Self-actualization in the character of daisy miller in Henry Jame\'s daisy miller - USD Repository
SELF-ACTUALIZATION IN THE CHARACTER OF
DAISY MILLER IN HENRY JAMES’ DAISY MILLER
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
SISWANTO
Student Number: 044214031
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
SELF-ACTUALIZATION IN THE CHARACTER OF
DAISY MILLER IN HENRY JAMES’ DAISY MILLER
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
SISWANTO
Student Number: 044214031
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2009
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to those who have helped and supported me during the writing of my thesis. Above all else, I give my countless gratitude to God who has blessed me with strength and guidance in life especially in finishing this thesis.
I would like to thank Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M. Hum., my thesis advisor for his patience and guidance in writing this thesis. The same gratitude goes to my Co- advisor, Dra. Theresia Enny Anggraini M.A. who has given me encouragement by giving correction and advice, and all lecturers and The Department of English Letters Staff for being helpful in the process of my study.
I also want to send millions of thanks and gratitude to my beloved Simbok and Bapak. I am extremely blessed of having such wonderful parents who always stand behind me to support me every time. I also want to thank my elder brother Mintarto and youngest brother Triyanto.
Thanks to all of my friends in Sanata Dharma University for their kindness for supporting me to finish my study in Sanata Dharma University. My specials thanks go to Jati (mo smpe kpn, bro?!), Soni (jgn lp plg, Sonn!!!) and Mbak Anie (Don’t give up!!!).
Siswanto
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE …..…….…………………………………………........……. i
APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………….........……………. ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………………………………………….........…… iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………........………………. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………........….….... v
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………….........……. vi
ABSTRAK ………………………………........…………………..…..……. vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ……….……………………...........……………
1 B. Problems Formulation ……………………………….........…..…….……
4 C. Objective of the Study ..……………........…………………..….………...
4 D. Definition of Terms …………………………….........……….…………..
5 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies ..…………………….........…………………..
6 B. Review of Related Theories ..………………………….........……………
7
1. Theory of Characterization …..……………….........…………….....
7
2. Hierarchy of Needs …………………………….........……………...
8
3. Characteristics of Self-actualized Person…………….........………..
12 C. Theoretical Framework ...……………………………….........…………..
16 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ………………………………........………………....
18 B. Approach of the Study ………………………………........……………...
19 C. Method of the Study ………………………........………………………..
20 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. The Characteristics of Daisy Miller ………….........……………………..
23 B. Daisy Miller’s Development Seen from Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs……………………………………………….........…………….
32 C. Daisy Miller as a Self-actualized Person ……………….........…………...
38 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …..……………………….........………....
49 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………….........……………
52
ABSTRACT
SISWANTO. Self-Actualization in the Character of Daisy Miller in Henry James’
Daisy Miller. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2009.According to Maslow, the self-actualized persons are models of maturation and health, fulfilling themselves by using their capacities and qualities to the upmost. In this undergraduate thesis, the writer analyzes the character of Daisy Miller in Henry James’
Daisy Miller as a person who has obtained her self-actualization through her actions.
Since there is a close relation between literature and psychology, the analysis of literary works may reflect certain psychological aspects, so the writer wants to analyze the character of Daisy Miller which reveals her self-actualization.In this undergraduate thesis, the writer analyzes: (1) how the main character, Daisy Miller, presented in Henry James’ Daisy Miller, (2) how Daisy Miller develops seen from Maslow’s theory of needs, and (3) how the main character reveals her self- actualization.
The writer did a library research because all the data were taken from written sources. This study applied psychological approach since it discusses the analysis which ultimately concerns with Maslow’s theory on self-actualization depicted in the main character in the novel.
The analysis shows that Henry James has presented Daisy Miller in particular ways to reveal her quality as a human being and Henry James shows Daisy Miller as rich, beautiful, unsophisticated, friendly and sociable, independent, humorous, kind, uncultivated and innocent, smart, confident, and stubborn. Furthermore, the way Henry James has presented Daisy Miller shows that Daisy miller in some degree has attained her physiological needs, safety and security needs, belongingness and love needs, and esteem needs sufficiently and it can be seen in what Daisy Miller does and the condition she faces in the novel. Daisy Miller, consequently, has reached her self-actualization which can be seen in her specific characteristics as Maslow has theorized indicated from what she does and the condition she faces in the novel.
