THE EFFECT OF FAILURES IN ACHIEVING BELONGINGNESS AND LOVE NEEDS IN MIZOGUCHI’S LIFE SEEN IN MISHIMA’S THE TEMPLE OF THE GOLDEN PAVILION

  

THE EFFECT OF FAILURES IN ACHIEVING

BELONGINGNESS AND LOVE NEEDS IN MIZOGUCHI’S LIFE

SEEN IN MISHIMA’S THE TEMPLE OF THE GOLDEN

  

PAVILION

  AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

CAECILIA MURYANI

  Student Number: 004214120

  

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

  

LET YOUR HOPE KEEP YOU JOYFUL

BE PATIENT IN YOUR TROUBLES,

AND PRAY AT ALL TIME

(ROMANS 12: 12)

  This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to: My Beloved Parents: Pak Dar and Bu Dar My Brothers and Sisters My Lovely Friends

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank the Almighty Jesus Christ for His guidance.

  He has given His blessing to me so that I could finally finish my thesis.

  I would also like to express my deep gratitude to those who have given me a great amount of help, support and guidance in writing this undergraduate thesis. I am particularly grateful to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum., as my advisor, who has guided me patently in the writing process and has given me time to consult this thesis until it is done. I am also grateful to Mrs. Dewi Widyastuti, S. Pd., M. Hum, my co- advisor, for reading my undergraduate thesis and for corrections and suggestions to improve my undergraduate thesis. I would also like to thank all lectures and staffs in secretariat of the English Letters Study Programme of Sanata Dharma University.

  I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved father, L. M. Daryono and my mother M.M. Adi Mursih. They have prayed and given their care, patience, and support. I also would like to give my regard to my brothers, Wawan and Hendrawan. My special thank goes to my best friends in English Letters Study Programme of 2000, especially Rita, Titin Wiwin, Angel, Novi, Andrie and Siti for their support and time in giving me a great moment of friendship. I give my special thanks to Wahyu

  

Captain, Bayou, Andi, Husein, and Widi Kuncoro Sakti. They all give me

  encouragement at the most frustrating and critical moments. I would also like to give my regards to Emy, Devie, Adin, Siegfrieda, Wina, Vita, Rika, Ana and Donata. They all have given me great memories, motivation, spirit and I learn a lot from our

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ...................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................. iii MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................. iv DEDICATION PAGE................................................................................... v ACKNLOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................. viii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. ix ABSTRAK .................................................................................................... x

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1

  1 A. Background of the Study.............................................................

  5 B. Problem Formulation ..................................................................

  5 C. Objectives of the Study ...............................................................

  

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................ 6

  6 A. Review of Related Studies ..........................................................

  8 B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................

  8 1. Theory of Character and Characterization .....................

  2. Theory of Personality...................................................... 11

  3. Theory of Motivation ...................................................... 13

  4. Theory of Loneliness....................................................... 17

  5. The Relation between Literature and Psychology .......... 19

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 22 A. Object of the Study ..................................................................... 22 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................ 23 C. Method of the Study.................................................................... 24 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 26 A. The Characteristics of Mizoguchi ............................................... 26 B. Mizoguchi’s reason in Searching Belongingness and Love Needs...........................................................................

  34 C. The Effect of the failures in achieving Belongingness and Love Needs...........................................................................

  44 CHAPTER V: Conclusion.......................................................................... 54

  BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 56 APPENDICES ............................................................................................. 58

  

ABSTRACT

  CAECILIA MURYANI (2008). The Effect of Failures In Achieving Belongingness

  

and Love Needs in Mizoguchi’s Life seen in Mishima’s The Temple of the Golden

Pavilion Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata

Dharma University.

  As a living creature, human beings will try to fulfill their needs. There are two basic needs of human being. Firstly is the physical needed and the next is psychological need. Failure in fulfilling the need for living might cause someone experience psychological problem. In The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, Yukio Mishima showed the darkness of human characteristics through the character of Mizoguchi. His failure in fulfilling his needs affect his behavior. In the end of the story, he killed all the people he loved.

