LANGUAGE OF POLITICS DURING GENERAL ELECTION 2004.
LANGUAGE OF POLITICS DURING
GENERAL ELECTION 2004
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DJANI SYAHPUT
Reg.No.025010074
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ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS
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THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
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2005
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LANGUAGE OF POLITICS DURING
GENERAL ELECTION 2004
A THESIS
Arranged and proposed by
DIANI SYAHPUTRI
Reg. No. : 025010074
Has been defended before the Committee of Thesis ExamJJ)atlon
on February 3, 1005 and declared to have fulfilled the requirement
Approved by :
Consultant Commission
Dr. Lince Sibombing, M.Pd.
Prof. D.P. Tampubolcm,Pb.D.
Head of English Applied Linguistics
Prof. Dr. J•waai Naibaho.
Director of
M
J
Prof. Dr. Belferik Manullang.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise to Allah. Lord of the world, the Beneficent Merd ful, who gives me health and
safety to fi nish this thesis from the beginning up to the end. And to tbe prophet
Muhammad SAW, as well as his companions for the blessing and chances given to
completion of this thesis. One of the requirements to be fulfilled before finishing the
studies at Graduate Program in State University of M edan is to write a thesis. My thesis
is entitled "Language of Politics During General Election 2004".
In writing this thesis, 1 have encountered some difficulties dealing with collecting the
data and the analysis. It needed much time to accomplish it so 1 had to go and collect
ideas and their ideas help me to carry on writing this thesis. Hence 1 wish to extend my
sincere gratitude to some people who have given some guidance and comments during
the preparation of this thesis, they are :
l. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd and Prof D.P.Tampubolon, Ph.D as my first and
second consultants, who provided me valuable suggestions, encouragement,
guidance and comment during the writing for this thesis.
2. Prof Dr. Jawasi Naibaho, the Head of English Applied Linguistics Program and'"
Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the Secretary of the Program.
3. Prof. Am.rin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D and Prof. Tina Mariani Kariman, Ph.D for their
comments and criticsm to the earliest draft of the thesis proposal.
4. All of my lecturers in E nglish Applied Linguistics Graduate Program for their
valuable knowledge during the academic years at State University of Medan.
11
5. Administration Staff of the Program and the librarian for their warm welcome in
facilitating my study.
6. A. Hamid Si.regar, SE, my husband and flj . Saribanun Tanjung, my mother, all of
my brothers, sister and .my beloved
children who show me their love and
support.
7. At last, I should also thank all my friends and students for their company and
support. May God bl ess them all.
Medan,
January 2005
The wr1ter
DIANI SYAHPlJTRI
ABSTRACT
SYAHPUTRI, DIAN I. Language of Politics Doring General Election 2004. A Thesis.
English Applied Linguistics Program, Graduate Program_ UNIMED. State University of
Medan. 2004
This study deals with the language of politics used during the general election
campaigns of 2004 with a focus on categories of language of politics used Presidents and
Vice of President Candidates .The study has answered five problems namely ; the kinds
of languages of politics are used by Indonesian political parties and President Candidates
. The dominant kinds of language of politics, the dominant process used in the language
of politics, the effect of the political statements on the electors. Five parties (GOLKAR,
PDI-P, PAN, P.DEMOKRAT and PPP) are as the samples. The total samples ofbanners
were 50 . Advertisements and Speeches from five President candidates (Wiranto,
Megawati, Amien Rais, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, and Hamza Haz). The sample also
was taken from 40 common people who lived around Medan City . Tape Recorder which
was used to collect the data was carried out from April to June 2004. The result of this
study bas shown that: (i) there are four categories of language ofpo11tics used during the
general election 2004 namely ~ Political Doctrine, Miranda, Political Formation, and
Political Slogan. Political Doctrine is dominantly used during the general election 2004
with an occurrence of 55.6 %. (ii) There are six types of processes of transitivity used in
language of politics namely ; Material Process, Mental Process, Relational Process,
Verbal Process, and Existential Process .However, the dominant process is Relational
process (47.66 %). The coding of Politica1 Doctrine in dominant relational process
significantly result in approval of the electors.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT.... ................... ............. .................. ......... ....................
ACKNOWLEDGE!vfENTS ... .. . ... ... . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
LIST OF TABLES. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. ..
LIST OF ABBREVlATIONS... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......
1
u
1v
vt
Vll
CHAPTER llNTRODUCTION..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 The Background of the Study. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . ... ... ..