ABSTRAK
SISWANTO. Self-Actualization in the Character of Daisy Miller in Henry James’
Daisy Miller. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata
Dharma, 2009.Menurut pendapat Maslow, pengaktualisasi-pengaktualisasi diri adalah model dari pribadi yang matang dan sehat, mereka mencapai pemenuhan diri dengan memaksimalkan kapasitas dan kualitas yang ada pada diri mereka. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis menganalisis tokoh Daisy Miller dalam novel karya Henry James, Daisy Miller, sebagai seseorang yang telah mencapai aktualisasi diri melalui tindakan-tindakanya. Karena adanya hubungan yang erat antara karya satra dan psikologi, penelitian dari karya-karya sastra dapat merefleksikan aspek-aspek psikologi, maka penulis ingin menganalisis tokoh Daisy Miller yang menunjukkan aktualisasi dirinya.
Dalam skripsi ini, penulis menganalisis: (1) bagaimana tokoh utama, Daisy Miller, digambarkan dalam novel karya Henry James, Daisy Miller, (2) bagaimana Daisy Miller berkembang dilihat dari teori kebutuhan dari Maslow, dan (3) bagaimana tokoh utama menunjukkan aktualisasi dirinya.
Penulis menggunakan metode kepustakaan karena semua data diambil dari sumber tertulis. Studi ini menerapkan pendekatan psikologi karena skripsi ini mendiskusikan analisis tentang teori aktualisasi diri dari Maslow yang tercermin dalam tokoh utama dalam novel tersebut.
Analisis menunjukkan bahwa Henry James menampilkan Daisy Miller dengan cara-cara tertentu untuk menunjukkan kualitas manusiawi Daisy Miller sebagai seorang manusia dan Henry James menggambarkan Daisy Miller sebagai orang yang kaya, cantik, bersahaja, ramah dan mudah bergaul, mandiri, humoris, baik hati, lugu, cerdas, percaya diri, dan keras kepala. Lebih lanjut, cara Henry James menampilkan Daisy Miller menunjukkan bahwa dalam beberapa segi Disy Miller telah memenuhi kebutuhan fisiologisnya, kebutuhan akan rasa aman, kebutuhan akan memiliki dan cinta, dan kebutuhan akan penghargaan. Oleh karena itu, Daisy Miller telah mencapai aktualisasi dirinya yang dapat dilihat dari beberapa karakteristiknya yang spesifik sebagaimana teori Maslow yang ditunjukkan dari apa yang dilakukan Daisy Miller dan kondisi ynag dihadapinya dalam novel tersebut.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Once Abraham Maslow stated, “If you deliberately plan to be less than you
are capable of being, then I warn you that you will be unhappy for the rest of your
life” (Schultz, 1977: 5). By giving the statement, Maslow wanted to encourage us as
human beings to actualize ourselves. Self-actualization here is the realization of a
person in presenting himself or herself as unique human being. This realization
affects on his or her perception as well as ways of living (Schultz, 1977: 64). Maslow
himself was interested in humans’ potential for growth and toward the end of his life
he dedicated his life to study of human personality that led him to explore
dimensions of human personality in ways opposed to the psychology establishment
which focused on the study of emotionally disturbed person, not the healthy. He then
turned the focus of the previous psychology establishment and focused on his study
on the best and the loftiest ideals and potentials of which human being are capable.His ideal healthy personality of person is well-known as self-actualized
person. Self-actualization is a specific term used by Maslow for the ideal healthy
personality of person. Maslow has already mentioned some general characteristics of
self-actualized person. The self-actualized persons are models of maturation and
health, fulfilling themselves by using their capacities and qualities to the upmost.People gain their self-actualization during their lifetime. It is a kind of
process. Everyone changes and develops during his or her lifetime. As an individual,
a person deserves to reach his or her own goals in life. It begins from realizing what
he or she wants to achieve. When he or she acquires the means to carry out his or her
choices and believes he or she can make the choices, he or she is free to choose his or
her own way to go.Sarah Cirese in Quest: A Search for Self shows that every person is free in
making decisions, having commitments, taking risks within the bounds of his or her
own value system. Each of them appears as an individual that continuously discovers
and develops his or her potentials as the evident of his or her personal growth (1985:
62).Making choices is the potential factor of every person. Making choices to
