Percentage Free Fatty Acid and Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuel in Waste Coconut Oil (WCO).

Conference Proceedings
December 2013
Hong Kong

HKI CEAS
Hong Kong International Conference on Engineering and Applied Science
ISBN:978-986-87417-4-4

EECS
International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
ISBN:978-986-88450-3-9

Contents
General Information for Participants ....................................................................................... 6
Conference Organization ............................................................................................................... 8
Conference Schedule ..................................................................................................................... 12
Conference Venue Information .................................................................................................. 16
Oral Session ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Electrical and Electronics Engineering I/ Photonics and Optoelectronics ............18
EECS-730 .......................................................................................................................................20
EECS-747 .......................................................................................................................................27

EECS-711 .......................................................................................................................................34
EECS-716 .......................................................................................................................................38
EECS-700 .......................................................................................................................................44
EECS-818 .......................................................................................................................................46
Fundamental and Applied Sciences I..........................................................................................47
HKICEAS-622................................................................................................................................49
HKICEAS-877................................................................................................................................55
HKICEAS-884................................................................................................................................61
HKICEAS-632................................................................................................................................68
HKICEAS-783................................................................................................................................72
HKICEAS-909................................................................................................................................77
HKICEAS-819................................................................................................................................83
Natural Science Keynote Speech .......................................................................................................89
Civil Engineering I.................................................................................................................................91
HKICEAS-858................................................................................................................................93

HKICEAS-857............................................................................................................................. 100
HKICEAS-648............................................................................................................................. 108
HKICEAS-776............................................................................................................................. 115
HKICEAS-817............................................................................................................................. 122

HKICEAS-818............................................................................................................................. 129
HKICEAS-768............................................................................................................................. 130
Computer Science and Information Engineering I ........................................................... 138
HKICEAS-743............................................................................................................................. 139
HKICEAS-903............................................................................................................................. 147
EECS-721 .................................................................................................................................... 153
EECS-722 .................................................................................................................................... 160
Environmental Science I................................................................................................................. 169
HKICEAS-788............................................................................................................................. 171
HKICEAS-685............................................................................................................................. 179
HKICEAS-581............................................................................................................................. 189
HKICEAS-651............................................................................................................................. 197
HKICEAS-736............................................................................................................................. 206
HKICEAS-565............................................................................................................................. 209
Biomedical Engineering I/ Civil Engineering ...................................................................... 218
HKICEAS-657............................................................................................................................. 220
HKICEAS-690............................................................................................................................. 231
HKICEAS-713............................................................................................................................. 239
EECS-641 .................................................................................................................................... 245
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HKICEAS-792............................................................................................................................. 252
HKICEAS-795............................................................................................................................. 253
HKICEAS-548............................................................................................................................. 265
HKICEAS-827............................................................................................................................. 274
Biomedical Engineering II ............................................................................................................. 280
HKICEAS-771............................................................................................................................. 282
HKICEAS-767............................................................................................................................. 286
HKICEAS-705............................................................................................................................. 293
HKICEAS-714............................................................................................................................. 303
HKICEAS-573............................................................................................................................. 312
HKICEAS-793............................................................................................................................. 325
HKICEAS-668............................................................................................................................. 330
HKICEAS-670............................................................................................................................. 332
Material Science and Engineering I .......................................................................................... 333
HKICEAS-908............................................................................................................................. 335
HKICEAS-749............................................................................................................................. 353
HKICEAS-882............................................................................................................................. 367
HKICEAS-684............................................................................................................................. 374
HKICEAS-818............................................................................................................................. 381

HKICEAS-850............................................................................................................................. 388
Computer Science and Information Engineering II ......................................................... 393
EECS-740 .................................................................................................................................... 395
EECS-754 .................................................................................................................................... 405
EECS-756 .................................................................................................................................... 413
EECS-805 .................................................................................................................................... 419
EECS-832 .................................................................................................................................... 426
HKICEAS-729............................................................................................................................. 433
Environmental Science II/ Civil Engineering II ................................................................. 446
HKICEAS-642............................................................................................................................. 448
HKICEAS-824............................................................................................................................. 449
HKICEAS-564............................................................................................................................. 456
HKICEAS-784............................................................................................................................. 457
HKICEAS-601............................................................................................................................. 472
HKICEAS-658............................................................................................................................. 479

