Nin`s motivation to establish relationship with Henry and June in Anais Nin`s Henry and June - USD Repository
NIN’S MOTIVATION TO ESTABLISH RELATIONSHIP WITH HENRY
AND JUNE IN ANAIS NIN’S HENRY AND JUNE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
IKA DEWI WIDIASTUTI
Student Number: 034214095
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
For My Inspiring Lecturer: Mr. Alip
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and honor to my Almighty Creator, Jesus Christ for always being there for me. I thank Him for His blessing, guidance, endless love and abundant mercy so that I could accomplish my thesis. He is my Savior, I am nothing without Him.
The writing process of this thesis involved many generous contributions of wonderful people. I would like to give my enormous gratitude and award for my advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. I thank her for all her help, patient guidance, suggestions, advice and assistance, in completing this thesis. Without her I will not get the courage in finishing this undergraduate thesis. I also would like to thank Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum.for his willingness and patience to give suggestions and inputs as the co-advisor of my undergraduate thesis. I also want to express my gratitude for all lecturers who have passionately taught me and share the knowledge, for all library officers and all the staffs of Department of English Letters for helping me during my study.
My acknowledgement also goes to all my 2003 friends. Thank you for the sad and happy story we ever write and share together. For those who still fight to finish the work, keep going and do not give up! I will always help you by prayer. I would like to say thank you also for my friends in neighborhood, friends of my parents, and for the big family of Redjo Soemarto and Harsono, who always ask me about my graduation. I thank them for their support, love, and prayer.
I would like also give my profound gratitude for my new friends, Redy, Deky, Bang Charles, Ayu, Mbak Yanti, dr. Andang, Sp.O.G. and especially Pow- pow for their support and good advices.
With lots of love and honor, I would like to express my extraordinary gratefulness and appreciation for my amazing Mama and Bapak who have been waiting so long for my graduation. I thank them for their endless support, prayer, patience and fantastic love. Agnes Ria, my lovely little sister, thank you for accompanying me as my only sister in this family so that I am not alone. Thank you for the happiness, laughs, and love you share. We will always complement each other.
Ika Dewi Widiastuti
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………. I APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………………... Ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE………………………………………………………. Iii LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS………………………… iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY............................................... v DEDICATION PAGE………………………………………………………... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………….. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………….. ixABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………… xi
ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………….. xiiCHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION:…………………………………………… 1 A. Background of the study…………………………………………….
1 B. Problem Formulation………………………………………………..
3 C. Objective of the Study……………………………………………….
3 D. Definition of Terms………………………………………………….
3 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW:……………………………….. 5 A. Review of Related Studies…………………………………………..
5 B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Character and Characterization…………………….
6 2. The Relationship between Psychology and Literature………...
11
3. Motivation…………………………………………………….. 13
4. Theory of Hierarchy of Needs…………………………………
14 C. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………...
21 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY:………………………………………... 22 A. Object of the Study………………………………………………….
22 B. Approach of the Study………………………………………………
24 C. Method of the Study…………………………………………………
25 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS:………………………………………………… 27
A. The Characteristics of Anais Nin in the Novel
1. Attractive………………………………………………………. 27
2. Smart………………………………………………………….... 30
3. Bisexual……………………………………………………….. 32
4. Hypersexual……………………………………………………. 35
5. Independent…………………………………………………….. 37
B. The Motivation of Nin in Establishing the Relationship with Henry and June
3. Motivation to fulfill the Belongingness and Love Needs………
46
4. Motivation to fulfill the Esteem Needs…………………………
49 5. Motivation to fulfill the Self-actualization Needs……………...
50 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION……………………………………………… 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………...... 55 APPENDIX
The Summary of Anais Nin’s Henry and June………………………… 57
ABSTRACT
IKA DEWI WIDIASTUTI. Nin’s Motivation to Establish Relationships with
Henry and June in Anais Nin’s Henry and June. Yogyakarta: Department of
English Letters. Faculty of Letters. Sanata Dharma University. 2011.