develop his or her talents, to extend the intellectual capacities, to strengthen
interpersonal skills, to actualize physical capacities, to become all he or she can
possibly be, are the sum up of personal growth (Cirese, 1985: 44). Acquiring
personal growth shows how human beings present themselves as self-actualizing
persons.Henry James’ Daisy Miller is a novel that seems to present how the main
character, Daisy Miller, discovers her qualities to actualize. It seems that the novel
emphasizes the main character has obtained her self-actualization through her
actions. It is told in the novel that the actions done by the main character are some
characteristics of healthy person or the self-actualized person.The writer is going to analyze the characterization of the main character,
Daisy Miller which reveals her self-actualization. Some characteristics of self-
actualized person are depicted through the characterization of the main character in
the novel. The writer focuses on the analysis of the main character as Stanton in An
Introduction to Fiction states that because every story usually has a main character
that is significance to all events in the story and usually the main character causes
conversion either in her or in the readers’ attitude toward her (1965: 17). In the
characterization of the main character it seems that Henry James as the author
presents the actions of the main character in the novel which closely related to the
self-actualization. His main character in the novel is a kind of self-actualized person
who dynamically develops her character as individual.In this undergraduate thesis, the writer is going to analyze the characterization
of the main character in the novel which reveals self-actualization as Richard Kalish
in The Psychology of Human Behavior implies that “literature holds the mirror up to
the man”. A good writer or novelist can communicate the feeling of their characters
and make them seem more life-like than real people whose behavior psychologists
attempt to describe. The writer or novelist may use the understanding provided by
psychologists to enrich stories and psychologists can gain in their understanding of
human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of a good writer or novelist
(1973:8). There is a close relation between literature and psychology. It, then, can be
said that the analysis of literary works may reflect certain psychological aspects.During the lifetime everyone should struggle to gain the full development of
human potential, based on biological nature as Maslow’s statement that when a
person deliberately plans to be less than he or she is capable of being, he or she will
be unhappy for the rest of his or her life. Everyone, actually, has his or her potentials,
talents, abilities, or even things he or she wants to achieve in life and everyone
should recognize his or her potentials, talents, abilities, and things he or she wants to
achieve in life. Unfortunately, people rarely recognize their potentials, talents,
abilities, or even things they want to achieve in life. It is a simple problem that will
raise a feeling of complex dissatisfactions in life as Maslow himself has warned
people about it. As human beings, people should be aware of themselves. Being
psychologically healthy person requires an act of recognizing personal potentials. To
gain better understanding of every person in relation with self-actualization as
Maslow’s statement above, the writer decides to apply psychological study on self-
actualization.B. Problem Formulation There are three problems which have been formulated to be analyzed in this study.
They are:
1. How is the main character, Daisy Miller, presented in Henry James’ Daisy Miller ?
2. How does Daisy Miller develop seen from Maslow’s theory of needs?
3. How does the character of Daisy Miller reveal her self-actualization?
C. Objectives of the Study
This undergraduate thesis emphasizes on the analysis on the characterization of
the main character which reveals her self-actualization. There are three objectives of
this study. The first is to see how the main character, Daisy Miller, presented in
Henry James’ Daisy Miller. Secondly, the writer wants to see how Daisy Miller
develops seen from Maslow’s theory of needs. The last objective is to understand
how the character of Daisy Miller reveals her self-actualization.D. Definition of Terms
There is one important term which is going to be used in this undergraduate
thesis to avoid confusion and misunderstanding. The term is “self-actualization”.