  In this thesis, the writer analyzed the effect or the consequence of failure in fulfilling the need experienced by Mizoguchi in Mishima’s novel from psychological point of view. This thesis has three objectives. First is to know the characteristics of Mizoguchi. Second is to know Mizoguchi’s reason in achieving his need. The last one is to know the effect of failure in fulfilling the need of love and belongingness in Mizoguchi’s characteristics.

  The writer of this thesis did a library study in order to answer the problems presented. The writer used psychological approach to identify how the failure affects Mizoguchi’s life.

  The writer concluded that Mizoguchi’s failure in fulfilling his need affect his behavior. Mizoguchi was once an introvert, quiet person but had good emotional control. After he had failed in his adventure in ordered to fulfill his need of love and belongingness, he transformed into a person whose behavior tends to be negative. Mizoguchi had never received enough attention from his parents, and that condition was worsening since he had no friends. That situation made him feel lonely, and for this reason he wanted to look for belonging and love in Kinkakuji temple. He hoped that he could find the real relationship among human being in the temple so that he could get belonging and love needs. His failures to find the meaning of real human relationship made him feel depressed and can not live in peace with his surrounding. Mizoguchi killed all people in the temple, in which those people are the people he loved.

  

ABSTRAK

  CAECILIA MURYANI (2008). The Effect of Failures In Achieving Belongingness

  

and Love Needs in Mizoguchi’s Life seen in Mishima’s The Temple of the Golden

Pavilion Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata

Dharma.

  Sebagai mahkluk hidup, manusia akan berusaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mereka. Ada dua macam kebutuhan dasar manusia, yang pertama adalah kebutuhan fisiologis dan yang kedua adalah kebutuhan psikologis. Kegagalan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidup, dapat menyebabkan seseorang mengalami gangguan secara psikologis. Di novel, The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, Yukio Mishima memunculkan sisi gelap dari karakter manusia lewat karkter Mizoguchi. Kegagalan dirinya dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya membawa dampak pada tingkah lakunya. Pada akhir cerita, dia membunuh semua orang yang dia sayangi.

  Pada skripsi ini, penulis akan menganalisis efek atau dampak kegagalan pemenuhan kebutuhan dari Mizoguchi yang ditinjau dari segi psikologi pada novel Mishima. Ada tiga tujuan yang disajikan dalam skripsi ini. Tujuan pertama adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik Mizoguchi. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengetahui alasan Mizoguchi untuk mendapatkan atau memenuhi kebutuhanya. Tujuan ketiga adalah untuk mengetahui dampak dari kegagalan memenuhi kebutuhan akan kasih sayang dan cinta terhadap kehidupan Mizoguchi.

  Penulis melakukan tinjauan pustaka untuk menjawab permasalahan di skripsi ini. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologi untuk mengetahui bagaimana kegagalan tersebut mempengaruhi kehidupan Mizoguchi.

  Kemudian, penulis dapat mengambil kesimpulan bahwa kegagalan Mizoguchi dalam memenuhi kebuthuhannya membawa dampak pada tingkah lakunya. Mizoguchi berubah mejadi berkelakuan negatif. Mizoguchi, yang dulunya seorang yang tertutup, pendiam, mempunyai kontrol yang baik terhadap emosi. Setelah dia gagal dalam pencariannya untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya akan penghargaan dan kasih sayang, dia berubah menjadi seseorang yang cenderung berperilaku negatif. Mizoguchi tidak pernah mendapatkan perhatian dari orang tuanya. Keadaan itu diperparah karena dia tidak mempunyai teman. Keadaan itu membuat dia merasa kesepian. Alasan inilah yang membuat dia ingin mencari penghargaan dan kasih sayang di dalam kuil Kinkakuji. Dia berharap bahwa di kuil itulah dia akan menemukan hubungan yang sesungguhnya antar umat manusia, dimana dia bisa mendapatkan kasih sayang. Kegagalan dia untuk menemukan arti dari sebuah hubungan antar umat manusia membuat dia depresi dan membuat dia tidak bisa hidup dengan damai bersama orang- orang disekelilingnya. Mizoguchi mampu membunuh semua orang yang berada di kuil dan orang-orang itu merupakan orang yang dia

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study As living creatures, human beings are not perfect. That is why human beings

  will always change. Morris states that personality is a person’s psychological signature which related to motives, tendencies, outlooks, and emotions. Each person will change their psychological signature as a respond to the world (1990: 450). Another statement is coming from Hurlock; she states that human always experiences personality changes. These changes are influenced by many factors, such as their needs which also change all the time and the society or the important person around him or her (1976: 19). Human personality continuously changes and progresses. The changes depend on each individual, how they will deal with many situations in their lives.