This thesis discusses a novel entitled Henry and June. It is a novel which tells about Anais Nin’s personal life. Anais Nin is described as a woman who likes to establish relationship with many people around her. This analysis was made derived from the writer’s curiosity about the reason of Nin in establishing relationship with Henry and June in the novel.
There are two objectives related to the topic of this thesis. First is to find out the characteristics of Anais Nin.Second is to find out her motivation in establishing relationship with Henry and June in the novel.
The writer applies library research. The character and characterization theories are used to find out the characteristics of Anais Nin. Meanwhile theories of motivation are used to find out her motivation.Psychological approach is used because this study focuses on the main character’s motivation, which belongs to the psychological aspect.Henry and June, the novel, is the primary source in this study. The other sources are obtained from books on literature and psychology, and also from online information.
Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that first, Nin is a person that is attractive because she is described as a beautiful person and many men love her because of her beauty. She is also a smart person because she can analyze the work of DH Lawrence. However, Nin is a bisexual person. She loves to make love with both men and women. Nin is also a hypersexual person. She gets excessive attraction to sexual activities. The writer also found that Nin is an independent woman. She works by herself and earn her own money.The second conclusion that can be made based on the analysis is that Nin’s motivation in establishing relationship to Henry and June is to fulfill her needs. She fulfills all needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Those are physiological needs, that is her need of sex; safety needs, that is her need of safe feeling/feeling secure; love and belonging needs, that is her need of affection; esteem needs, that is her need of appreciation; and self-actualization needs, that is her need to be an honest and good person.
ABSTRAK
IKA DEWI WIDIASTUTI. Nin’s Motivation to Establish Relationships with
Henry and June in Anais Nin’s Henry and June. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra
Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. 2011.Skripsi ini membahas sebuah novel yang berjudul Henry and June. Novel ini menceritakan tentang kehidupan pribadi Anais Nin. Dalam novel ini Anais Nin digambarkan sebagai seorang wanita yang suka menjalin hubungan dengan banyak orang di sekelilingnya. Analisis ini dibuat berdasarkan keingintahuan penulis tentang alasan Nin dalam menjalin hubungan dengan Henry dan June dalam novel ini.
Ada dua tujuan penulisan yang terkait dengan topik skripsi ini. Pertama adalah untuk menggambarkan tokoh Anais Nin. Kedua adalah untuk mengetahui motivasi Anais Nin dalam menjalin hubungan dengan Henry dan June dalam novel ini.
Penulis menggunakan datakepustakaan. Teori tentang tokoh dan penokohandigunakan untuk menggambarkan tokoh Anais Nin. Sementara teori- teori motivasidigunakan untuk mengetahui motivasi Anais Nin. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologis karena penelitian ini berfokus pada motivasi tokoh utama, yang termasuk dalam aspek psikologis. Novel yang berjudul Henry
and June adalah data utama dalam penelitian ini. Sumber-sumber lain diperoleh
dari buku-buku tentang sastra dan psikologi, dan juga dari internet.Berdasarkan analisis, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertama, Nin adalah orang yang menarik karena dia digambarkan sebagai orang yang cantik dan banyak pria mencintainya karena kecantikannya. Dia juga cerdas karena dia bisa menganalisis karya DH Lawrence. Namun, Nin adalah seorang biseksual. Dia suka bercinta dengan pria maupun wanita. Hiperseksual juga merupakan salah satu sifatnya. Dia mempunyai ketertarikan yang berlebihan terhadap aktivitas seksual. Penulis menemukan bahwa Nin juga merupakan seorang wanita yang mandiri. Dia bekerja dan mencari uang sendiri. Kesimpulan kedua yang dapat diambil berdasarkan analisis yaitu bahwa motivasi Nin dalam menjalin hubungan dengan Henry dan June adalah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan dirinya. Dia memenuhi semua kebutuhan dalam hirarki kebutuhan Maslow, yaitu kebutuhan fisiologis, yaitu kebutuhannya akan hubungan seksual; kebutuhan keamanan dan keselamatan, yaitu kebutuhannya akan perasaan aman dan nyaman; kebutuhan cinta dan rasa memiliki, yaitu kebutuhannya akan kasih sayang; kebutuhan penghargaan, yaitu kebutuhannya untuk dihargai; dan kebutuhan aktualisasi diri, yaitu kebutuhannya untuk menjadi orang yang baik dan jujur.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Life is not only full of sweet and happy memories. Difficulties will always be in our life, and we, as human beings, cannot avoid the difficulties. Young people may say that life is beautiful. It is because they are immature. They do not have many problems to be faced. Moreover, they still have fresh
energy to defeat their hard life. On the contrary, for older people, they find it hard to hold on to their own strength. In general, old people physically tend to feel that they are weak. For those people, life can be so difficult.
