TEACHER TALK IN ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS AT SMP N 2 JATEN KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR Teacher Talk In English Teaching And Learning Process At SMP N 2 Jaten Karanganyar In 2015/2016 Academic Year.
TEACHER TALK IN ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
AT SMP N 2 JATEN KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Derpartment
By
CYNTHIA PUTRI PURWADI
A320120277
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
1
ii
APPROVAL
TEACHER TALK IN ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
AT SMP N 2 JATEN KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
By
CYNTHIA PUTRI PURWADI
A320120277
Approved by
First Consultant
(Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum)
NIK. 274
ii
iii
ACCEPTANCE
TEACHER TALK IN ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
AT SMP N 2 JATEN KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
By
CYNTHIA PUTRI PURWADI
A320120277
Accepted by the Board of Examiner
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Team of Examiner:
1. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(First Examiner)
2.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, S.Pd., M.Hum., Ph. D.
(Second Examiner)
3. Aryati Prasetyarini S.Pd., M.Pd.
(Third Examiner)
Surakarta, Juni 07, 2016
Muhammadiyah University
School of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum.
NIP. 19650428B199303 1001
iii
iv
TESTIMONY
Herewith, I testify that in this research paper there is no plagiarism of the
previous literary work which has been raised to obtain bachelor degrees of
university, nor there are options or masterpiece which have been written or published
by others, except those in which the writing are referred manuscript and mentioned
in the literary review and bibliography.
Hence, later, if it is proven that there are some untrue statements in this
testimony, I will hold fully responsible.
Surakarta, June 07, 2016
The researcher,
Cynthia Putri Purwadi
A320120277
iv
v
MOTTO
Do everything with your Heart, not your Ego.
(Cynthia)
Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other time.
We are the one we have been waiting for.
We are the change that we seek.
(Barack Obama)
v
vi
DEDICATION
This research paper is devoted to the best treasure the writer has:
❤ Allah SWT
The most gracious and the most merciful.
❤ Ibu, Ibu, Ibu (my mother), for her sincerely loves and prays, deeply thanks.
❤ Papah (my father) who always gives blissfulness.
Her beloved daughter is far from being perfect.
❤ Safira (my sister), change the world with your power! Always wish the best for your
future.
❤ My grandfather and grandmother who have supported me to finish my research paper.
vi
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamu’alaikumWr. Wb
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin. All praises belong to Allah SWT to his blessing
and mercies given to the researcher, she can complete her research paper entitled
TEACHER TALK IN ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
AT SMP N 2 JATEN KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
In conducting this research, the researcher got some helps from many people.
On this best occasion, the researcher would like to express her deepest gratitude and
appreciation to the following people:
1.
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum., Dean of Scholl of Teacher Training
and Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D, Head of English Department Muhammadiyah
University,
3.
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum, the first consultant who has patiently
guided the researcher in arranging this work, provided time for consultant, and
gave the researcher nice suggestion,
4.
Giri Lumakto, S. Pd. as the academic consultant who has given the researcher
guidance as long as she studied in Muhammadiyah University,
5.
All lecturers of English Department, for being good educators, guide, and
mentor.
6.
Her beloved parents, Mr. Iwan Purwadi and Mrs. Sri Hartati thanks for their
love, patience, and prayers. You are my eternally love.
7.
Her beloved sister Safira Rizki Purwadi, “you are my kindly sister ever I
have.”
8.
Her big family, who have given care, prayers, and support. “Thank you,”
9.
Thanks to her beloved, Chyntia kurnia puspita and risty intan puspita, “may
Allah always keep our togetherness.”
vii
viii
10.
Thanks to her beloved, Yunita Nurma Setianingrum, Denissa Dyah Ayu
Malikha, Dwi Pangesti, Dini Inge and Fenni Nuri. “May Allah always hear our
best prayer every day. Amin.”
11.
Her friends in English Education Students Organization, thanks a lot for many
experience and everything.
12.
And those who cannot be mentioned one by one toward their support to the
researcher completing this research.
The researcher considers that this research paper is far from being perfect.