HKICEAS-800............................................................................................................................. 486
Chemical Engineering ...................................................................................................................... 492
HKICEAS-770............................................................................................................................. 494
HKICEAS-730............................................................................................................................. 501

HKICEAS-660............................................................................................................................. 508
HKICEAS-661............................................................................................................................. 514
HKICEAS-671............................................................................................................................. 518
HKICEAS-681............................................................................................................................. 523
Computer Science and Information Engineering III/ Wireless or Mobile
Communication & Computing ..................................................................................................... 524
EECS-748 .................................................................................................................................... 526
EECS-749 .................................................................................................................................... 531
EECS-753 .................................................................................................................................... 537
EECS-715 .................................................................................................................................... 544
EECS-733 .................................................................................................................................... 551
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EECS-742 .................................................................................................................................... 558
Material Science and Engineering II ........................................................................................ 565
HKICEAS-569............................................................................................................................. 567
HKICEAS-851............................................................................................................................. 575
HKICEAS-852............................................................................................................................. 581
HKICEAS-853............................................................................................................................. 589
HKICEAS-854............................................................................................................................. 596

Electrical and Electronic Engineering II ................................................................................ 602
HKICEAS-718............................................................................................................................. 604
HKICEAS-722............................................................................................................................. 612
HKICEAS-655............................................................................................................................. 618
HKICEAS-630............................................................................................................................. 625
HKICEAS-676............................................................................................................................. 628
HKICEAS-731............................................................................................................................. 633
HKICEAS-491............................................................................................................................. 640
Fundamental and Applied Sciences II ..................................................................................... 648
HKICEAS-821............................................................................................................................. 649
HKICEAS-665............................................................................................................................. 658
HKICEAS-906............................................................................................................................. 665
HKICEAS-764............................................................................................................................. 670
HKICEAS-904............................................................................................................................. 688
Mechanical Engineering ................................................................................................................. 694
HKICEAS-580............................................................................................................................. 696
HKICEAS-576............................................................................................................................. 704
HKICEAS-659............................................................................................................................. 712
HKICEAS-870............................................................................................................................. 713
HKICEAS-834............................................................................................................................. 719

HKICEAS-835............................................................................................................................. 725
HKICEAS-558 ........................................................................................................................... 732
Material Science and Engineering III....................................................................................... 733
HKICEAS-860............................................................................................................................. 735
HKICEAS-599 ........................................................................................................................... 741
HKICEAS-613............................................................................................................................. 742
HKICEAS-699............................................................................................................................. 743
HKICEAS-719............................................................................................................................. 744
Poster Sessions ........................................................................................................................................ 749
Material Science and Engineering ............................................................................................. 749
HKICEAS-717............................................................................................................................. 752
HKICEAS-556............................................................................................................................. 759
HKICEAS-861............................................................................................................................. 763
HKICEAS-733............................................................................................................................. 769
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HKICEAS-680............................................................................................................................. 781
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HKICEAS-726............................................................................................................................. 800
HKICEAS-879............................................................................................................................. 804
HKICEAS-883............................................................................................................................. 809
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HKICEAS-695............................................................................................................................. 816
HKICEAS-727............................................................................................................................. 822
Electrical and Electronic Engineering..................................................................................... 823
HKICEAS-876............................................................................................................................. 824
HKICEAS-939............................................................................................................................. 828
Biomedical Engineering I/ Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics ............. 837
HKICEAS-650............................................................................................................................. 842
HKICEAS-826............................................................................................................................. 843
HKICEAS-708............................................................................................................................. 845
HKICEAS-723............................................................................................................................. 853
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HKICEAS-677............................................................................................................................. 865
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HKICEAS-915............................................................................................................................. 878
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HKICEAS-900............................................................................................................................. 880
HKICEAS-901............................................................................................................................. 881
EECS-827 .................................................................................................................................... 882
EECS-816 .................................................................................................................................... 887
Civil Engineering ................................................................................................................................ 896
HKICEAS-735............................................................................................................................. 898
HKICEAS-542............................................................................................................................. 906
HKICEAS-672............................................................................................................................. 919
HKICEAS-667............................................................................................................................. 920
HKICEAS-889............................................................................................................................. 927
Mechanical Engineering ................................................................................................................. 930
HKICEAS-744............................................................................................................................. 931
HKICEAS-652............................................................................................................................. 938
HKICEAS-782............................................................................................................................. 946