  In every movement or action, people have motivation behind their attitude. Maslow defines motivation which relates to the human needs. The theory is known as Maslow’s hierarchical theory of motivation. The needs are included physiological and psychological needs. According to Maslow (1981: 368- 373) the needs are physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self actualization. It is important in achieving the needs because it becomes the basic purpose of human beings. However, it is not easy to fulfill the needs, since life is hard

  Based on Maslow’s theory, seen from the psychological aspect, the writer considers that the belongingness and love needs are the most important aspect. As stated by Hauck (1983: 16), many people would put love as their most important human need. In order to survive or satisfy the needs, a person needs to build an interaction with others. It is because humans are known as a social being. They cannot survive without other’s help. Since it is not easy in making the relationship, sometimes problems may arise in human’s relationship. Furthermore, if an individual perceives that he or she is powerless and live in disharmony with his or her surrounding, it will result alienation. In addition, according to Maslow the failure to satisfy the human basic needs can bring an impact toward an individual’s psychological life. The failure to satisfy the needs can be one of the motivations which can cause some reaction which sometimes can not be easily known. His attitude may be a result of an influence from his surrounding or from him or herself, or it can be both.

  Human beings can not avoid the process of changes in their life; they will always change because later experiences can modify the effects of the early experiences. The early experiences are starting in home environment. It is because the earliest year of life is beginning at home. In other words, family has important role to form one’s personality. Sometimes, people are unaware that the early environment in a person’s life plays a great role in shaping his or her personality. A warmth family is The feeling of belongingness and love can also teach them how to share, appreciate and respect others.

  In fact, it is not only children who need to be loved but also everyone else. If everyone has the feeling belongingness and love, people could live in harmony.

  Belongingness in here means acceptance. Everyone wants to be accepted by his surrounding, even though they have to do something which they do not like.

  Acceptance is one of the important aspects that people should pay attention. Nowadays, a person who does not have good ability in every aspect and does not have attractive look is hard to be accepted by the society. That is why he or she experience alienation. Life is harder for a person who was born with unattractive physics, comes from simple or poor family and does not have enough ability.

  Besides losing freedom, human beings also experience other greatest suffering that is losing the meaning of truly human relationship. Such as the feeling of unwanted, unloved, isolated from his surrounding, etc. Losing the meaning of truly human relationship can bring an impact toward a person’s personality development.

  These problems may not arise if each person has the feeling of belongingness and love. Nowadays, it seems hard in achieving the belongingness and love needs, since each person only think about their own matter. That is why problems, chaos, vandalism could be happened. Love can be definite as appreciation, forgiveness, cares, affection, and respect. The losing of truly human relationship could be seen his friend’s mother because he can not accept her reprimand when he stays in his friend’s house.

  The issues above are also seen in Mishima’s The Temple of the Golden

  

Pavilion. Mishima shows how the lack of love and belongingness could bring such

  great impact toward a person’s personality. In this novel, Mishima shows a portrait of a young acolyte who failed to satisfy his needs. His name is Mizoguchi. His unpleasant memory when he was a child taunted him. His life seems complicated; he has many problems in his life. At the end of the story, it tells how Mizoguchi decided to get his freedom in order to end his misery life. He takes an extreme action with killing people he cares about. The novel is interesting because it does not merely about romance or other usual aspects that people found. On the contrary, this novel contains psychological problems, such as the feeling of pressure, alienation, obsession, hatred, loneliness, and depression.

  Mishima’s exploration on human weakness in this story is interesting. In the story, Mishima shows how the failure in achieving one of human needs can make a person doing such an extreme action which can not imagine before. Yukio Mishima’s known as one of the best Asian writer. He won on international acclaim and numerous literary prizes. In this study, the writer chooses The Temple of the Golden

  

Pavilion translated by Ivan Morris. In this novel, Mishima explore human’s common

  problem which is not far from the failure to satisfy is human’s needs. The failure to study is on the life of the main character. Why Mizoguchi tries to achieve the belongingness and love needs? How is Mizoguchi’s failure affecting his life?