1
1
1.2 The Research Problems... . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . ... .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .
5
5
1.3 The Objectives of the Study........ . ............... . .. .............. . ........... ........
l.4 The Soope of the Study.. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .
1.5 The Significance of the Study.. . .... .... . ...... ....... .. ................ ..... ... ........
6
6
CHAPfER IT THEORETICAL ORIENTATION... .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .
2.1 The Description of Language... . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ..
2.2 The Theory of Language Variations...... ... .. .. ........... ........... ................
2.3 Language Varieties......................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . ...
2.3.1 Language of Politics as a Language Variety ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
2.3.2 The Categories of the Language ofPolitics.... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. ... .. . ... .
2.3.2.1 The Political Myth... . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..
2.3.2.2 The Political Doctrine............... ... .................. .. .... ... .....
2.3.2.3 The Miranda......... .... ............ .. .................................
2.3.2.4 The Political Formulation................................. ... ... ... ... .
2.3.2.5 The Political Slogan......... ... ........................... ... .. . ... ... .
7
8
10
13
13
15
15
2.4 The Semantic Analysis Based on Functional Grammar........ ....................
2.4.1 TheDescriptionofTransitivity.................................... .. . .. ........
2.4.1.1 The Elements ofTransitivity.. . .....................................................
2.4.1.1.1 Process...................................... .. .. .. ...... ... .. .
2.4.1. 1.1.1 The Types of Process.... .. ... .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .
1. Material Process............ .. . .. ... . ... .. ....
2. Mental Process.................. .............
#A
3. Relational process.................. ... ......
4. Behavioral Process .. . .. . ... . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. ..
5 Verbal Process.. ...... .... .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. ..
6. Existential Process... .................. .....
2.4.2 Participants................................................. .. ................
2.4.3 Circumstances..
17
19
20
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21
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22
22
22
23
23
24
25
V
lV
7
7
16
16
2.5 Semantic Aspects of the Categories and Their Effects on the People..............
2.5.1 Styles in Language of Politics....................................................
28
30
CHAPTER III METIIOD OF RESEARCH... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
3.1 Research Design ............ _,....... .................... .................................
31
3.2 Sources of Data...........................................................................
3.3 Techniques for Collecting Data............ ... ... ... .. ................... ...............
3.4 Procedures of Analyzing the Data......... ........ .. ... ........ ... .......... ...........
31
32
CHAPTERTV DATA AND DATAANALYSIS.............. ....... .. ....... ......... .
36
33
4.1 Data Collection... ... ................................................. ..... ........ . .......
36
4.2 Data Analysis... ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. .
37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS... .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . ..
5.1 Conclusions...... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. ..
5.2 Suggestions.............................. .. . .. . . .. . . ... .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . ...
89
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90
REFERENCES... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Appendix 1... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 2... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Appendix 4... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 5... .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . ..
Appendix 6... ... . .. ... ... ... . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... . .. ... .. . ... . .. ... .. . ... ... ... .. . .. . ... ...
Appendix 7... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Appendix 8... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 9... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Appendix 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
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v
l 02
109"
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120
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121
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table l
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table
Table
Table
Table
12
13
14
15
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
16
17
18
19
20
Table 21
Table 22
Table 23
Table 24
Table 25
Table 26
Table 27
Table 28
Table 29
Table 30
Table 31
Proces.~
Types, Their Meaning and Key Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Circumstances! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency of the Political Doctrine..........................................
.Frequency of Miranda... . . . .. . ... .. . .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
Frequency of Political Formation . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .
Frequency of Political Slogan . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
The Percentage of Frequency of the Categories of Language of
Politics Based on Banners, Advertisements. and Speeches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Percentage of Processes of Transitivity Used in Banners.. . .. ... ...
The Percentage-of Processes of Transitivity Used in Advertisements...
The Percentage of Processes of Transitivity Used in Speeches.. .........
The Dominant Types of Process of Transitivity in Banners. Advertise
ments ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ...
Tenns Used by President and Vice President Candidates ... ... ... ... ... ..
Political Statements and Terms such as : The enforcement of law .. . . .. .
Political Terms such as "Money Politic, corrupt politician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In Politics, Language is a Device that can Affect the Opinion . . . . . . . . . . .
Political Statement such as "Be in Unity" that Gives a Wide Sense . . . . .
Remember! on July 2,3,4, there will be "Bribe of Materials".............