The efforts and struggles never end. Since they were born, humans always do many efforts and struggles. Not only merely to face the difficulties but also to gain their dreams or things that they want to reach. Thus, struggles and efforts are considered actions because it force human to make movement.
According to Allers human actions is the expression of human’s characters (1951:5). Character is the moral qualities that make a person different from others. In other word, a person’s characteristics affect his or her action.
There are many aspects that influence people’s action. One of those aspects is motivation. According to Allers motivation is the insight forces of organism to act (1951:5). He argues that organism’s behaviors are initiated and directed by the forces inside the organism. The forces influence the person will behave. The writer then assumes that motivation is in every person’s mind. It drives everything such as our moves, actions, and thoughts.
Hurlock states that character is related to motivation (1974:127). For example, a person, who is crippled, will be motivated to buy a car or a motorcycle for his mobility. It means that his characteristic as a crippled man has evoked his motivation to buy car or motorcycle.
One’s motivation can also be portrayed in literary works, such as novel. Kalish says that literature holds the mirror up to man (1973: 8), therefore, literary works are other copied versions of human reality in real life; they portray realities of human life. One of literary works that tells about motivation is a novel entitled Henry and June. It is a story of a woman named Anais Nin, that is also the author. The story is actually her memoir, the story of her life.
This thesis wants to examine the motivation of Anais Nin, the main character of the novel in establishing relationship with a married couple named Henry Miller and June Mansfield. This novel is chosen to be analyzed because it becomes the reflection of human motivation in doing action in order to reach his or her dream. In this novel, Nin, is described as a woman who loves to establish relationships to many people. In fact, she also likes to have sexual intercourse with some of her friends, either man or woman. In this thesis, the writer is attracted to Nin’s motivations to establish relationships to some of her friends, especially Henry and June, a couple of husband and wife. The relationship then becomes special because Nin has already married and Henry
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the previous explanation, the writer then formulated two objectives.
1. What are Nin’s characteristics in the novel?
2. How do Nin’s characteristics reveal her motivations in establishing relationship with Henry and June in the novel?
c. Objective of the Study
The objective of the study is to find out the characteristic of Anais Nin in the novel and to know how those characteristics reveals Nin’s motivations in establishing relationship with Henry and June in the novel.
D. Definition of Term
There are some key terms which should be defined in analyzing Anais Nin’s Henry and June. These terms are needed to be explained to help the reader to have a better understanding of this study. They are motivation and character.
1. Motivation People conduct an action with a motive. This motive leads them to behave in their manner to get some achievements. It would be impossible to discover motivation unless behavior was organized (Bootzin et al., 1983: 367). It is believed that some purposes guide a person’s behavior to get an end state, can be inferred as the process of behaving that is organized and that defines its end states.
Motivation in this study is described as the desire and ambition of Nin in establishing relationship with Henry and June.
2. Character Abrams stated that character means the person presented in the dramatic or narrative work who is interpreted by reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expected in what they say, the dialogue and what they do in action (1981: 20).