B. Problem Formulation

  In this study, the writer formulates three problems that will be analyzed. The problem formulations are presented as follow:

  1. How are Mizoguchi’s characteristics presented in the novel?

  2. Why does Mizoguchi try to achieve the belongingness and love needs?

  3. How is Mizoguchi’s failure in achieving his needs affect him?

C. Objectives of the Study

  The purpose of this study is to get deeper understanding about the novel by answering the problem formulations as the focus of this study. Therefore based on the problem formulations stated previously, the study has three aims.

  First, this study is intended to find out the characteristics of Mizoguchi. It is necessary because Mizoguchi becomes the central of this study. His characteristics are considered as real as common human beings who can be seen nowadays. By knowing his characteristics, it will help the writer to find out his reason in trying to achieve his needs. The last objective of this study is to describe the impact of Mizoguchi’s failure in satisfying his needs toward his life.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies There are some criticisms toward Mishima’s work on The Temple of the Golden Pavilion. Yasunari Kawabata, the first Japanese writer who won a Nobel Prize, gave a statement “a writer of (Mishima’s) caliber only appears once over 200-

  300 years. No Japanese writer before or after his death has received the extent of international attention and administration bestowed upon Mishima” (http://www.geocities.com/westHollywod /375/Mishima.html).

  The Temple of the Golden Pavilion is based on an actual event in 1950. It

  depicted the burning of the celebrated temple of Kyoto by a young Buddhist monk, who is angered at his own physical ugliness, and prevents the famous temple from falling into foreign hands during the American occupation (http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mishima.htm). Ross in the introduction of Mishima’s The

  Temple of the Golden Pavilion commented, “Yukio Mishima appears chiefly in the

  imaginative re-creation of a psychotic acolyte’s life and a detail portrayal of tee steps that lead to his last desperate, destructive act”. Further she says that the novel is rich in scenes, incidents, episodes which, though developed in great detail, often leave the reader uncertain as to their meaning and portent in relation to the story’s main line

  Andress Roman from Santiago wrote “ from all Mishima’s works The Temple

  of the Golden Pavilion is one of his most extraordinary works, his linguistic use to

  describe psychological extreme situations and the sense of beauty surrounding them and innate to their being, acquires here an epic touch” (http://www.mnsu.edu.// comdis/kuster/Bookstore/shortview.html). A criticism taken from http://www.washburn.edu/reference/bridge24/Mishima.html, states that the Temple of

  the Golden Pavilion is more substantial book; it is based on a real life story. It is a

  novel of psychological analysis. A kind of turning of Zen Buddhism is used to explore the tensions between illusion and reality, love and hate, beauty and ugliness.

  Philip Shabecoff conveys “Yukio Mishima’s novel, The Temple of the Golden

  Pavilion was his masterpiece. Mishima is really going at it with his whole heart. He

  has a tremendous gift of words, and it has never been richer than this new book. In Japan the novel is a masterpiece.” In the novel’s soaring climax, Mizoguchi tries desperately to free himself from his fixation (www.booksmilion.com/ncom/books?pid=9780679752707). Mr. Keene on Japanese

  Literature: An Introduction for Western Readers wrote that The Temple of the Golden Pavilion is Mishima’s third book to be published in the USA, making him the best-

  represented Japanese novelist here. His earlier works were all of great interest, but the

  Temple of the Golden Pavilion establishes Mishima’s claim as one of the outstanding

  young writers in the world (http://partners.nytimes.com/books/98/10/25/specials

  Another reviewer named Kalem, wrote that the late Japanese writer Yukio Mishima in the Temple of the Golden Pavilion told about the life of a young man with such woefully abraded nerves that he feels asphyxiated by a sense of the past (http://www.time.com/time/archive/printout/0,23657,910169,00.html).