Therefore, suggestion and criticisms are welcome and acceptance. He hopes that this
research paper would be valuable for readers.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Surakarta, June 07, 2016
The researcher,
Cynthia Putri Purwadi
A320120277
viii
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE .............................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL ...................................................................................................
ii
ACCEPTANCE ..............................................................................................
iii
TESTIMONY .................................................................................................
iv
MOTTO ..........................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ................................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................
ix
LIST OF TABLE ...........................................................................................
xi
LIST OF APPENDICCES.............................................................................
xii
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................
xiii
RINGKASAN .................................................................................................
xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...................................................................
1
1.1 Background of the Study .........................................................
1
1.2 Problem Statement ...................................................................
3
1.3 Objective of the Study .............................................................
3
1.4 Limitation of the Study ............................................................
3
1.5 Benefit of the Study. ................................................................
4
1.6 Research Paper Organization ...................................................
4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..........................
6
2.1 Previous Study .........................................................................
6
2.2 Underlying Theory ...................................................................
12
2.1.1 Notion of Teacher talk ....................................................
12
2.1.2 The Functional Feature of Teacher Talk .........................
13
2.1.2.1 Communicative function of Teacher Talk ..........
13
2.1.2.2 The Pedagogical Function of Teacher Talk ........
18
2.1.3 Flander’s Interaction Analysis Categories (FIAC) .........
19
2.1.4 Foreign Language Interaction (FLINT) system ..............
21
ix
x
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ......................................................
24
3.1 Type of research Method .........................................................
24
3.2 The Object of the Study ...........................................................
24
3.3 The Setting of the Study...........................................................
25
3.4 The Subject of the Study ..........................................................
25
3.5 The data and Source of the Data ..............................................
25
3.6 Method of Collecting Data .......................................................
26
3.7 Technique of Analyzing Data ..................................................
27
3.8 The Validity and Reliability of the Data ..................................
28
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ....................
30
4.1 Research Finding .....................................................................
30
4.1.1 Language Used in Teacher talk .......................................
30
4.1.2 The Dominant Language Used in Teacher Talk .............
35
4.1.3 The Types of Teacher Talk based on Language Used ....
38
4.1.4 The Dominant Type of Teacher Talk based on Language
Used ................................................................................
57
4.2 Discussion ................................................................................
59
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION AND
SUGGETION .........................................................................
61
5.1 Conclusion ...............................................................................
61
5.2 Pedagogical Implication...........................................................
62
5.3 Suggestion ...............................................................................
63
BIBLIOGRAPHY
x
xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.1 Utterance Language Used in Teacher Talk ......................................
35
Table 4.2 Frequency of occurrence Language Used in Teacher Talk..............
36
Table 4.3 Type of Teacher Talk in Javanese Language ...................................
41
Table 4.4 Type of Teacher Talk in Indonesian Language ...............................
47
Table 4.5 Type of Teacher Talk in Arabic Language ......................................
47
Table 4.6 Type of Teacher Talk in English Language .....................................
52
Table 4.7 Type of Teacher Talk in Mixed Language.......................................
56
Table 4.8 Frequency of Teacher Talk Types Based on Language Used ..........
57
xi
xii
LIST OF APPENDICCES
Appendix 1
Classification Types of Teacher talk .......................................
67
Appendix 2
Transcript of Observations ......................................................
118
Appendix 3
Photos of Teaching and Learning ............................................
162
xii
xiii
SUMMARY
CYNTHIA PUTRI PURWADI. A 320 120 277. TEACHER TALK IN ENGLISH
TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS AT SMP N 2 JATEN
KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR. Research Paper. The
Teacher Training and Education Faculty. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
June 07, 2016.
This research paper is aimed to describe language used in teacher talk, the
dominant language used in teacher talk, the types of teacher talk, and the dominant
type of teacher talk found in English teaching and learning process at SMP N 2 Jaten
Karanganyar. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The
methods of collecting data in this research are observation, recording and document.
This research uses five technique for analyzing the data namely re-reading, coding,
counting, tabulating, and building conclusion. There are 952 numbers data to be
analyzed using FLINT theory.
The study shows that there are five languages that are used by the teacher.
Data reveals that the most frequent language used of teacher talk formed by the three
teachers in English teaching and learning process is Indonesian language. This study
finds 9 types out of 11 types of teacher talk which are filled attention getter (0, 7%),
praise and encourages (4%), repeat student response verbatim (0, 9%), ask questions
(48%), giving information (22%), correct without rejection (0,2%), give directions
(22%), criticize student behavior (2%), criticize student response (0, 2%). The three
teachers show that the dominant type of teacher talk mostly presented by them are
asking questions.
