process for water content of the blood, salt
content, sugar content, protein content, fat content, calcium content, oxygen
content, constant hydrogen-ion level, and constant temperature of the blood
(Maslow, 1987, p. 15). Young (1941, 1948) summarized the work on appetite in
its relation to body needs (as cited in Maslow, 1987, p. 16). When these needs
are met, the next need of the hierarchy emerges as a dominant force in
controlling and directing behavior (as cited in Petri, 1981, p. 303).
2.

Safety needs
In this level human needs stability, dependency, protection, freedom from

fear, anxiety, and chaos; need for structure, order, law and limits, strength in the
protector, and security (1987, p. 18). Maslow states that the needs for safety is
seen as an active and dominant mobilize of the organism’s resources only in real
emergencies, such as war, disease, crime, or chronically bad situations (1987, p.
19). Based on explanation before, safety needs include personal security,
financial security, health and wellbeing and safety against accident or illness.
These needs occur after physiological needs may be fully fulfilled.
3.

Love or Belongingness needs
Love or belongingness needs are on the third level. They are related to

acceptance, affection, giving, and receiving love. People need to be loved,
accepted, and to be needed by others (1987, p. 20). Maslow states that love needs
are strongly not synonymous with sex (1987, p. 21).

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
15
4.

Esteem needs
Esteem need presents human desire to be respected and valued by others.

There are two categories of esteem needs. The first is the needs for self-esteem,
self-confidence, independence and freedom. The second is the needs for gaining
fame, status and recognition by others. (1987, p. 21).
Maslow states that the most stable and most healthy self-esteem is based
on deserved respect from others rather than on external fame or celebrity and
unwarranted adulation (1987, p. 22).
5.

Self-actualization
The needs for self-actualization are considered the final needs. These

needs are the identification of the physiological need for growth, development,
and utilization of potential. Maslow also states behavior of self-actualization
person is motivated by a new set of needs, such as truth, honesty, beauty, and
goodness (Petri, 1981, p. 305).
Furthermore, Maslow states that there are seven exceptions in the
hierarchy (pp. 26-27). The exceptions are:
1.

Some people in whom, for instance, self-esteem seems to be the more
important than love.

2.

The innate creativeness of a person might appear not as self-actualization
released by basic satisfaction, but in spite of lack of basic satisfaction.

3.

In certain people, the level of aspiration may be permanently deadened or
lowered.

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
16
4.

The so-called psychopathic personality is another example of permanent
loss of the love needs.

5.

Another cause of reversal of the hierarchy is that when a need has been
satisfied for a long time, this need may be under-evaluated.

6.

Another partial explanation of apparent reversals is seen in the fact that we
have been talking about the hierarchy of prepotency in terms of
consciously felt wants or desires rather than behavior.

7.

Perhaps more important than all these exceptions are the ones that involve
ideals, high social standards, high values, and the like.

2.2

Theoretical Framework
This study is presented to find the answer of the problem formulation. In

order to make a clear understanding of the study, the writer uses theory of critical
approaches, theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of
motivation by Kalish, Beck, Murray, Petri, and Maslow.
Rohrberger and Woods’s theory of critical approach was used to help the
writer in finding the best approach in order to find the answer of problem
formulation. The approach which was used in this study was psychological
approach. It was because the subject of the study was about human act or human
personality development.
Theory of character was used to find out whether Edmond Dantes’
character was a round or flat character. Meanwhile, in order to find how Edmond
Dantes depicted in the novel the writer uses theory of characterization. These
theories would help the writer in analyzing the main character’s motivation.

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
17
These theories would also help the writer to know the way of main character
fulfilling his needs.
Furthermore, theory of motivation was used to find out whether there was
a motivation. Then, finally writer could get answer of what motivation that was
presented in the main character and also how Edmond Dantes fulfilled his needs.