  Based on those views, the writer believes that this novel is worth further analysis. Those views can be the writer’s guide line to discuss more deeply about the main character. As stated by some reviewers that this novel is connected with psychological aspect, so the writer will discuss the main character more deeply from the psychological side which cause changes in Mizoguchi’s characteristics. It is different from other reviewers because this study not only sees the character itself but also the psychological factors which influence the character toward his behavior. The writer will take Mizoguchi’s failures in achieving his needs seen from one of the psychological factors. This topic will be used as the research of this study.

B. Review of Related Theories

  In this study, the writer needs some theories as the basic guidance in answering the problems that become the focus in this study. In this study, the writer uses five theories as the guidelines.

1. Theories of Character and Characterization

  A character is the most important element in the literary works, especially

  Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms defines characters as “ the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say (the dialogue) and what they do (the action).” Meanwhile, the main character is the most important person in the story. It can be the center of the story. Usually the acts of the story are focused to this character from the beginning to the ending parts (1981: 20).

  Barnett in his book Literary for Composition says that the character is the cause of events that happen in a story since he has his character traits and he responses to the other character he meets. Barnett adds that character is defined into two meanings the first is a figure in a literary work and the second is a figure of someone’s personality that divided into mental and moral qualities. The writer will use the second term for this study because it deals with the psychological factors of the person. There are some important factors that must be considered when the readers want to know more about the character. First is what the character says and does. Through the character’s own attitude and way of speaking, they will know deeply what kind of character that he observes. The second is what the other character’s comment and action toward the character (1988: 71).

  According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods Jr. in Reading and

  

Writing about Literature, the process by which an author creates a character is called and the degree of sensitivity of the character. Second, he can use dramatic means and place the character in situations to show what the character is by the way he speaks or behaves (1971: 20). The readers can know the characterization from the appearance, behavior and the dialogue of the characters.

  Holman and Harmon (1986: 83) point out that character may be static or dynamic based on their development and changes. Static characters are characters which do not undergo any changes in their behavior, appearance, disposition and their way of thinking. Till the end of the story, they remain as they are in the beginning of the story. The second is dynamic character. Dynamic characters undergo changes in their personalities, outlook, and the way of thinking. The experience and actions they do from their characters. The outside forces such as the other characters, conflicts and actions, and the internal forces such as belief and desire may change their character.

  A dynamic character may change to better character, but the changes can also become worse rather than in the beginning of the story.

  In the flow of the story, a character may remain either stable or undergo changes. Based on the assumption above, Perrine classifies characters into two types, namely static and developing or dynamic characters. The former term concerns with characters that remain stable and do not undergo changes in their appearance or personalities during the course of the story. The later one relates to the character that undergoes changes in personality or outlook from the beginning to the end of the negative changes because their condition becomes worse (1974: 71). A static character is a person who does not come to the development of the character although he faces many problems in his life. On the other hand, dynamic character is based on the change of the character, whether the change of the personality or the outlooks.

  Changed characters can be change in better or worse characters.

  William Hudson wrote an author’s success in characterization depends on his method in giving detailed description toward his characters. In a play performance, characterization can be shown from gestures, make up, customs, and the look of the characters. Different with novel, all those principles descriptions are based merely on orders imagination only. Thus, it is very important for an author to give vivid description about his characters. There are two methods of characterizing characters in a story: direct or analytical and indirect or dramatic methods. In the former method, a novelist pictures his characters from outside, gives the reader detailed information. The novelist informs their passion, motives, thought, and feeling, explains and comments. The author also gives judgment upon his characters. In the later method, a novelist leaves the characters to reveal themselves through their dialogues and action, and portrait of a character through comment or judgment from other characters (1958: 147).

2. Theory of Personality

  can occur when there is a condition that leads to new emotion, information, or responses (1981: 533). The earliest years of life are important to form the basis for an adult personality. However, there is no final personality. Therefore, he or she then may behave in a totally new way, it means that new emotions may be formed and new attitudes will develop. Moreover, Byrne and Kelley, point out also that when an individual is faced to new facts, there may be dramatic changes in the info-belief system, new expectancies, and perhaps new emotional responses and attitudes as well.

  Elizabeth Hurlock in her book Personality Development stated that an individual’s personality pattern is the product of learning during the course of social relationships with people both within and outside his home. There are three major factors which determine the development of one personality pattern. First of all is the individual’s heredity endowment, the second is the early experiences within one’s family, and the last is important events outside one’s home environment. Therefore one’s personality pattern comes from the interaction of the second and third factors (1974: 19). This statement above means that personality development depends on the important events that happen in a person’s early life and the persons who take part in them.