Keywords: language used, teacher talk, type of teacher talk.
xiii
xiv
RINGKASAN
CYNTHIA PUTRI PURWADI. A 320 120 277. UJARAN GURU DI DALAM
PROSES MENGAJAR DAN BELAJAR DI SMP N 2 JATEN
KARANGANYAR TAHUN 2015/2016. SKRIPSI. FAKULTAS KEGURUAN
DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN. UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMDIYAH SURAKARTA,
June 07, 2016.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan bahasa di dalam
ujaran guru, penggunaan bahasa yang paling banyak di gunakan oleh guru, tipetipe dari ujaran guru, dan tipe dari ujaran guru yang paling banyak digunakan di
dalam proses belajar mengajar di SMP N 2 Jaten Karanganyar. Jenis penelitian ini
adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini
antara lain observasi, rekaman, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan lima
teknik untuk menganalisis data yaitu membaca ulang, pengkategorian,
penghitungan, menyusun tabel, dan membuat kesimpulan. Ada 952 data yang di
analisis menggunakan teori FLINT.
Penemuan dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ada lima bahasa yang
digunakan oleh guru. Berdasarkan jumlah data menunjukan bahwa penggunaan
bahasa yang paling sering di gunakan oleh ketiga guru di dalam proses belajar
mengajar adalah bahasa Indonesi. Penelitian ini menemukan 9 tipe dari 11 tipe di
dalam ujaran guru yaitu attention getter (0, 7%), praise and encourages (4%),
repeat student response verbatim (0, 9%), ask questions (48%), giving information
(22%), correct without rejection (0,2%), give directions (22%), criticize student
behaviour (2%), criticize student response (0, 2%). Dari ketiga guru menunjukan
bahwa tipe yang paling banyak ditemukan di dalam ujaran guru adalah asking
questions.
Kata Kunci: penggunaan bahasa, ujaran guru, tipe dari ujaran guru.
xiv
AT SMP N 2 JATEN KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Derpartment
By
CYNTHIA PUTRI PURWADI
A320120277
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
1
ii
APPROVAL
TEACHER TALK IN ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
AT SMP N 2 JATEN KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
RESEARCH PAPER
By
CYNTHIA PUTRI PURWADI
A320120277
Approved by
First Consultant
(Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum)
NIK. 274
ii
iii
ACCEPTANCE
TEACHER TALK IN ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
AT SMP N 2 JATEN KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
By
CYNTHIA PUTRI PURWADI
A320120277
Accepted by the Board of Examiner
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Team of Examiner:
1. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(First Examiner)
2.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, S.Pd., M.Hum., Ph. D.
(Second Examiner)
3. Aryati Prasetyarini S.Pd., M.Pd.
(Third Examiner)
Surakarta, Juni 07, 2016
Muhammadiyah University
School of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum.
NIP. 19650428B199303 1001
iii
iv
TESTIMONY
Herewith, I testify that in this research paper there is no plagiarism of the
previous literary work which has been raised to obtain bachelor degrees of
university, nor there are options or masterpiece which have been written or published
by others, except those in which the writing are referred manuscript and mentioned
in the literary review and bibliography.
Hence, later, if it is proven that there are some untrue statements in this
testimony, I will hold fully responsible.
Surakarta, June 07, 2016
The researcher,
Cynthia Putri Purwadi
A320120277
iv
v
MOTTO
Do everything with your Heart, not your Ego.
(Cynthia)
Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other time.
We are the one we have been waiting for.
We are the change that we seek.
(Barack Obama)
v
vi
DEDICATION
This research paper is devoted to the best treasure the writer has:
❤ Allah SWT
The most gracious and the most merciful.
❤ Ibu, Ibu, Ibu (my mother), for her sincerely loves and prays, deeply thanks.
❤ Papah (my father) who always gives blissfulness.
Her beloved daughter is far from being perfect.
❤ Safira (my sister), change the world with your power! Always wish the best for your
future.