So, characters are the representative of human being. They are described through dialogue, behavior, and thought that make them just like ordinary human being. These characters inherit human characteristics. They can be found in a performance such as drama and in other literary works of short story or novel. They are presented not only from the narration of the author but also from the character’s speech and action.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW In this chapter, the writer discusses the theories used as the basic
foundation to analyze the novel. There are four major topics. The first is review of related studies, the second is theory of character and characterization, the third is theory of motivation, and the fourth is theoretical framework.
A. Review of Related Studies
Several studies and articles have been done related to Nin’s Henry and
June. One of the studies was written by Widjanarko (2008), in her thesis
entitled Radical Libertarian Feminism as Seen in the Main Character of Anais
Nin’s Henry and June. She wrote about the ideas of libertarian feminism. She
concluded her thesis by writing that Radical Libertarian Feminism is part of radical feminism which concerns about women’s freedom in private sphere.
(2008: 63).
Other studies on Nin’s Henry and June can be found from Washington Post. In a review in the newspaper, Hal Hinson, a staff writer wrote that Henry
and June is expressing the themes of liberation and quest identity in erotic term.
The setting is 1931 and the notion of woman speaking out frankly on the subject of sex is a revolutionary one. (quoted from Widjanarko, 2008: 7).
In Anais Nin’s Henry and June, Anain Nin attempts to understand wrote that Anais is bored with life and feels unfulfilled. She needs completion. Indeed in the first page of the book she tells her cousin that she needs an older man, a father, a man stronger than her. Luckily, soon she meets an unknown writer named Henry Miller who is opposite to her husband in everything.
Anais Nin is a famous, evocative, and poetic writer. Diane Schirf wrote her review in amazon.com said that one of Anais Nin’s journals, Henry and
June , is written beautifully. She writes frequently of costumes, makeup, jewelry,
nail polish and how one can put them on to create a new self. Still in her review, Schirf wrote that Nin has somehow become a model of a woman's sexual awakening and awareness, perhaps because of the perceived candor of her journal and her desires for the depths and heights of sexual experience. It is as though such desires for such experiences are what should define a woman—a notion that may work for some women, but certainly not all who are sexually awakened in their own ways.
The studies above will be valuable sources for the writer to conduct the study on this thesis. The related studies will give important information about the characteristic of Nin and also help the writer to reveal Nin motivation toward Henry and June.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Character holds a main responsibility in the flow of a story. Therefore, it character marks out the person who appears in the story. The second, character refers to the traits or the elements in somebody’s personality that makes up each of the person. A character’s reason for behaving as he does is his motivation (Stanton, 1965: 17).
Some behaviorists state that human personality is shaped by his or her environments and habits. The environment has a significant influence toward man’s character and personality. It can be seen from the quotation below.
Personality is the sum of activities that can be discovered by actual observation of behavior over a long enough time to give reliable information, Watson said. “In other words, personality is but the end product of our habit system.” (Goble, 1971: 7).
The quotation above implies that character or personality is not a gift, but achieved from the habits and environment.
The easiest example is a baby born in a bad environment, such as among thieves and robbers. He will have greater chance to be a thief or robber too one day. This example is supported by Gardner Lindzey and Calvin Hall as quoted by Goble in his book. Both of them have analyzed and compared the various theories of personality by two famous behaviorists, Dollard and Miller. Lindzey and Hall say, as quoted by Goble, that environment condition during the most part of infancy and childhood are the main shaper of personality. Unconscious conflict, learned for the most part during infancy and childhood, serves as the basis for most severe emotional problems in later life. (Goble, 1971: 8).
Matson, as quoted by Goble says, Give me the baby and my world to bring it up in and I’ll make it crawl and walk: I’ll make it climb and use its hands in constructing buildings of stone or wood; I’ll make it a thief, a gunman, or a dope fiend. The possibility of shaping in any direction is almost endless (Goble, 1971: 8). The quotation implies that personality can be shaped and the environments such as parents, friends, and neighborhood, are the main shaping agents.