  According to Kalish, although later in life other people become important, however, parents are the most influential figures in his first years. In other words,

  The personality development can be influenced by some factors. Horton and Hunt say that the factors that can influence the personality are heredity, physical environment, and culture (1980: 114). Heredity is an inherent factor from our parents, which is presented from born. Physical environment is the environment around us, such as parents, siblings, friends, and other people. Culture in society would also lead a development in a personality through experiences which were experienced by the people in the society.

3. Theory of Motivation

  Lewin pointed out that several forces may at the same time give influence on behavior; thus behavior was the result of the total forces acting upon the individual.

  In Lewin’s theory, “the behavior of individual is seen in relation to both internal and external forces acting upon individual. Behavior is regarded as the result of the conditions presents within the person and the psychological environment in which that person is immersed” (1981: 225).

  According to Lewin, there are two factors that lead someone to do something. There are physiological needs and psychological needs. Physiological needs related to the physic need, such as hunger, thirst, need to rest, to experience specific type of contact and need to rest; while psychological needs connected to the emotion of someone’s need. It can be anything that can satisfy or unsatisfied our deep desire

  Abraham Maslow in Larry A. Hjelle and Daniel J. Zeigler’s book entitled

  

Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions, Research, and Applications defines

  motivation, which relates to the human needs. He believed that much of human behavior can be explained by the individual’s tendency to seek personal goal states that make life rewarding and meaningful. Maslow proposed that human desires (i.e., motives) are innate and that they are arranged in an ascending hierarchy of priority or potency. It is known as Maslow’s hierarchical theory of motivation (1981: 368- 374). In order of potency, there are five kinds of needs. The needs are: basic physiological need, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, self- esteem needs, and self- actualization needs.

  a. Physiological Needs The most basic, powerful and obvious of all human needs are his needs for physical survival. Included in this group are the needs for food, drink, oxygen, activity and sleep, sex, protection from extreme temperatures, and sensory stimulation. A person who fails to satisfy this basic level of needs will not be around long enough to attempt to satisfy higher- level needs. Physiological needs dominate human desires, forcing them on one’s attention before higher-order goals can be pursued (1981: 369- 370).

  b. Safety Needs If the psychological needs have been satisfied, an individual becomes of their relative helplessness and dependence on adults. Maslow further noted that parents who apply only unrestricted, permissive child- rearing practices do not satisfy a child’s safety needs. Maslow cited parental quarreling, physical assault, separation, divorce and death within the family as particularly harmful to a child’s sense of well- being. In effect these factors render the child’s environment unstable, unpredictable, and hence unsafe (1981: 370- 371).

  c. Belongingness and Love Needs The belongingness and love needs constitute the third hierarchical level.

  These needs emerge primarily when the physiological and safety needs have been met. According to Maslow, love and belongingness needs constitute part of human basic needs, particularly psychological needs. The need of belongingness and love is important. People with unsatisfied need for love or the feeling of belongingness will experience alienation (1971: 44). According to Maslow, love is not synonymous with sex and love needs are not restricted only to romantic love and parent-child love.

  They include the feeling of closeness between two good friends, the feeling of neighborliness that exist in some communities, or the feeling of good fellow ship that occurs to satisfy their love needs.

  Further, Maslow states that without love and belongingness the growth and the development of someone’s ability will be troubled. Love is a healthy-loving relationship between two people, which include mutual trust. The love needs involve

  The failure to satisfy the needs for security relationship with others caused someone get psychological problem and will behave negatively. The psychological problems are related to spiritual disorders, to loss of meaning, to doubt about the goals of life, the grief and anger over a lost love, to seeing life in a different way, to loss of courage or hope, to despair over the future, to dislike for oneself, to recognition that one’s life is being wasted or that there is no possibility of joy and love (1981: 371- 372).

  d. Self- Esteem Needs Maslow divided self-esteem needs into two subsidiary sets: self-respect and esteem for other people. The former includes such things as desire for competence, confidence, personal strength, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom. An individual needs to know that he or she is worthwhile. Esteem from others includes prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, fame, reputation, and appreciation. A person seeks self-esteem only after he or she achieves the belongingness and love needs.