❤ My grandfather and grandmother who have supported me to finish my research paper.
vi
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamu’alaikumWr. Wb
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin. All praises belong to Allah SWT to his blessing
and mercies given to the researcher, she can complete her research paper entitled
TEACHER TALK IN ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
AT SMP N 2 JATEN KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR
In conducting this research, the researcher got some helps from many people.
On this best occasion, the researcher would like to express her deepest gratitude and
appreciation to the following people:
1.
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum., Dean of Scholl of Teacher Training
and Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2.
Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph. D, Head of English Department Muhammadiyah
University,
3.
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum, the first consultant who has patiently
guided the researcher in arranging this work, provided time for consultant, and
gave the researcher nice suggestion,
4.
Giri Lumakto, S. Pd. as the academic consultant who has given the researcher
guidance as long as she studied in Muhammadiyah University,
5.
All lecturers of English Department, for being good educators, guide, and
mentor.
6.
Her beloved parents, Mr. Iwan Purwadi and Mrs. Sri Hartati thanks for their
love, patience, and prayers. You are my eternally love.
7.
Her beloved sister Safira Rizki Purwadi, “you are my kindly sister ever I
have.”
8.
Her big family, who have given care, prayers, and support. “Thank you,”
9.
Thanks to her beloved, Chyntia kurnia puspita and risty intan puspita, “may
Allah always keep our togetherness.”
vii
viii
10.
Thanks to her beloved, Yunita Nurma Setianingrum, Denissa Dyah Ayu
Malikha, Dwi Pangesti, Dini Inge and Fenni Nuri. “May Allah always hear our
best prayer every day. Amin.”
11.
Her friends in English Education Students Organization, thanks a lot for many
experience and everything.
12.
And those who cannot be mentioned one by one toward their support to the
researcher completing this research.
The researcher considers that this research paper is far from being perfect.
Therefore, suggestion and criticisms are welcome and acceptance. He hopes that this
research paper would be valuable for readers.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Surakarta, June 07, 2016
The researcher,
Cynthia Putri Purwadi
A320120277
viii
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE .............................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL ...................................................................................................
ii
ACCEPTANCE ..............................................................................................
iii
TESTIMONY .................................................................................................
iv
MOTTO ..........................................................................................................
v
DEDICATION ................................................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................
ix
LIST OF TABLE ...........................................................................................
xi
LIST OF APPENDICCES.............................................................................
xii
SUMMARY ....................................................................................................
xiii
RINGKASAN .................................................................................................
xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...................................................................
1
1.1 Background of the Study .........................................................
1
1.2 Problem Statement ...................................................................
3
1.3 Objective of the Study .............................................................
3
1.4 Limitation of the Study ............................................................
3
1.5 Benefit of the Study. ................................................................
4
1.6 Research Paper Organization ...................................................
4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..........................
6
2.1 Previous Study .........................................................................
6
2.2 Underlying Theory ...................................................................
12
2.1.1 Notion of Teacher talk ....................................................
12
2.1.2 The Functional Feature of Teacher Talk .........................
13
2.1.2.1 Communicative function of Teacher Talk ..........
13
2.1.2.2 The Pedagogical Function of Teacher Talk ........
18
2.1.3 Flander’s Interaction Analysis Categories (FIAC) .........
19
2.1.4 Foreign Language Interaction (FLINT) system ..............
21
ix
x
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ......................................................
24
3.1 Type of research Method .........................................................
24
3.2 The Object of the Study ...........................................................
24
3.3 The Setting of the Study...........................................................
25
3.4 The Subject of the Study ..........................................................
25
3.5 The data and Source of the Data ..............................................
25
3.6 Method of Collecting Data .......................................................
26
3.7 Technique of Analyzing Data ..................................................
27
3.8 The Validity and Reliability of the Data ..................................
28
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ....................
30
4.1 Research Finding .....................................................................
30
4.1.1 Language Used in Teacher talk .......................................
30
4.1.2 The Dominant Language Used in Teacher Talk .............
35
4.1.3 The Types of Teacher Talk based on Language Used ....
38
4.1.4 The Dominant Type of Teacher Talk based on Language
Used ................................................................................
57
4.2 Discussion ................................................................................
59
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION AND
SUGGETION .........................................................................