Maslow prefers the term self-actualization to such terms as psychological health. In
the book entitled Psychology in Action there are some characteristics of self-
actualized people. Some of those characteristics are: perceiving reality clearly and
others for what they are, accepting themselves and others for what they are, behaving
spontaneously and having motivation by the attempt to develop their own style,
being creative, having a spontaneous which is unhostile sense of humor, etc
(Huffman, 1997: 464). So, in the other words self-actualization is the full
development of human potential based on biological nature and it is a going process
of growth rather than end product. Self-actualization is an innate tendency toward
growth that motives all human behaviors and results in the full realization of a
person’s highest potential (Kasschau, 1995: 463).CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Vartkis Kinoian in his book Monarch Notes and Study Guides: Henry James
the Ambassadors examines Henry James and his works. He states that Henry James
is the outstanding American novelist and stylist. He was the first American novelist
who brought his work into the main stream of world literature and he made the
American novel something more than the product of an American. His works rank
with the outstanding writers accomplishments not only in America but also in Europe
(1965: 5).More specific Vartkis Kinoian in his book gives us some characteristics in
James’ works. According to him Henry James is concerned with human situation. He
summarizes also the critic from R.P. Blackmur that he distinguishes three themes in
James’ fiction: the “international theme,” conflict with society, and “the theme of the
pilgrim in search of society.” Then Kinoian concludes that society is basic to Henry
James’ work ‘He is constantly evaluating what one society maintains as its values
and how these values affect groups and individuals’ (1965: 8). He also gives two
dominant images emerge in Henry James’ fiction that he usually uses an innocent
person as his character. The second dominant image is that Henry James mostly uses
international theme (1965: 8).Another critic about James’ works is from Robert Weisbuch. Reviewed by
Barry Hite in <http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/enam312/enam712/revshp.html>,
Weisbuch studied on the character of Winterbourne. Throughout Daisy Miller, much
is made of the fact that Winterbourne is a man who has spent too much time in
foreign parts or in Europe, away from what is or should be native to him. This brings
the question; what is the custom from which Winterbourne can be said to originate?
In his study of Winterbourne, Weisbuch tries to place Winterbourne within both a
cultural and historical context, in hopes of providing a better understanding of the
character's role and fate in James' critique of Victorian and American aristocratic
circles.After doing close reading of the novella, the writer focuses also in one of the
characters in the novel which is the main character, Daisy Miller. The writer tries to
discuss about the psychological personality of Daisy Miller who reveals her self-
actualization or healthy personality in the novel.B. Review of Related Theories
To analyze the topic, the writer applies some important theories related to the topic. Those theories are:
1. Theory of Characterization
According to Baldick in his book The Concise Book of Dictionary of Literary
Terms , character is different from characterization. Characterization is the way in
which a character is represented. Therefore, character is the result, while
characterization is the process (1991:83).The ability to characterize as the most important element for a good writer is
what so called as characterization. It is the way the writer creates imaginary persons
so that the readers can feel their existence as lifelike. M.J. Murphy (1972: 162) gives
us nine ways to make a character understood by the readers. Those are: a. Personal description. It describes a person from the appearance and clothes.
b. Character as seen by another. A person’s character can be described through
other’s view.
c. Speech. The information about the person’s character can be given from the
speech of the person itself in the story.d. Past life. The person’s past life contributes the shape of person’s character.
e. Conversation of others. A person’s character can be described through the
conversation of other people and what they say about him or her.
f. Reaction. The person’s character can be understood by the reader from his or her
reaction toward some situation and events.
g. Direct comment. The person’s character in the story can be given by the author
directly.
h. Thought. The author can describe the person’s character through the person’s
thought.i. Mannerisms. The description about the person’s mannerism can make the reader know the character of that person.
2. Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow
Abraham Maslow cited by Kasschau in his book Understanding Psychology
said that all human being need to feel competent, to win approval and recognition,
and to sense that they have achieved something. Maslow placed achievement
motivation in the context of a hierarchy of needs all human beings share (1985:143).