Furthermore, Holman and Harmon (1986: 81) define character as a term applied to a literary form that embrace the idea of human’s moral foundation, the occurrence of moral uprightness, and the simpler concept of the creature’s presentation in art the seem to be human of another. (1986: 81).
So, it is clear that character is not only a human. Character in a story can be any living thing, including animal. From the definitions of character explained in the previous paragraphs, the writer will use Holman and Harmon’s definition of character. The theory is the most suitable theory to be applied in this study.
Character can also be major character and minor character. Henkle (1977: 87-97) says that a major character, most often, is the center of the story.
His words and his action are the focus of the whole story. A major character is also the most complex character. On the other hand, a minor character has more limited function in some ways. His characterization is less complex and necessary to become the background of the major character.
Character will be useless without characterization. Characterization is the process of how the author makes a character to exist (Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971: 20). Furthermore, he explains that characterization can be described by using two ways, namely direct and dramatic principles. Direct principle is to draw physical appearances of the character, such as height, weight, color of eyes, hair, and others. Dramatic principle is to put the character in certain situation so that the reader can understand what she is through his way on behaving or speaking.
Holman and Harmon (1986: 83) define characterization as the creation of the imaginary person in fiction so that they are present for the reader as lifelike. The person in a story may resemble the actual person in a real life, so they may share the same character. These characters are built by the author to make the story appealing to the readers.
Characterization is used by the author to show the aspects of his characters in the story. According to Murphy (1972: 161-171), there are nine ways to make characters more alive through characterization. The first is personal description. Through personal description, the author shows the character’s appearance and clothes in a story. The author describes the character in details, such as the face, eyes, skin, and the clothing to the reader.
The second is character as seen by other. The author describes the character through another character’s opinion. In other word, we can say that the readers get a reflected image (1972: 163).
The third is speech in which the author gives an insight into the character of a person in the story through what that person says. The person gives the readers clue to his character whenever he speaks, whenever he has a conversation with another, and whenever he proposes an opinion (1972: 164).
The fourth is past life. The author, sometimes, gives us a journey through the past life of the character, so that we can catch a clue to events that shape a person’s character.
The fifth, conversation of others, can give us clues to a person’s character. We can draw a conclusion about a person’s character through the conversation of other character and the things they say about him (1972: 166).
The sixth is reaction. The person reacts to various situations and events. It can give us a clue to a person’s character.
The seventh is direct comment. The author can describe or give comment on a person’s character directly (1972: 168).
The eighth is thoughts. With this way, the author gives us direct knowledge of what a person thinks about. He can tell us what different people are thinking.
The last, mannerism, is the description of a person’s mannerisms, habits, or peculiar behavior. It makes the characterization much easier. (1972: 169).
Beside those nine ways of characterization by Murphy, Perrine (1974: 69) proposes principles in characterization. He says that there are three related behavior that they must not behave one way on one occasion and a different way on another unless there is a sufficient reason for the change. Second, the character must be motivated in whatever they do, especially when there is a change in their behavior. We must be able to understand the reason for what they do. It can be found in the beginning or the end of the story. Third, the character must be plausible or life like. It means that they are not paragons of virtue or monster of evil or impossible combination of contradictory traits.
2. The Relationship between Psychology and Literature
Psychology has a relationship to literature. Psychology personality focuses on the relatively enduring traits and characteristics of individuals.
Literature and psychology are same or have the same analysis and focus on human behavior. Behavior is action that can be observed directly while mental process is experience that cannot be observed directly, such as thought and feeling. David Daiches explains in his book Critical Approaches to Literature that a critic can look at the behaviors of characters and the interactions among it in the novel under the modern psychological knowledge and when their behaviors confirm with what he or she knows about the subtleties of human mind, he or she can use the theory as a mean of explicating and interpreting the work (1981: 337-338).