61
5.1 Conclusion ...............................................................................
61
5.2 Pedagogical Implication...........................................................
62
5.3 Suggestion ...............................................................................
63
BIBLIOGRAPHY
x
xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.1 Utterance Language Used in Teacher Talk ......................................
35
Table 4.2 Frequency of occurrence Language Used in Teacher Talk..............
36
Table 4.3 Type of Teacher Talk in Javanese Language ...................................
41
Table 4.4 Type of Teacher Talk in Indonesian Language ...............................
47
Table 4.5 Type of Teacher Talk in Arabic Language ......................................
47
Table 4.6 Type of Teacher Talk in English Language .....................................
52
Table 4.7 Type of Teacher Talk in Mixed Language.......................................
56
Table 4.8 Frequency of Teacher Talk Types Based on Language Used ..........
57
xi
xii
LIST OF APPENDICCES
Appendix 1
Classification Types of Teacher talk .......................................
67
Appendix 2
Transcript of Observations ......................................................
118
Appendix 3
Photos of Teaching and Learning ............................................
162
xii
xiii
SUMMARY
CYNTHIA PUTRI PURWADI. A 320 120 277. TEACHER TALK IN ENGLISH
TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS AT SMP N 2 JATEN
KARANGANYAR IN 2015/2016 ACADEMIC YEAR. Research Paper. The
Teacher Training and Education Faculty. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
June 07, 2016.
This research paper is aimed to describe language used in teacher talk, the
dominant language used in teacher talk, the types of teacher talk, and the dominant
type of teacher talk found in English teaching and learning process at SMP N 2 Jaten
Karanganyar. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research. The
methods of collecting data in this research are observation, recording and document.
This research uses five technique for analyzing the data namely re-reading, coding,
counting, tabulating, and building conclusion. There are 952 numbers data to be
analyzed using FLINT theory.
The study shows that there are five languages that are used by the teacher.
Data reveals that the most frequent language used of teacher talk formed by the three
teachers in English teaching and learning process is Indonesian language. This study
finds 9 types out of 11 types of teacher talk which are filled attention getter (0, 7%),
praise and encourages (4%), repeat student response verbatim (0, 9%), ask questions
(48%), giving information (22%), correct without rejection (0,2%), give directions
(22%), criticize student behavior (2%), criticize student response (0, 2%). The three
teachers show that the dominant type of teacher talk mostly presented by them are
asking questions.
Keywords: language used, teacher talk, type of teacher talk.
xiii
xiv
RINGKASAN
CYNTHIA PUTRI PURWADI. A 320 120 277. UJARAN GURU DI DALAM
PROSES MENGAJAR DAN BELAJAR DI SMP N 2 JATEN
KARANGANYAR TAHUN 2015/2016. SKRIPSI. FAKULTAS KEGURUAN
DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN. UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMDIYAH SURAKARTA,
June 07, 2016.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan bahasa di dalam
ujaran guru, penggunaan bahasa yang paling banyak di gunakan oleh guru, tipetipe dari ujaran guru, dan tipe dari ujaran guru yang paling banyak digunakan di
dalam proses belajar mengajar di SMP N 2 Jaten Karanganyar. Jenis penelitian ini
adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini
antara lain observasi, rekaman, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan lima
teknik untuk menganalisis data yaitu membaca ulang, pengkategorian,
penghitungan, menyusun tabel, dan membuat kesimpulan. Ada 952 data yang di
analisis menggunakan teori FLINT.
Penemuan dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ada lima bahasa yang
digunakan oleh guru. Berdasarkan jumlah data menunjukan bahwa penggunaan
bahasa yang paling sering di gunakan oleh ketiga guru di dalam proses belajar
mengajar adalah bahasa Indonesi. Penelitian ini menemukan 9 tipe dari 11 tipe di
dalam ujaran guru yaitu attention getter (0, 7%), praise and encourages (4%),
repeat student response verbatim (0, 9%), ask questions (48%), giving information
(22%), correct without rejection (0,2%), give directions (22%), criticize student
behaviour (2%), criticize student response (0, 2%). Dari ketiga guru menunjukan
bahwa tipe yang paling banyak ditemukan di dalam ujaran guru adalah asking
questions.
Kata Kunci: penggunaan bahasa, ujaran guru, tipe dari ujaran guru.
xiv