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

The methodology used in this study involves three parts namely object of
the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. Object of the study is
about physical description of the novel and brief explanation on what the story is
generally about, approach of the study states the approach employed in this study
while method of the study consists of researches used in this study, sources used,
and the steps taken in the analysis.
3.1

Object of the Study
The count of Monte Cristo is the novel that is discussed in this study. This

novel is written by Alexander Dumas. This is a fiction novel. This is one of the
most popular novels ever written. Some other Dumas’s works are The Three
Musketeers, The Black Tulip, Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge, La Dame de
Monsoreau, Georges, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, The Queen's Necklace, La
Reine Margot, The new Troy, Twenty Years After, The Two Dianas, The Vicomte
de Bragelonne, and The Wolf Leader.
The Count of Monte Cristo is a story about a French gentleman, Edmond
Dantes. He was a lucky person, but then betrayed by his friends. He became
prisoner because of his friends’ conspiracy.
Danglars, Edmond Dantes’s friend on Pharon was jealous with Dantes
because the owner of the Pharon would declare Dantes as the new captain of the

18

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

19
ship. Fernand, the cousin of Mercedes was also jealous with Dantes because
Dantes would marry Mercedes.
Danglars became a partner of Fernand. They set a trick to make Edmond
Dantes fail to become a new captain and failed to become Mercedes’ husband.
The trick worked. Edmond Dantes was accused as a Bonapartist faction. Dantes
was brought to the examining magistrate named Mr. De Villefort. Mr Villefort
knew that his father’s name was in trouble. Then Mr. Villefort decided to
imprison Dantes. After knowing the conspiracy, Edmond Dantes set revenge to
Fernand and Danglars.
Dantes escaped from the jail. He got rich after he found the treasure in the
island named Isle of Monte Cristo. He disguised his name sometimes. He
disguised himself as an Italian Priest, a representative of a bank, Lord Wilmore –
English noble man, and Count of Monte Cristo. He disguised as a priest, bank
representative, Lord Wilmore to find some information about his enemies and his
friends.
He came to Marseilles as an Italian Priest to meet his old friend,
Cadreousse. He told Cadreousse that Edmond Dantes had been dead and he
wanted to know the mystery behind Dantes imprisonment. Cadreousse was sad
and told him the truth. Cadreousse told that Danglars and Fernand were jealous
of him. Danglers wrote a letter which claimed Dantes to be a Bonapartist agent
and Fernand posted it.

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

20
Dantes felt it was verified. Then he gave Cadreousse a diamond for the
kindness and the information. Dantes continued the search of the enemies in
order to fulfill his aims.
Then he came to Mr. Morrel because he had been informed that Mr.
Morrel had taken pains to get him released. He had known that Mr. Morrel got
bankrupt. Dantes disguised as a representative of Thomson and French Bank to
help Mr. Morrel. He said to Mr. Morrel’s daughter that she would get a letter to
follow. She followed the instruction of the letter and found that the money Mr.
Morrel owed had been paid.
After Dantes got all information of his enemies and his kind friends, he
disguised as Lord Wilmore and Monte Cristo to give revenge to his enemies. He
did not kill his enemies. He made his enemies got deep suffer. He made his
enemies felt the pain in life as he got.
In this case, there is motivation in every action or behavior of Edmond
Dantes. The motivation is set by Edmond Dantes. That is the object of the study
that will be explained by the writer.
3.2

Approach of the Study
Rohrberger and Woods Jr stated that the psychological approach involves

theory of psychology to explain the characters’ personality in the story. This
approach tries to locate and demonstrate the recurrent human’s patterns by using
his imagination and creation. In this approach, character is the element of literary
work. This approach is applied to discover the character’s personality, which can
be found in symbolic words, thoughts, and actions.

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

21
According to the explanation above, the writer decided to use the
psychological approach. The psychological approach has been selected to be the
most appropriate approach because the objective of the study was about the main
character’s personality.
3.3

Method of the Study
The writer used library research as the method of this study. Data were

gathered from written sources such as books and journals. The novel itself was
used as the main resource.
There were some steps used in analyzing the novel. The first step, the
writer chose a novel that was going to be analyzed in the study. It would be used
as a primary source of the study. The writer chose The Count of Monte Cristo by
Alexander Dumas as the primary source.
The second step was reading the novel. The writer read the novel several
times to get the understanding of the story and the topic of the study and also to
get deep understanding about the story.
The third step was collecting the data. The writer collected some data and
used them to analyze the questions presented in the problem formulation. The
writer did not only use the novel as the primary source in writing this thesis, but
also other references as the secondary sources. The primary source of this study
was the novel called Alexander Dumas’s The Count of Monte Cristo. The
secondary sources were taken from some books that could be used as references.
The data were used to help analyzing the problem and help the writer to get a

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

22
deep analysis about the topic of the study. In the last step, conclusion were drawn
based on the analysis.