Political Statement "Eradicate Corruption " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
President and Vice President in Description of their Vision ... ... .. . ... ..
President and Vice President in description of their Vision and
Mission Used a Simple Language .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. ... . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . ...
Figurative Language such as Metonymy and Satire are always Used
By President and Vice President Candidates in their Activities .. . ... ... .
Political Statement" One for All and All for One" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
President and Vice President mostly Used Political Tenns such as
Exploiter, Track Record, Crucial, Political Alliance"................. .....
After Electing of President and Vice President, you will be quite and'
Happy ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .....
Political Statements such as "Governmeot will create stable Nat10nal
Politic, Reduce the Unemployment, Improve the People's welfare ... ...
President and Vice President Candidate are Sufficiently Transparent
Political Statement such as •• Corruption. Collusion and Nepotism
Will be eliminated seems to the Political Slogan orrly" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Political statement "Struggle forty percent budget for Education and
Health ......... ... ...... .... .. ..... .... ..... .... ... ...._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To day most people disagree with the Political Statement stated by......
Political S ta~men
used by President and Vice Presidcptt can quite ... .
One of the proofs that the electors are affected by th:e Political State·
ment stated by one of the President and Vice President Candidate... . . . .
vu
24
26
37
41
43
45
48
49
50
52
53
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
65
66
67
68
69
170
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72
73
74
75
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations :
PM
PD
M
PF
PS
GOLKAR
PDI·P
PAN
P.D
ppp
'Political Myth~
'Political Doctrine'
' Miranda'
'Political Fonnation'
'Political Slogan'
'Golongan K.arya'
'Partai Demokrasi lndonesia-Perjuangan
'Partai Amanat Nasional'
'Partai Demokraf
'Partai Persatuan Pembangunan'
Vl
Page
Table 32
Table 33
Table 34
The Use ofLanguage ofPolitics During General Election 2004 ... ... ...
The Perception of Electors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Score ofThe Use of Language ofPolitics (X) and Data Scores of
Electors' Perceptions (Y)... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... .........
81
83
85
CHAPTE.R 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is the best means of self-expression. It is through language that humans
express their thoughts, desires, emotions, and feelings; it is through it they store
knowledge, transmit message, tnmsfer knowledge and experience fiom one person to
another, from one generation to another. Most of the activities in the world are carried
on through or by it. It is through it that humans intttact or relate tD each other.
Language is a social phenomenon. It is a set of conventional communicative signals
used by humans fur communication in a community. Language in this sense is a
possession of a social group, an indispensable set of rules which permits its members t o
relate to each other : It is a of sociaJ institution. Language ex..ists in society; it is a
means of nowish.ing and developing culture and establishing human relatious. It is as a
member of society that a human being acquire5 a language. We are not born with an
instinct to learn a particular language , such as English, India, French or Arabic. We
learn a language as members of the society because we want to understand that society,
or to be understood by that speech community. If a language is not used in any society, it
dies out.
Language thus is a social event. It can fully be described only if we know alL about
the people who are involved in it. their p e.rsonilities, their beliefs, attitudes, knowledge
of the world, re1atiooshjp to each other, tbeir social status, what activity they are
engaged in, what they are talking at
an. what has gone before linguistically and nonI
2
linguistically, what happens after, what they are and a host of other facts about them and
the situation.
There are some important functions of Janguage, namely ; firstly, language is used
for the pmposes of communication and social cooperation. In this ftmction language
enables us to influence people's behaviour in detail, thereby makes communication and
social cooperation possible. Secondly, language can also function as an instrument of
thought A philosopher, for example, uses language to clarifY and develop his ideas oo a
subject, so here language is used, as an instrument of thought. Thirdly, language can also
be used for a expressive purpose.
While
Halliday ( 1994 : 10) there are three function of language in human life : ideationaL
interpersonal and textual function. Interpersonal divides into the experiential and logical
function. These are known as metafunction. Thus, the experiential function that is the
use of language as the representation of experience. The users of language is
representing the experience by using a clause.
Thus, language is something which is inseparable from hwuan beings. It has an
important pan of human life. When we refer to the some philosophers' view they bad
different views of language, as Greek philosopher held that language is an instrument
to look tor and expressed the truth, as well as expressing the persuasion while Athena
bas way of life that language as instrument to achieve the certain aim which has
concentred and practiced. Language is supposed to be a beautifUl in the political rule
which has high level. This is the view adopted in this study.