Chemical Engineering ...................................................................................................................... 951
HKICEAS-663............................................................................................................................. 952
HKICEAS-559............................................................................................................................. 956
HKICEAS-552............................................................................................................................. 972
Wireless or Mobile Communication & Computing/ Nano-Electro-Mechanical
System, Networking .......................................................................................................................... 973
EECS-670 .................................................................................................................................... 974
EECS-735 .................................................................................................................................... 981
Fundamental and Applied Sciences ......................................................................................... 982
HKICEAS-836............................................................................................................................. 984
HKICEAS-837............................................................................................................................. 985
HKICEAS-607............................................................................................................................. 986
HKICEAS-891............................................................................................................................. 987
HKICEAS-892............................................................................................................................. 988

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HKICEAS-893............................................................................................................................. 989
Electrical and Electronic Engineering/Photonics and Optoelectronics ............... 990
EECS-736 .................................................................................................................................... 993

EECS-701 .................................................................................................................................... 999
EECS-713 ................................................................................................................................. 1007
EECS-718 ................................................................................................................................. 1015
EECS-743 ................................................................................................................................. 1021
EECS-761 ................................................................................................................................. 1028
EECS-809 ................................................................................................................................. 1034
EECS-799 ................................................................................................................................. 1043
EECS-717 ................................................................................................................................. 1050
Computer Science and Information Engineering/ Environmental Science .... 1051
HKICEAS-673.......................................................................................................................... 1053
HKICEAS-773.......................................................................................................................... 1058
HKICEAS-711.......................................................................................................................... 1065
EECS-712 ................................................................................................................................. 1066
EECS-731 ................................................................................................................................. 1071
EECS-738 ................................................................................................................................. 1078
EECS-746 ................................................................................................................................. 1085
HKICEAS-887.......................................................................................................................... 1086
EECS-665 ................................................................................................................................. 1092

General Information for Participants
Information and Registration
The Registration and Information Desk will be situated in the below time and location at Regal
Airport Hotel:
2F, December 19, 2013 (15:00-17:00)
B1, December 20, 2013 (08:15-16:00)
B1, December 21, 2013 (08:15-16:00)
Parallel Sessions
Parallel Sessions will run on December 20 and 21. Sessions are usually 90 minutes in length.
Presentations and Equipment
All presentation rooms are equipped with a screen, an LCD projector, and a laptop computer
installed with PowerPoint software. You will be able to insert your USB flash drive into the
computer and double click on your presentation to open it in PowerPoint. We recommend that
you bring two copies of your presentation in case of one fails. You may also link your own
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have the requisite connector.
A Polite Request to All Participants
Participants are requested to arrive in a timely fashion for all addresses, whether to their own,
or to those of other presenters. Presenters are reminded that the time slots should be divided
fairly and equally between the number of presentations, and that they should not overrun. The
session chair is asked to assume this timekeeping role.

6
Poster Sessions & Poster Requirements
Materials Provided by the Conference Organizer:

1. X-frame display & Base Fabric Canvases (60cm×160cm)
2. Adhesive Tapes or Clamps
Materials Prepared by the Presenters:

1. Home-made Poster(s)
Requirement for the Posters:

1.

Material: not limited, can be posted on the canvases

2.

Size: 60cm*160cm

A 60cm*160cm Poster Illustrates the research findings.