  Satisfaction of the self- esteem needs generates feelings and attitudes of self- confidence, self- worth, strength, capability, and the sense of being useful and necessary in the world. In contrast the thwarting of these needs leads to feelings and attitudes of inferiority, ineptness, weakness, and helplessness. These negative self- perceptions, in turn, may give rise to basic discouragement, a sense of futility and

  A person who has self-esteem is more confident and capable and more productive. When self-esteem is absent the individual has feelings of inferiority and helplessness, which result in discouragement and possible neurotic behavior (1981: 372- 373).

  e. Self-Actualization Needs If all the foregoing needs are sufficiently satisfied, the need for self- actualization comes to the fore. Self- actualization is the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. Self- actualization is a person’s desire for self- improvement, his or her drive to make actual what he or she are potentially (1981: 373-374).

  Bandura in his book entitled Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A

  

Social Cognitive Theory, he claims that humans’ motivation comes from their

  interpretations about stimulus events which bring them to organize the information they brought before finally derived them into beliefs that leads them doing a positive or negative action (1986: 183). The greater effort can mobilize people into a real action if they are confident they can do it (1986: 301).

4. Theory of Loneliness

  The next theories are about the types of loneliness. Robert Weiss divided loneliness into two categories with different courses of treatment. There are

  Emotional loneliness brought about by the loss of a significant relationship in one’s life through death or divorce. The only means by which this loneliness can be remedied is by finding another equally important relationship to fill the void, not just by becoming socially active in a superficial, non intimate manner (Weiss, 1973: 215). Social loneliness could happen to the person who loses his social integration in communication that he can receive from friends or his partner. It is involves the deficiency of a social network or the absence of a place in an accepting community (Weiss, 1973: 215).

  The quotation above shows that loneliness comes from internal side, which is from the person himself. It also comes from the external side that is community.

  People who suffer from emotional life are the people who have no families and relatives. They do not get enough affection since their families leave them or already died. Social loneliness comes from the attitude of the society toward the individual. It seems that there is a gap between the society and the individual. Both the society and individual can create the gap.

  There are nine different feelings associated to loneliness. First is pain. Cleary the pain is one in which the lonely individual feels damaged as though someone’s spirit was crushed. Second is feel of lost, having no sense of direction. It happen when someone feels lonely and no one around to give support to him. Third is feeling of nothingness. Basically, this is a feeling of something missing. The people’s need is a very real need and therefore when this feeling cannot be fulfilled, the feeling of nothingness, of hunger, of avoid is bound to occur as well. The forth is a persistent felling. In such cases, the individual develop certain mechanisms to help to cope with overwhelming feeling. There is a feeling of despair like a feeling as if one is going to break apart any minute. The sixth is feeling of having no control over loneliness. It may be that individual is trapped in a situation they would rather not be. Such in the case of the lover who lost his or her lover; the object of affection is gone. Seventh is feeling of no emotion. At some point in time, people may face of not to have feeling anymore, people become so overburdened with all the pain. Eight is feeling of being scared and afraid. Ninth is feeling of anger. They feel that the world has hurt them and it makes them angry (http://web.aces.uiuc.edu/loneliness/understanding_ loneliness.htm).

  Besides the types of loneliness, there are some causes of loneliness. People feel lonely because they do not have the required friendship that they need. First is being abused or rejected by others. Therefore, an individual develops defensive walls to protect from the negative environment. The second cause is being unable to fit in.

  Sometimes lonely individual feels that they cannot fit with the rest of the crowd. There are feelings of wanting to be like everyone else to be normal instead of standing out and being rejected because of it. The other cause is someone who felt broken hearted or missing someone else. Sometimes when romantic friendship has ended, there is a feeling of intense loneliness and also become the case for lonely individual who experienced a break up with a person that they were still in love with. People have a desire to have a special person and when this special person went

5. The Relation between Literature and Psychology

  The relation between literature and psychology comes from Wellek and Warren (1956: 91). They stated that characters in plays and novels are judged to be psychologically true. This implies that sometimes an author uses psychological theory consciously to set a figure or a situation.