Maslow believed that human needs or motives are organized in a hierarchy.
The most fundamental and vital of human needs is in the base of the hierarchy.
According to Maslow there are five levels of needs, which are then called Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs, which should be fulfilled during human being’s life time. They
are: (1) physiological needs, (2) safety needs, (3) belonging and love needs, (4)
esteem needs, and (5) growth needs or the need for self-actualization (Schultz,
1977:62). Generally, each higher need will be attended to only when the ones
beneath are met. After human beings have turned to a higher-order need, human
beings must continue to fulfill more basic need. In the same way, the lowest and
strongest need must be satisfied before the second level need emerges, and so on up
the hierarchy until the fifth and highest need appears (Schultz, 1977:62). Maslow has
presented a scheme that organizes human needs as follow: a. Physiological needs These are the obvious needs for food, water, air, sleep, and sex, and theirsatisfaction is essential for survival (Schultz, 1977:62). These needs are the basic
needs. Human beings most basic needs are physiological such as food, water, air,
shelter, and opportunities to sleep.In the society, normally, the primary way human beings meet their basic
physiological needs, particularly their needs for food, shelter, and clothing, is
through paid employment. Human beings must work so they earn money they
exchange for many of their essential needs in life. Most of human beings, who do not
work, cannot, or no longer work struggle to survive even with public assistance (Cirese, 1984:343). b. Safety needs These needs include needs for security, stability, protection, order and
freedom from fear and anxiety. Maslow believed that all human beings need some
degree of routine and predictability. Uncertainty is difficult to tolerate, so human
beings try to achieve as much security, protection, and order as they can (Schultz,
1977:62).Safety needs are the next order of needs. Human beings want to be physically
safe and psychologically secure, and to count on a friendly and supportive
environment. Human beings want to feel that they will not be destroyed by physical
or other humans’ forces. Security and safety are gained in a stable world, one which
is ordered, consistent, and routine to some degree. But Maslow said that ‘for healthy
personalities, the safety needs were not overwhelming or compulsive’ (Schultz,
1977:63). For example, people took vacations or buy luxury goods instead of
additional insurance, it happened because the fulfillment of the safety needs is not
meant that they ‘did not surrender or submit totally to our safety needs, but, at the
same time, a complete absence of security and stability causes us discomfort’
(Schultz, 1977:63).Human beings normally seek to meet the needs for safety and security in both
work and family. Human beings can acutely appreciate the financial and social
security and the importance of work and home in structuring their time when they are
jobless or homeless. Work and family provide basic structure and security in their lives (Cirese, 1984:343). c. Belonging and love needs These needs are the next level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Belonging and
love needs have to be satisfied through human interaction with the others. Only in
interpersonal relationships can human beings satisfy their needs for affection,
appreciation, and a sense of having a rightful place in society (Schultz, 1977:63). It
means that human beings need to affiliate with others, need to be accepted by others,
and need to give and receive attention in their interaction and relationship with
others.Human beings may expect family life to provide love, companion, and
belongingness in their lives, but social interaction, friendship, and a sense of being
part of group are significant aspects of most jobs and many leisure activities (Cirese,
1984:343).d. Esteem needs These include both human need for self-esteem (self-respect) and the need for
respect from others. Human beings gain self-esteem through achievements and
competent behavior. They know that they are worthwhile and capable of mastering
life’s challenges. Esteem from others includes admiration, prestige, recognition,
status, fame, and appreciation. When human beings lack self-esteem and esteem
derived from others, they feel inferior, weak, helpless, discouraged, and inept
(Schultz, 1977:63-64).Human beings normally derive large portions of their identities from their
occupational and family rules and from their hobbies and other leisure activities.