While in the book Psychology and its Allied Disciplines Lindauer states that literature is best at describing the human condition in a dramatic form, in systematic ways (1984: 144). Both literature and psychology have one common purpose that is to describe human condition. Literature tries to depict human condition into drama while psychology studies human characteristics systematically and scientifically.
Furthermore, a comment suggested by Benedetti is as follows: The psychological traits in a play are the most essential category in term of characterization. Psychological points of view refer to the search and analysis of the inner workings of the mind such as emotions, attitudes, motivations, and desires. Psychological traits always precede the action of characters (1997: 130). The quotation above shows the relationship between literature and psychology. In literature, psychology can be used to analyze the inner working of the characters such as emotions, attitudes, motivations, and desires.
Based on the theories explained by some expert above, the writer can generally conclude that psychology and literature have the same equality in exploring person. Both of them cannot be separated one another because psychology explores person from the real life while literature explores fictitious person which is imitated from the real life. Therefore, to explain the psychological condition and also the behavior of Anais Nin, the main character in the novel, the writer decided to use theory of psychology especially theory of motivation that is mainly supported by Maslow. This theory is the most suitable one for this analysis because it covers any reason behind the character’s behaviors.
3. Motivation
Motivation is the intentions, desires, goals, and needs that determine human and animal behavior (Bootzin et al., 1983: 366). An inquiry is made into a person's motives in order to explain that person's actions. Intention is the plan of one wants to do to achieve something. Desire is what one is wanting. The goal is the object of one’s efforts or the target of the action. Need is one’s basic necessity or requirements.
People conduct an action with a motive. This motive leads them to behave in their manner to get some achievement. It would be impossible to discover motivation unless behavior was organized (Bootzin et al., 1983: 367). It is believed that some purposes guide a person’s behavior to get an end state, which may be a goal or the satisfaction of some need. Therefore, motivation can be inferred as the process of behaving that is organized and that defines its end states.
Motivation cannot rouse without any stimulus. Some stimuli are needed to evoke goal-directed behavior, as Bootzin et al. (1983: 368) explain in their book. Thus, the concept of motivation is based on two components: internal drive and external incentives. The internal drive activates and adjusts the being toward some goals whereas, the external incentive is the goal itself.
As stated in the first paragraph, there are some drives or reasons or motives which cause people to conduct an action. Maslow (Quoted by Goble, 1971: 38-42) says that people conduct an action to fulfill their needs. He needs must be generally satisfied before the person attempts to fill those needs on the next level.
He adds further that theory of motivation must see an individual as a whole. It is difficult to understand the complexities of the human condition by reducing behavior to specific response in specific situations. The wholeness of behavior can serve several motives at once.
Maslow also argues that it is a must to understand the basic goals of behavior rather than the superficial or apparent goals, indicting that the apparent goals for any observed behavior may be quite different from the basic goals. He regarded that the self-actualization as the basic purpose of behavior.
In his observation, Maslow concluded that human needs could be understood in terms of Hierarchy of Needs. The needs on the lower hierarchy had to be satisfied before higher needs can be triggered. The hierarchy is not totally rigid, meaning that the satisfaction of needs on the hierarchy in a probabilistic manner is not same for each person. Lower needs could be partially satisfied, thus allowing higher needs become partially active.
4. Theory of Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.
The first two needs are considered primary or lower-order needs; the remaining three are secondary or higher-order needs.
Next is the explanation of the hierarchy as quoted from Maslow by Goble (Goble, 1971: 38-42). The first level of Maslow’s hierarchy is the physiological needs. If physiological needs such as hunger or thirst are not adequately met, the need above them on the hierarchy, are pushed in to the background in terms of controlling behavior. The individual is in emergency situation and one’s whole being is controlled by the need. For example, if someone is in a semi starvation condition, he will constantly think, dream, and talk about food. However, if these needs are met, the next need of the hierarchy emerges as a dominant force in controlling and directing behavior.