Many linguists, sociologists , and anthropologists
problems . They do some researches to answer their
~
with language
curiosity. For example, the
3
researchers want to find out the simi1arities and differences between two languages in
tenns of forms. functions and positions. The findings not only benefit for them but also
for teachers, students who want to Jearn in detail of two languages. When there is a
research in human language to be contrasted, tbae is also a research done how language
used for certain people or parties. But it is not many. Language used for specific purpose
by group of parties (popular as political language). Some researches have been
conducted concerning with language of politics. For instances; Latif (1996) focused on
Haha.fa dan Kelam.raan (Language and Power) and Tampubolon (1998) made one of
the observations concerning the phenomenon of death of language because this
phenomeaon was influential to Indonesia.
.In fact, researches dealing with language CJf politics in Indonesia are very fe
conducted by linguists and sociologists, even though this research is interesting andadvantageous. Since not many researches give attention to this kind of language of:
politics, the writer is interested to study it. But ofcourse with diffurent event
In fact, language of politics is a language variety which has its own features . It
has vocabulary, grammar and discourse, which are significant features of various
political activities ( Beard : 2000) . In other words, language of poljtics will have its own
characteristic based on who governs a certain government in a certain era. For instance ;
during Suharto's administrations era, the political slogans such as ; 'Bersih, Stobil,
Terlib ' (clean, stable, order) , 'azas tungga/' {one of basic ) , 'disiplin nasional' (
nasionol di.tcip/ine) ' mowas diri' (self correction through introspection) , are always
beard but in Megawati's administratioos era are never beard all of thes~
words or
phrases. In R.efonnation era • the political tenDs or Sblte:Q:tents, such as 'politij·i busuk, (
4
depraved politicianf> ) .. polilik uang ( money politic ), antek Suharto ( Suharto
henchman) , bersama kita hisa ( together we achieve the goal), berani, jujur, adi/, (
brave, honest, jusr ) kenyang, rentram, aman, ( satisfied, quiet, peaceful )
etc are
always beard but they are never heard in the New Order era . The words or phrases can
be interpreted into some meanings. Sometimes the phrases or words are not popular to
the society so that they can not be understood by society. Then, in language of politics
during the general election 2004 use many acronyms. Such as; Caleg, Panwaslu, KPU,
Capres, Cawapres, Pilpres, Parpol, KPUD, etc. It has been claimed by ljamday (1994)
that variation of language means high probability of occurrence of a linguistic fearure
under a certain context in comparison with the general use of language. Thus, in rhe
language of politics there is a high probability of occurrence of a linguistic feature.
Halliday elaborates that linguistic experience can be best understood with reference to
the transitivity system. Tilis system is constituted of the three elements of process,
participants and circumstance. Of the three elements it is the process which is the
nucleus of experience since it determines the participants. In this study the language of
politics is described with reference to the process type.
The topic of this study is ' Language of Politics During General Election 2004 •. lii
this study the writer discussed
what kinds of language of Politics are stated by
Indonesian Political Parties and President Candidates during election campaign 2004. .
5
1.2 Tbe Resean:h Problems
Based on the explanation above, it can be identified ;
1. What kinds of language of politics are used by the Indonesian Politicians during the
genera] election campaign of2004 ?
2. What is the dominant kind oftanguage of politics is used in the political campaign of
the 2004 Indonesian Presinentia1 election ?
3. What types of experiential meanings are coded in the language of politics .
4. Why is the dominant type process used in the language of politics?
5. What are the effects of those statements of politics on the electors ? Specifically,
how are the meanings perceived by the electors ?
1.3 The Objectives of tbe Study
The objectives ofresearch are the following :
I. To discover what kinds of language of politics is used by the Indonesian Political
Parties and President Candidates during the general eJection campaign of the
2004.
2. To discover the dominant kinds of language of politics used in the poHti.caJ
campaign ot: the 2004.
3. To discover: tbe dominant process used in the language of politics.
6
4. To investigate the reasons for the occurrence of the dominant process used in the
language of politics.
5. To discover the effects of those statements of politics on the electors.
1.4 Tbe Scope of the Study
This study was focused on findings out the kinds of language of politics used by the
Indonesian Political Parties during the legislative campaign or president and vice president campaign and the duration of time. The
so~
of data were Jimited to
banners , ad wrtisements and speeches .
l.STbe Significance of the Study
The findings ofthe study are expected to be useful for :
1. Information for the people (members of the society) who want to understand the
language of politics during general election 2004.