1.Wider than 60cm (left)

2.Copy of PowerPoint Slides in A4 papers (right)
7

Conference Organization
HKICEAS Committee Board
Linda Osman-Schlegel

Deakin University (Geelong Waterfront Campus)

Khalid M. Mosalam

University of California, Berkeley

Chueerat Jaruskulchai

Kasetsart University

M. Cheralathan

SRM University

J N Bandyopadhyay

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

S. Dhar

University of Calcutta

Poongothai Shankar

Annamalai University

Amit Agrawal

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

Cheng Li

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

T.M. Indra Mahlia

University of Malaya

Kunal Ghosh

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Narayanan Kulathuramaiyer

University of Sarawak Malaysia

Arup K. Sarma

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Suresh K Bhargava

School of Applied Sciences

Banerji P

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

P.K. Ghosh

Indian Institute of Technology Poorkee

E George Dharma Prakash Raj

Bharathidasan University

R.P.Bhatnagar

Birla Institute of Technology

V. Vijayagopal

Annamalai University

Amit Awekar

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Gustavo Carneiro

University of Adelaide

Pui-In Mak

University of Macau
8

E, Rathakrishnan

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Bassim H. Hameed

University of Science Malaysia

Sudhirkumar Barai

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

S. N. Sarkar

Calcutta University

Samit Bhattacharya

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

A. P. Shashikala

Birla Institute of Technology

RM. Senthamarai

Annamalai University

Arnab Bhattacharya

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Zbigniew Michalewicz

University of Adelaide

B. Bhattacharya

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Amin Heidarpour

Monash University

Faizal Mustapha

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Susanta Banerjee

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

M.V.L.R Anjaneyalu

Birla Institute of Technology

P. Balasubramanian

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Hui Tong Chua

University of Western Australia

Andrew Whyte

Curtin University

Johnson Agbinya

La Trobe University

Yuen Ka Veng

University of Macau

ShahNor Basri

Universiti Putra Malaysia

T. V. Gopal

SRM University

Surendra Kumar

Indian Institute of Technology Poorkee

K. K. Saju

Cochin University of Science and Technology

Ghim Wei Ho

National University of Singapore

HKICEAS-906
Percentage of Free Fatty Acid and Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuel in Waste
Coconut Oil (WCO)
N M. Suanitia, I W. B. Adnyanab
a
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali
b
Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali
E-mail: suanitisr@yahoo.com
Abstract
Various commercial product in tropical regions has a wide impact in many field. Coconut as one of
the export scale product often processed becoming coconut oil to fulfill daily life matter. Coconut
oil usually be used as a media to fry foodsttufs such as chicken and residual oil during frying
process named Waste Coconut Oil (WCO). Over the past year WCO serve as a waste product and
known less advantage. Nowdays, WCO be treated become biodiesel as an alternative fuel of diesel
engine to reduce utilization fosil fuels. The aims of this study were to analyze some characteristics
as biodiesel from WCO which undergo esterification or transesterification process. Esterification
process obtained a specific purpose to convert fatty acid in coconut oil that is consisting with lauric
acid. Esterification process to produce methyl ester from WCO using catalyst H2SO4 and Toluene
sulfonate where upon the yield of esterification process subsequently analyzed contents of free fatty
acid (FFA) from acid value. Synthesis of biodiesel from fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from WCO
ester ongoing process of frying chicken during chicken 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours. Percentage (%) of FFA
has a variation under the influence both of catalyst H2SO4 and Toluene sulfonate and lengthy of
frying at oil. % FFA with H2SO4 catalyst obtained each 1.01 to 2.02 % and with toluene-sulfanote
catalyst produced each 0.68 to 1.02 %. Characteristics of biodiesel fuel analyzed of density,
viscosity, and flash point value were 1.91 to 2.03, 6.43 to 17.25, 38 to 46 respectively with H2SO4
catalyst and 1.94 to 2.00, 10.73 to 12.97, 35 to 60 respectively with toluene-sulfonate catalyst.
WCO obtained after frying during 5 and 7 hours eligible as a Biodiesel because as avaluable result.
Determination of flash point has been done under temperature 50oC which and the oil should not
use for frying again some values of density and viscosity were getting high.
Keyword: Fatty acid, Biodiesel, WCO
1.Introduction
Coconut oil especially used in frying can undergo an oxidation process because of the high
temperature, that condition can reduce the quality of oil such as physic-chemical properties, odor
and resulting rancidity of coconut oil which reported as one of the toxic substance that can promote
a serious malignant disease. Coconut oil heated for every different duration of time at present can
produce a renewable product namely biodiesel and the process called esterification where the fatty
acid from coconut oil reacted with methanol to produce ester with the side product like glycerol as
known still have a high economical value.
The development of human civilization along with advances in technology demand a large scale of
energy sources from time to time. Enhancement needs of energy sources caused the depletion of
petroleum energy sources. According to the Department of Energy and mineral resources, reserve
petroleum in Indonesia estimated as a fosil fuel which can’t refurbished with the result that an
average production rate around 500 million barrels per year will run out in 18 years due to increased
fuel consumption.
One of the fuel energy sources that are not derived from petroleum is coconut oil, more than that
used cooking oil can be used as a biodiesel. WCO can be processed into biodiesel that
environmentally friendly form and usually obtained by esterification and transesterification process.
665