The second level is safety needs. They emerge after the physiological needs are met. The safety needs represent a need for safety of security in our environment, such as the need to be protected from physical and physiological damages, and also the need of satisfaction. Maslow also thinks that safety needs could be pleased by having familiar surroundings, secure jobs, saving account, and insurance. Like the physiological needs, safety needs are primarily triggered in emergency situation.
The third level is love and belonging needs. These needs emerge after the safety needs are met. Love and belonging needs involve a hunger for affectionate relationship with others, a need to feel apart of a group, or a feeling that one “belongs”. The love needs require both the receiving and giving of love.
In gaining a sense of belonging, there are a number of ways. Some ways group such as fraternity, sorority, or civic group. Maslow also believed that thwarting of the love needs leads to behavioral maladjustment and pathology and is the most common basis for behavioral problems in our society.
The fourth level is esteem needs. If the love needs have been adequately met and so the esteem needs. These are needs for a positive, high evaluation of oneself. It can be divided into two sub categories of a need for self-esteem and a need for esteem from others. The need for self-esteem motivates the individual to strive for achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and freedom. This seems to have at its core the desire to feel worthwhile, while the need of esteem from others involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition, and appreciation by others of one’s abilities, and a feeling of importance.
The last level of the hierarchy of needs is self-actualization. This level can be reached when one has satisfied the first four levels of needs. The behavior of self-actualize person is motivated by a set of needs termed the being needs. Being needs are values such as truth, honesty, and goodness, and these needs provide meaning to the life of the self-actualized individual. The self-actualized individual is no longer motivated by deficiencies but it motivated to grow and become all that he or she is capable of becoming.
According to Maslow (Quoted by Goble, 1971: 25-36) there are some major characteristics of self-actualized person that can be identified. The characteristics he identifies include:
1. More efficient perception of reality and more comfortable with it Maslow finds that self-actualized person has unusual ability to detect the fakeness and dishonesty in people; that is, they appeared to judge people and events correctly and efficiently. The self-actualized individual is also more comfortable with it because they are able to tolerate ambiguity and are not bothered by it.
2. Acceptance of self, others, and nature Self-actualized individuals accept themselves and their own foibles without guilt or extreme anxiety. They are also more accepting of others than are the non-actualized people. They accept people for what they are, rather than making their acceptance conditional.
3. Spontaneity Self-actualized persons tend to be spontaneous in both their thoughts and actions, though they do not try to be unconventional. Self-actualized persons are extremely ethical but behave according to their own code of ethics rather than society’s, which sometimes make them appear unconventional.
4. Problem centering Self-actualized persons generally talk about important problems that they are concerned to be solved. These problems are outside of themselves and represent something similar to a mission in life that they feel compelled to complete. The missions they described are not things they want to do but are things they feel obligatory to do. These tasks are not ego centered but usually become a part of their identity. As a result, their jobs are often independent of the external rewards they receive. For example, a self-actualized person might choose to teach first grade children rather than take a higher job simply because teaching is a part of that person’s feeling of mission and identity.
5. Detachment (need of privacy) Self-actualized persons often appear detached to others. They seem able to remove themselves from the normal turmoil of life. It does not mean that the self-actualized persons have no problems but rather that they seem less bothered by the normal strife of everyday affairs than non actualized person. To certain extent, their detachment results from their ability to concentrate intensely.
6. Independence from culture and environment According to Maslow self –actualized persons are relatively independent of both the physical and social environment in which they live. This results, in part, from the fact that their satisfactions come from their own development rather than from the outside world. Maslow feels that this independence also makes them less susceptible to stress that may lead to maladjustment in others.
7. Continued freshness of appreciation Self-actualized persons have the ability to experience events intensely.
They love the basic experiences of life and do not grow tired of their beauty. This freshness of appreciation even extended to the working situation so that they can find a joy and beauty by simply working. Maslow notes, however, that these intense feeling experienced by self-actualized persons are occasional, not continuous in occurrence.