Critical aspects of human beings’ identities such as status and success are measured
primarily by occupational levels. Human beings seek rewards by which they measure
their worth through work and family. The money they earn, have, and spend is taken
a significant indicator of worth in the society. Human beings also work, in their jobs
and families, for respect and approval. Basically, human beings want to be able to
take pride in their work, their house, their children, their spouse, and the products of
their labors. Human beings also want to be successful, to compete, to have influence
and power, and to achieve, particularly in work (Cirese, 1984:343).e. Growth need or need for self-actualization Before the need for self-actualization appears, the four lower needs must at
least partially in the order (Schultz, 1977:62). In the other word, the prerequisite for
self-actualization is by satisfying the four needs which stand lower in the hierarchy.In addition, Maslow also states that physiological needs, safety needs,
belonging and love needs, and esteem needs are lower-order needs. Although human
beings can satisfy those lower-order needs, human beings will feel frustrated,
restless, and discontent if human beings fail to attempt to satisfy the growth needs or
the need for self-actualization. If that happens, human beings will not be at peace
with themselves and cannot be described as psychology healthy (Schultz, 1977:64).
Human beings need to find self-fulfillment and realize their unique potential.
3. Characteristics of Self-actualized Person
Theory on self actualization is applied in presenting the revelation of the
characterization of the main character, Daisy Miller; the writer mainly uses Abraham
Maslow’s theory on self-actualization.It is said before that if someone wants to achieve his or her self-actualization
he or she must satisfy the four needs that stand lower in the hierarchy: (1)
physiological needs, (2) safety needs, (3) belonging and love needs, (4) esteem
needs. The needs must be at least partially satisfied in the order before the need of
self-actualization appears (Schultz, 1977:62).Maslow in Duane Schultz’s Growth Psychology: model of healthy Personality also states that
Self-actualization can be defined as the supreme development and the use of all our abilities, the fulfillment of all our qualities and capabilities. We must become what we have the potential to become. Even though the lower-order needs are satisfied-we feel secure physically and emotionally, have a sense of belonging, and love, and feel ourselves to be worthy individuals-we will feel frustrated, restless, and discontent if we fail to attempt to satisfy the need for self-actualization. If that happens we will not be at peace with ourselves and cannot be described as psychologically healthy (1977: 64).
Maslow shows that the goal of self-actualization is to enrich and enlarge the
experience of living, to increase the joy and ecstasy at being alive. The ideal is to
develop the tension through new, challenging, and diverse experiences. He clarifies
that self-actualized person do not strive, but they develop (1977:64).Maslow in Duane Schultz’s Growth Psychology: Model of Healthy personality illustrates a number of specific characteristics that describe self- actualized person. The specific characteristics are:
a. Self-actualizing persons perceive objects and persons in the world around them
objectively (Schultz, 1977: 69). They have an efficient perception of reality that enables them to perceive reality as it.
b. Self-actualizing persons acquire a general acceptance of nature, others, and
oneself (Schultz, 1977: 69-70). It is a matter of accepting oneself, their weakness, and their strength without any complaint of worry.
c. Self-actualizing persons are those who attain spontaneity, simplicity, and
naturalness in behaving (Schultz, 1977: 70-71). They do not have to hide their emotions but can display them honesty.d. Self-actualizing persons have a focus on problems outside themselves (Schultz, 1977: 71-72). They give concerns on the works they are doing.
e. Self-actualizing persons have need for privacy and independence (Schultz, 1977:
72). They have a strong need for detachment and solitude. They do not depend on other in order to get their satisfactions. Their behavior and feeling are strongly self-directed and self-centered. It means that they have the ability to make up their own minds, reach their own decisions, and exercise their own motivation and discipline.
f. Self-actualizing persons are autonomous functioning (Schultz, 1977: 72-73). If a
person is autonomous functioning, he or she has realized that satisfaction of the growth motives comes from within. They are not dependent on the real world for their satisfaction. Their potentialities and inner resources become the foundation for their development.
g. Self-actualizing persons have a continued freshness of appreciation (Schultz, 1977: 73). The self-actualizing persons continually appreciate certain experiences although they are often repeated, but it will always be with fresh sense of pleasure, awe, and wonder. They take little for granted but continue to be thankful for what they possess and can experience.