2. The understanding of the language of politics as a language variety which has a
certain meaning and purpose.
3. The improvement of the language of politics used by politicians in lhe future.
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the findings in the previous chapter, coodusions are drawn as follows :
1. There are four categories of language of politics used during the general election
2004 which found in the banners, advertisements and speeches. The data were taken
from April to Jun 2004. These are Political Doctrine, Minmda, Political Slogan and
Politicat Fonnation.
2.Political Doctrine is dominantly used during the general election 2004 found in the
banners, advertisements and speeches, with an occurrence of 55.6 % . Because in
Political Doctrine the politicians describe some basic expectations and demands
concerning power relations and pral-tices in the society. how to organize Indonesian
country for the future.
3. There are five types of processes of Transitivity used in language of politics found 1n
the banners, advertisements and speeches, such as ; material
proces~
mental process,
re'ational process, vernal process, and existential process.
4. Thus, after analyzing based on the transitivity system, the researcher concludes tbat
the relational process is the dominant process ( 47.66 %) used in the banners,
advertisements and speeches. The dominant use of Relational process in language of
politics during the Presidential and Parlementary election campaigns is attributed to
three reasons namely : (1) Identification of the policy (2) description ofpolicy and (3)
Ownership of the proposal.
89
90
4. The finding of the study indicates that there is a significant effect of using language
of politics on the electors. Specifically, the Political Doctrine results in approval from
the electors.
5.2 Suggestions
Based on the conclusion above, the suggestions are started as follows :
1. It is advisable for the poJiticians to use the whole categories oflan_guage of
pol1tics especially political myth in writing political editorial texts.
2 . It is advisable for the reader to learn English For Specific Purposes and by learning
it.
the readers know some language variation and find specific tenns.
3. It is advisable for the politicians to use transitivity system in writing the editorial
;::.
political texts.
4.It is advisable for the readers to learn and analyse the use oftransitivity in another
texts, such as : novels, short stories, drama or poerty, etc.
REFERENCES
Ary Donald.l979. Introduction to Research in Education. lllinois; Northern Illnois
University.
Beard Adrian. 2000. The Language ofPolitics. London : Taylor & Francis Group.
Crystal, David. 1985. The Cambridge Encyclopedia ofLanguage .Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press.
Consuelo G. Sevilla, ct al. 1993. Pengantar Metode Penelilian. Jak'ana : UI Press
Gerot and Wignell. 1994. Making Sense ofFunctional Grammar. Sydney ·
Gerd Stabler.
Halliday. M.A.K. 1994. An lntl'fXitJction to Functional Grammar. London: Melbomne
And Auckland.
Hartmann. Dictionary ofLanguage and Linguistics. London : Applied Science
Publishers.
Kreidler . W.Charles. 1998. lnlroducing English&mantics. New York: Routlcifge.
LatifYudi. 1996. Bahasa dan Kekuasaan : Politik Wacana Panggung Orde Baru. BanDung: Mizan.
Lasswell Harold D.et al. 1965. Studies in Quanlilative Semantics: Languages of Politics.
Cambridges Mass : The MIT Press.
Lynon Jolm. I 977. Semantics .London : Cambridge University Press.
L. Varshney, Radhey. 1985. An Introductory Textbook ofLinguistics & Phoneti-cs.
Bareilly: Univerity ofGurukul Kangri, Hardward.
Mick Cipollone. 1998. Language Files: Material for Introduction to &
Columbus : Ohio State University Press.
Lin~stc,
Pertemuan Linguistik (Pusat Kajian) Bahasa dan Budaya. 1999. Pelba 12: Yogyalcarta :
Kanis ius.
Riduwan .A J986. Baha!Jfl dan Linguistik. Medan : Fazar Rezeki.
Richards.J.C.Platth.J. and Webber, H.l985. Longman Dictionary of.jpplied Linguistics.
Essex: Longman
91
Tampubolon. D.P. 1999. Gejala-Gejala Kematian Bahasa: Suatu Observasi Ragam
Yogyakarta: Kanisius (Anggota IKAPI)
Politik Orde Ban,~.
Taufiqurrahman. 2004. The Jakarta Post . Jakarta : National News.
Saragih. A. 2000. Developing Functional Grammar. Universitas Negeri Medan (UnPublished).
-
-
~2004. Inroducing Functional Grammar. Fakultas Keguruan dan Jlmu Pen..
didikan. Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. (Unpublished).