8. Mystic experience or oceanic feeling Maslow believes that most people have peak experiences but that self- actualizers have them more often. Peak experiences are experiences best described as mystic or profound in nature. Peak experiences seem to involve a momentary loss of self or transcendence of self so that, during the experience, one simply feels without relating the feelings back to one’s self-concept. The experience also generally leads to the conviction that something important has happened that will have great effects on the future behavior of the individual. William James (Goble, 1971: 73) called these “mystic experiences” and described them in detail. Freud, who was an atheist, also described it and called it “the oceanic feeling”.
9. Sympathy for humankind Self-actualized individuals strongly identify with, and have simply for, all of human race. To a certain extent, this is evidenced by their sense of mission in life that often involves solving problems of human condition.
10. Interpersonal relations Self-actualized individuals tend to have small number of very close personal relationship. They seem to seek out or recognize self-actualization in others and, for this reason, tend to form close relationship primarily with other self-actualized individuals.
11. Democratic character structure Self-actualized persons have respect for all people regardless of race, creed, color, or education. They also tend to be humble because they realize how little they know in relation to what could be known, and they eager to increase their knowledge.
12. Means and ends Self-actualized individuals are interested in the goals toward they are working, but in many instances the way in which the goals are pursued is itself a goal. They take satisfaction in both doing and the product of that doing. Maslow finds that the most of the self-actualized persons he studied can be described as religious, though not in the sense of formal religion. To the self- actualized person, means and ends, are importantly related to personal ethics and religious convictions.
13. Philosophical, un-hostile sense of humor The events find humorous by the self-actualized person differed from those find funny by the non-actualized. The humorous stories told by the self- actualized often resemble parables that contain a moral.
14. Creativity The self-actualized tends to be creative in the affairs of daily living rather than just in the arts or science. They persons master the deficiency needs and is motivated by what Maslow called growth motivation. These persons seek to solve problems outside themselves and reach for the truth, beauty, justice,
C. Theoretical Framework
After reviewing all theories related to the study, the writer decided to use the combination of some theories mentioned previously. The theories used in the analysis are the theory of character and characterization and the theory of motivation.
Since this thesis analyzes the main character of the novel, the writer used the theory of character and characterization to inspect the characteristics of Anais Nin in the novel. In doing so, the writer adopts the theory of character by Abrams and Holman. This theory could help to answer the first problem formulation i.e. the description of Nin’s characteristics.
Since her thesis analyzes the motivations of the main character’s action, the theory on psychology was needed. The writer focused only on the theory of motivation. The writer used Maslow’s theory because it gave a complete description about motivation, which includes hierarchy of needs that will support the analysis. According to Maslow, there are five needs, which are arranged in hierarchy. Those are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. These theories of psychology helped the writer in answering the second problem formulation.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter is divided into three parts namely object of the study,
approach of the study, and research methodology. In the subject matter, the writer discusses about the subject of the study i.e. Anais Nin’s Henry and June.
In the approach, the writer mentions the approaches for analyzing the novel. While in the procedure, the writer discusses the steps in analyzing the novel.
A. Object of the Study
The main subject of this study was the novel of Anais Nin, Henry and
June . The genre of this novel is life paths or a memoir. Ester Lombardi states
that a memoir is a literary genre, usually linked as a sub-category of autobiography. A memoir can be compared with autobiography (as it depicts the story of a life), this form may only depict a small portion of a life (a year, a summer, an episode, or a series of events). It means that an autobiography is author's written story of his or her whole life, while a memoir is author’s written story of only a certain place, time, event or theme. A memoir is typically shorter than an autobiography, which intends to tell the full story of the writer's life in his own words. A memoir, however, is meant to capture specific highlights and key moments in a person's life, not provide a thorough documentation of it. Rather, memoirs may be more impressionistic, relating to the subject's emotions and