  Psychological critics view works through the lens of psychology. They look at the psychological motivations of the characters and the authors themselves. Basically, literature reflects the life and represents realistic of human motivation and behavior, while psychological criticism may focus on the creativity of the artist or analyze the fictional characters’ motivation and behavior. It is clear that literature and psychology are two different fields, but they influence each other. Literature may contain the application of the psychology rule in the work (Wellek and Warren, 1956: 93).

  According to Kalish in his book The Psychology of Human Behavior, literature “holds the mirror up the man”. It means that an author make the character seem more life-like than the real people whose behavior the psychologist attempt to describe. The authors can use the understanding of human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of good authors (1973: 8).

  Another statement comes from Lindauer in the book Psychology and Its

  

Allied Disciplines. Lindauer mentions that literature is the best at describing the

  human condition in a dramatic form while psychology has the strength to investigate

C. Theoretical Framework

  The writer takes some theories to answer the problems proposed in the problem formulation. There are some theories on character and characterization, relation between literature and psychology, theory of personality, theory of motivation and theory of loneliness.

  Since the writer takes a novel as the subject of thesis and the discussion is related to the main character’s psychology, relation between literature and psychology is needed. The first analysis is Mizoguchi’s characteristics. He is the main character of this novel and plays an important contribution to the story, so this study will remain on the main character. Therefore, the writer applied the theories of character and characterization. The theories are used to understand the characteristics of Mizoguchi. This study learns the characterization and characteristics of the main character by examining his dialogues, actions, and other character’s opinion about the main character.

  This study discusses the effect of failures to get the belongingness and love needs. Therefore, the writer applies some theories on human psychology. The writer will use theory of motivation and loneliness as the guidance to examine Mizoguchi’s needs. The last is looking for the effect of the failures toward Mizoguchi’s life. Here, the writer uses the theory of personality and also the same theories with the theories in the second problem formulation.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The novel The Temple of the Golden Pavilion is written by Yukio Mishima. Yukio Mishima, at thirty two, already has some fifty volumes of works such as:

  novels, stories, essays, and poetry. The Temple of the Golden Pavilion is the fourth book to be published in America. The novel was published in 1956 by the Charles E.

  Tuttle Company, Inc. of Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan. The novel was sold over 300,000 copies, and was made into the film The Conflagration (Enjo) in 1958, directed by Kon Ichikawa ( http://www.bookrags.com/shortguide-

  

thirst_for_love/adaptations.html ). In this study, the writer used the thirty second

  printing in 1997 and was printed in Singapore. The original title of the novel is

  

Kinkakuji Temple. The novel has been translated into English by Ivan Moris. The

Temple of the Golden Pavilion contained of 262 pages and divided into ten chapters.

  The Temple of the Golden Pavilion is based on a true event that occurred in

  Japan in 1950. Mishima used this incident as the basis for his novel the Temple of the

  

Golden Pavilion. The Temple of the Golden Pavilion is a novel that portrays the life

  of a young priest named Mizoguchi. He is studying to become a Zen Buddhist monk at Kinkakuji temple in Kyoto Japan. When he was thirteen, he experienced a boyhood feels utterly lonely until he becomes an acolyte in Golden temple. In the temple, Mizoguchi hopes for nice companionship of his fellow and the affection of the superior. Mizoguchi admire the beauty of the Golden temple, but he can not live peacefully in the temple. His thought about getting nice companionship from the acolytes never becomes true. He felt disappointed with that condition. As the climax for all his problems, he decided to burn the temple.

B. Approach of the Study

  Since the study is related to human psychology, the psychological approach is applied. According to Rohrberger and Woods, both literature and psychology discuss people and human lives. Literature discusses human and their lives and those are expressed through languages as works of literature. Meanwhile, psychology is a study of a man’s life together with his mind and behavior (1971: 6-15). Psychological approach draws on different body of knowledge based on human mind and behavior and on how they influence each other. It deals with human thoughts, actions, personality and experience (1971: 14).

  In analyzing an individual’s needs, it is necessary to deal with psychological aspects. It is necessary because human’s needs have a close relationship with the psychological side. Because of that reason, the psychological approach is suitable for this study. The psychological approach is used to analyze Mizoguchi’s characteristic