Yule, George. 1996. The Study ofLanguage : ~
University Press.
cont.l
Edition. Cambridge : Cambridge
z
~
m
m
92
GENERAL ELECTION 2004
Su6mittttf w tlie £netisli...RpptidLinguistics ~t
of
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of tlie fD¥'u tf
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MlUK PER
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.
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By :
-
DJANI SYAHPUT
Reg.No.025010074
rr(i T E R i~.1A
-AS AL
1\pr tl 0"7
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PENEKB lT
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NO. iNOUK
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ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS
GRADUATE PROGRAM
THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
- - MEDAN
2005
... ·-·--·-·-·-·----- ···
----
..... ··-- ··· ·· -
---
·-····· -·
.
---- ·-····-----·- ..
- -··· ---- .
o~
q
LANGUAGE OF POLITICS DURING
GENERAL ELECTION 2004
A THESIS
Arranged and proposed by
DIANI SYAHPUTRI
Reg. No. : 025010074
Has been defended before the Committee of Thesis ExamJJ)atlon
on February 3, 1005 and declared to have fulfilled the requirement
Approved by :
Consultant Commission
Dr. Lince Sibombing, M.Pd.
Prof. D.P. Tampubolcm,Pb.D.
Head of English Applied Linguistics
Prof. Dr. J•waai Naibaho.
Director of
M
J
Prof. Dr. Belferik Manullang.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise to Allah. Lord of the world, the Beneficent Merd ful, who gives me health and
safety to fi nish this thesis from the beginning up to the end. And to tbe prophet
Muhammad SAW, as well as his companions for the blessing and chances given to
completion of this thesis. One of the requirements to be fulfilled before finishing the
studies at Graduate Program in State University of M edan is to write a thesis. My thesis
is entitled "Language of Politics During General Election 2004".
In writing this thesis, 1 have encountered some difficulties dealing with collecting the
data and the analysis. It needed much time to accomplish it so 1 had to go and collect
ideas and their ideas help me to carry on writing this thesis. Hence 1 wish to extend my
sincere gratitude to some people who have given some guidance and comments during
the preparation of this thesis, they are :
l. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd and Prof D.P.Tampubolon, Ph.D as my first and
second consultants, who provided me valuable suggestions, encouragement,
guidance and comment during the writing for this thesis.
2. Prof Dr. Jawasi Naibaho, the Head of English Applied Linguistics Program and'"
Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the Secretary of the Program.
3. Prof. Am.rin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D and Prof. Tina Mariani Kariman, Ph.D for their
comments and criticsm to the earliest draft of the thesis proposal.
4. All of my lecturers in E nglish Applied Linguistics Graduate Program for their
valuable knowledge during the academic years at State University of Medan.
11
5. Administration Staff of the Program and the librarian for their warm welcome in
facilitating my study.
6. A. Hamid Si.regar, SE, my husband and flj . Saribanun Tanjung, my mother, all of
my brothers, sister and .my beloved
children who show me their love and
support.
7. At last, I should also thank all my friends and students for their company and
support. May God bl ess them all.
Medan,
January 2005
The wr1ter
DIANI SYAHPlJTRI
ABSTRACT
SYAHPUTRI, DIAN I. Language of Politics Doring General Election 2004. A Thesis.
English Applied Linguistics Program, Graduate Program_ UNIMED. State University of
Medan. 2004
This study deals with the language of politics used during the general election
campaigns of 2004 with a focus on categories of language of politics used Presidents and
Vice of President Candidates .The study has answered five problems namely ; the kinds
of languages of politics are used by Indonesian political parties and President Candidates
. The dominant kinds of language of politics, the dominant process used in the language
of politics, the effect of the political statements on the electors. Five parties (GOLKAR,
PDI-P, PAN, P.DEMOKRAT and PPP) are as the samples. The total samples ofbanners
were 50 . Advertisements and Speeches from five President candidates (Wiranto,
Megawati, Amien Rais, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, and Hamza Haz). The sample also
was taken from 40 common people who lived around Medan City . Tape Recorder which
was used to collect the data was carried out from April to June 2004. The result of this
study bas shown that: (i) there are four categories of language ofpo11tics used during the
general election 2004 namely ~ Political Doctrine, Miranda, Political Formation, and
Political Slogan. Political Doctrine is dominantly used during the general election 2004
with an occurrence of 55.6 %. (ii) There are six types of processes of transitivity used in
language of politics namely ; Material Process, Mental Process, Relational Process,
Verbal Process, and Existential Process .However, the dominant process is Relational
process (47.66 %). The coding of Politica1 Doctrine in dominant relational process
significantly result in approval of the electors.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT.... ................... ............. .................. ......... ....................