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI

CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS

This chapter includes the analysis of the study. It enlightens the finding on
the study. In the simple word, the writer says that this chapter is the answer of the
problem that has been formulated before.
This chapter consists of two sections. The first section discusses the
motivation of Edmond Dantes. The second section discusses all about the way of
Edmond Dantes in fulfilling his needs. Every analysis in this chapter will be
based on the theories which have been explained before.
4.1

Edmond Dantes’ Motivation to Fulfill His Needs
This section discusses Edmond Dantes’ motivation in order to fulfill his

needs. Theories which are used in this section are theory of character and theory
of motivation.
According to Klarer, characters in a literary text can be understood as
individuals or as types (1999, p. 17). Then Stanton, in his book Introduction to
Fiction (1965, pp. 17-18), categorized character into two: major and minor
characters. Major character is a character which dominates the whole story and
always presented to gain the story. Minor character is presented to help the main
character.
Further, Forster, in his book Aspects of the Novel (1927, pp. 46-51),
character is classified into two types. They are flat or static characters and round
or dynamic characters. A flat character is built around “a single idea or quality”

23

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
24
and presented in outline and without much individualizing detail. A flat character
is characterized by one or two traits because we see only one side of him. There
are two advantages of a flat character. The first advantage of a flat character is
that he is recognized easily whenever he comes. A round character often
changes-learns or becomes enlightened, grows or deteriorates. This is the most
perfect way for authors to present the characters since the author are able to
represent them in their wholeness and in their different aspects. Meaning that the
authors present the characters complete from one side to other and how the
characters react differently towards different situation and/or person encountered.
In this study Edmond Dantes is a person that always appears in the novel.
In this novel, Edmond Dantes appears with his complicated situation. Edmond
Dantes appears with three different figures. Edmond Dantes is depicted as a
young and good hearted person. He never thought that he would be imprisoned
because of his friends’ conspiracy. Then, he became a vengeful man. It was
because he lost everything in his life. He fell down into a deep pain of life. He
lost his friends, family and his love-Mercedes. In this novel, with his complex
problem, Edmond Dantes learned from every condition he faced. Edmond Dantes
changes were based on what happened to him in every condition. In other words,
there is motivation behind his changes.
Furthermore, in order to get the answer about Edmond Dantes’ motivation,
the writer will explain all about motivation. According to Beck, motivation is
divided into two type namely intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic motivation comes from within based on personal interests, desires, and

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
25
need for fulfillment. Extrinsic motivation comes from external factors outside of
the performer, such as rewards or punishment. Extrinsic motivation drives the
performer to do things for rewards or pressures, rather than the fun of doing it
(1978, p. 144).
Murray defined motivation as a desire. Motivation is related to behavior
because it involves in all kinds of behaviors such as learning, performing,
perceiving, attending, remembering, forgetting, thinking, creating and feeling. It
affects someone’s behavior because motivation may function as incentive for
someone to behave in a certain manner (p. 7).
The biggest problem that Edmond Dantes faced in his life was being
falsely imprisoned. It made Edmond Dantes lost his rights; rights to get a
comfortable life, to be protected from pain and fear, to be loved, to be respected,
and to be understood.
Danglars reminded, “If the walls of prison were between Edmond and
Mercedes, they could be separated.” They then decided to denounce
Edmond as Bonapartist agent and then Danglars wrote anonymous letter to
the Government prosecutor. To change his writing he wrote it with his left
hand. (Dumas, p. 4)
Dantes was now called out by his cell number thirty four. Years had
passed by and he did not hear of the fall of King Louis XVIII. (Dumas, p.
6)
…
“To some Mr. Nortier.”
“O Lord! Do you know his full name – It is Nortier de Villefort, father of
Villefort, the magistrate.”
Dantes wanted to take revenge, but the right time had not arrived. (Dumas,
p. 8)

PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
26
Based on the explanation above, the writer thinks that the basic motivation
of Edmond Dantes is he wants to take revenge agai