Esterification method according to IUPAC (1987) often used these two methods than the other,
namely Christie and Laureles to produce methyl esters from Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). This
Process undergo some step consist with added n-hexane, vortex the oil, and added 1.5 mL NaOH
(Pontoh and Makasoe, 2011). Esterification is a reaction between ester and methanol with an acid
catalyst, whereas ester transesterification obtained in the esterification reaction which methanol is
reacted again but using a base catalyst. This result known as esterification and transesterification of
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). In principle, all strong inorganic acids catalyst can be used such
as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid or organic acids such as catalyst toluenesulfonate (Hamelinck, et al., 2007).
Based on the background above, the series of conducted research has been done to analyze the
characterization of biodiesel made from waste coconut oil (WCO) after frying chicken during 1, 3,
5, and 7 hours.
2.Materials and Method
Waste Coconut Oil after frying chicken 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours, n-hexane, 95-98% sulfuric acid (E.
Merck), followed by toluene sulfonic acid, NaOH, methanol p.a 99%, and anhydrous CaCl2.
Esterification: first of all methanol added to WCO, followed by hexane, and stirred to 5 minutes and
then added H2SO4 catalyst or toluene sulfonate catalyst, solution with a mixture of heated 1 hour.
Transesterification: the cold solution added Na methoxide and hexane, then heated at temperature
55oC and stirred for 2.5 hours which placed into a separating funnel. Process of separating begun
when the top layer of solution washed with distilled water until the washing water distillation clear.
Solution added CaCl2 anhydrous, filtered, collected a number of biodiesel and analyzed.
3.Results and Discussion
Percentages of free fatty acids (% FFA), density, viscosity, and flash point in Figure 1 described
bellow with sulfuric acid catalyst and Figure 2 with toluene sulfonat catalyst. %FFA, in this
research the maximum result obtained after frying chicken during 5 hours and still have high value
after 7 hours of frying. However %FFA decreased after heating at frying chicken for 1 and 3 hours.
Subsequently after heating at 5 and 7 hours the value of % FFA and acid number increased, it
indicates that pure coconut oil needs to be heated to reduce free fatty acids content in the oil, but
when the heating of the used oil did continuously until 7 hours there was a slight increased value of
fatty acids. It can occur after process of frying chicken without skin obviously produce fatty acids
and increased %FFA, moreover the diffferent result obtained from the frying process of other
chicken part like skin, viscera, and so on. This study can be used as a reference in the field of health,
because high fatty acid content is not good for health. Therefore we recommended utilization of
cooking oil more than 5 hours after frying chicken, it must be used to be a fuel, and it can not be
used for processing food furthermore but can be used to supply needs of motor vehicles.
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Figure 1: %FFA, density, viscosity, and flash point values of FAME with sulfuric acid catalyst
Measurements of density, viscosity, and flash point of FAME have been done using Ostwald
method as shown in Figure 1 above. Density value ranged from 1.91 to 2.03 (5 hours) and then
decrese to 1.98 (7 hours). The viscosity of FAME ranged from 6.43 to 17.25, and flash point ranged
from 32 to 46 (1 hour). The European biodiesel quality standard (EN 14214) ranged from 0.86 to
0.90 and the Indonesian National Standard (SNI: 04-7182 -2006), ranged from 0.850 to 0.890.
Density of FAME in this research is still higher than Indonesia standard and European, after all it
needs to be optimized in the process manufacturing of oil mixture.