h. Self-actualizing persons experience mystical or “peak” experiences (Schultz,
1977: 73-74). It is when the self is transcended and a person is gripped by a feeling of power, confidence, and decisiveness, a profound sense that there is nothing he or she could not accomplish to become.i. Self-actualizing persons concern in social interest (Schultz, 1977: 74-75). They
possess strong and deep feelings of empathy and affection for all human beings, as well as a desire to help humanity.j. Self-actualizing persons acquire the interpersonal relations (Schultz, 1977: 75-
76). They are capable of stronger relationship with others than persons of average mental health. They are capable of greater love, deeper friendship, and more complete identification with other individual.k. Self-actualizing persons have democratic character structure (Schultz, 1977: 76).
There is no certain limitation on building relationship with people, such as social class, level of education, political or religious affiliation, race, or color. They hold the essence of quality that every person has the same opportunity to know others.
l. Self-actualizing person are capable to recognize discrimination between means and ends, between good and evil (Schultz, 1977: 76). The self-actualizing persons hold that they are enjoying the process of achieving something as well as the goals they achieve. Therefore, they give consent both on the means and the ends. In addition, they have well-defined understanding on good and evil, so they cannot easily influence by the confusing situation that enable then to make decision.
m. Self-actualizing persons acquire good-humored sense of humor (Schultz, 1977:
77). This characteristic deals with the ability of persons in making fun of humanity in general, not specific individual.n. Self-actualizing persons can present their creativeness (Schultz, 1977: 77). This
means that they are original, inventive, and innovative, although not always in the terms producing an artistic creation. It is more an attitude, an expression of psychological health, and is concerned with the way people perceive and race to the world than with finished products of an artistic nature.o. Self-actualizing persons have resistance to enculturation (Schultz, 1977: 77-78).
They are able to resist social pressure to think or act in certain ways. They maintain an inner detachment, an aloofness from their culture, guided by themselves rather than by others.
However Maslow also said that there is no perfect human being in the world
who has all those kinds of characteristics. It can be said that self-actualizers are just
closer to perfection than other persons. He stated also that self-actualizers can at
times be silly, thoughtless, irritating, stubborn, vain, ruthless, and temperamental,
characteristic shared with less healthy individuals (Schultz, 1977: 78).C. Theoretical Framework
In relation with the first question of the problem formulation, the writer uses
the theory on characterization to solve the problem formulation. The writer uses the
theory of characterization by M.J Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen: An
Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students . By the
theory characterization the development of the main character of the novel can be
seen.Besides using the theory of characterization the writer also uses the theories
on hierarchy needs from Abraham Maslow as citied by Duane Schultz in Growth
Psychology: Model of Healthy Personality to answer the second problem. This
theory is used to examine how the main character develops and reaches her self-
actualization.The theory on self-actualization is the main theories to analyze the third
problem formulation. The theory on self-actualization is also from Abraham Maslow
citied by Duane Schultz in Growth Psychology: Model of Healthy Personality. By
applying this theory on psychology, how the character of Daisy Miller reveals her
self-actualization, can be observed.CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study In this study the writer uses the novel entitled Daisy Miller written by Henry James. The story was originally published in The Cornhill Magazine, 1878. The book
used in the analysis is the Dover edition, first published in 1995 which is the unabridged republication of the work which published The Cornhill Magazine. It consists of 59 pages and divides into two parts.
The novel depicts a psychological personality of a young woman. It is about a young American woman named Daisy Miller traveling in Europe with her mother, brother, and her courier. In Vevey, Switzerland, Daisy Miller is courted by Frederick Forsyth Winterbourne, an American living abroad, and at the moment is vacationing from his studies there. Winterbourne is at first confused by her different attitude with the commonly ladies’ attitude in Europe, but soon he determines that she is nothing more than a young American flirt. After the short meeting in Vevey, Switzerland, Daisy and Winterbourne have an appointment to meet in Rome before parting. Winterbourne and Daisy do meet in Rome. In Rome, Daisy is compromised her friendship with Mr.