Figure 2: %FFA, density, viscosity, and flash point values of FAME with toluene-Sulfonate catalyst
667

Measurements of % FFA has been done were 0.68 to 1.01 as shown in Figure 2 above, value also
accomplished with the same method, while value of density, viscosity, and flash point of FAME
wth the density ranged around 1.96 to 2 (5 hours) and decreased until 1.97 (7 hours). The viscosity
of FAME ranged from 12.97 to 17.06, and flash point ranged from 35 to 60 (3 hours). The
European biodiesel quality standard (EN 14214) ranged from 0.86 to 0.90 and the Indonesian
National Standard (SNI: 04-7182 -2006), ranged around 0.850 to 0.890. Density at FAME is still
higher than the standard Indonesian and European, eventually it needs to be optimized in the
process manufacturing of oil mixture. Viscosity FAME with toluene-sulfonate catalyst obtained
high value compared with sulfuric acid, this suggests that sulfuric acid catalyst is still better.
% FFA obtainable around ≤ 2 according to the research Yuliani et al., There high fatty acid content
(> 2), represent the impact of catalyst alkaline in the transesterification because the fatty acid reacts
with the catalyst to form soap through a saponification reaction. This resulted ineffective catalyst
role because the catalyst reacts with the fatty acids that can degrade ester formed and separation
process more difficult to be solved.
Density values according to the standards of Indonesian biodiesel (SNI) :04-7182-2006 (Supardan,
et al., 2011) indicating the value of used cooking oil viscosity at 5 and 7 hours with sulfuric acid
and toluene sulfonate catalyst however still high so it needs to be reviewed for the optimum
conditions of fat in the process of mixing oil with alcohol while flash point value has been reached
fulfill as biodiesel.
4.Conclusion
Percentages of FFA (% FFA) were obtained from 1.01 to 2.02 with H2SO4 catalyst, and 0.68 to 1.02
with toluene-sulfonate catalyst. Characteristics determination of biodiesel such as density, viscosity,
and flash point were 1.91 to 2.03, 6.43 to 17.25, 38 to 46 respectively with H2SO4 catalyst and 1.94
to 2.00, 10.73 to 12.97, 35 to 60 respectively with toluene-sulfonate catalyst. WCO after frying 5
and 7 hours with sulfuric acid catalyst because a developed good result as Fuel. Flash point under
50oC has been done and analyzed for further processing like frying it should be discontinued by
reason of some values of density and viscosity were getting high.
Acknowledgement
Authors express their gratitude and appreciation to the Directorate General of Higher Education
(DIKTI) for the opportunity to conduct the process of research in a laboratory scale gradually.
Thanks as well given to LPPM Udayana University and all those who helped this study achieved
success.
668

References
[1] Hamelinck, C., Schober, S., Mittelbach, M., Verolet, J., dehue, B., Bioscopes, Fatty acid
Ethyl Ester. Ecofys Uni Craz, 2007, 3-5
[2] Pontoh, J., makasoe, L., Comparison of several methods of making the analysis of methyl
esters of fatty acids of Virgin Coconut Oil ( VCO ) . Scientific journal Science ,
Chemistry courses F.MIPA Univ . Sam Ratulangi Manado, 2011. 11, 241-247
[3] Suirta, IW. Preparation of Biodiesel from Palm Oil Jelantah . Journal of Chemistry
F.MIPA Unud , 2009, 3 , 1 , 1-6 . Bukit Jimbaran . Badung . Bali . ISSN 1907-9850
[4] Supardan, M.D. Use of Ultrasonic for Used Cooking Oil Transesterification .
Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , 2011, 8 , 1 . 11-16 .
Department of Chemical Engineering , FT . Syah Kuala University . Banda Aceh . ISSN
1412-5064 .
[5] Yuliani, F., Primasari, M., Rachmaniah, O., Rachimoellah, M., Effect of acid catalyst (
H2SO4) and reaction temperature on the esterification reaction Seed Oil rubber (Hevea
brasiliensis) into Biodiesel. Biomass and energy laboratory ITS Surabaya , 2003
669