ACKNOWLEDGE!vfENTS ... .. . ... ... . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
LIST OF TABLES. . .. ... ... .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. ..
LIST OF ABBREVlATIONS... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ......
1
u
1v
vt
Vll
CHAPTER llNTRODUCTION..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1 The Background of the Study. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . ... ... ..
1
1
1.2 The Research Problems... . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . ... .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .
5
5
1.3 The Objectives of the Study........ . ............... . .. .............. . ........... ........
l.4 The Soope of the Study.. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .
1.5 The Significance of the Study.. . .... .... . ...... ....... .. ................ ..... ... ........
6
6
CHAPfER IT THEORETICAL ORIENTATION... .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .
2.1 The Description of Language... . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ..
2.2 The Theory of Language Variations...... ... .. .. ........... ........... ................
2.3 Language Varieties......................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . ...
2.3.1 Language of Politics as a Language Variety ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
2.3.2 The Categories of the Language ofPolitics.... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. ... .. . ... .
2.3.2.1 The Political Myth... . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..
2.3.2.2 The Political Doctrine............... ... .................. .. .... ... .....
2.3.2.3 The Miranda......... .... ............ .. .................................
2.3.2.4 The Political Formulation................................. ... ... ... ... .
2.3.2.5 The Political Slogan......... ... ........................... ... .. . ... ... .
7
8
10
13
13
15
15
2.4 The Semantic Analysis Based on Functional Grammar........ ....................
2.4.1 TheDescriptionofTransitivity.................................... .. . .. ........
2.4.1.1 The Elements ofTransitivity.. . .....................................................
2.4.1.1.1 Process...................................... .. .. .. ...... ... .. .
2.4.1. 1.1.1 The Types of Process.... .. ... .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .
1. Material Process............ .. . .. ... . ... .. ....
2. Mental Process.................. .............
#A
3. Relational process.................. ... ......
4. Behavioral Process .. . .. . ... . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. ..
5 Verbal Process.. ...... .... .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. ..
6. Existential Process... .................. .....
2.4.2 Participants................................................. .. ................
2.4.3 Circumstances..
17
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
24
25
V
lV
7
7
16
16
2.5 Semantic Aspects of the Categories and Their Effects on the People..............
2.5.1 Styles in Language of Politics....................................................
28
30
CHAPTER III METIIOD OF RESEARCH... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
3.1 Research Design ............ _,....... .................... .................................
31
3.2 Sources of Data...........................................................................
3.3 Techniques for Collecting Data............ ... ... ... .. ................... ...............
3.4 Procedures of Analyzing the Data......... ........ .. ... ........ ... .......... ...........
31
32
CHAPTERTV DATA AND DATAANALYSIS.............. ....... .. ....... ......... .
36
33
4.1 Data Collection... ... ................................................. ..... ........ . .......
36
4.2 Data Analysis... ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. .
37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS... .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . ..
5.1 Conclusions...... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. ..
5.2 Suggestions.............................. .. . .. . . .. . . ... .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . ...
89
89
90
REFERENCES... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Appendix 1... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 2... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 3... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Appendix 4... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 5... .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . ..
Appendix 6... ... . .. ... ... ... . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... . .. ... .. . ... . .. ... .. . ... ... ... .. . .. . ... ...
Appendix 7... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Appendix 8... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 9... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Appendix 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
93
v
l 02
109"
111
120
121
121
123
124
125
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table l
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table
Table
Table
Table
12
13
14
15
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
16
17
18
19
20
Table 21
Table 22
Table 23
Table 24
Table 25
Table 26
Table 27
Table 28
Table 29
Table 30
Table 31
Proces.~
Types, Their Meaning and Key Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Circumstances! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency of the Political Doctrine..........................................
.Frequency of Miranda... . . . .. . ... .. . .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
Frequency of Political Formation . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .
Frequency of Political Slogan . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
The Percentage of Frequency of the Categories of Language of
Politics Based on Banners, Advertisements. and Speeches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Percentage of Processes of Transitivity Used in Banners.. . .. ... ...
The Percentage-of Processes of Transitivity Used in Advertisements...
The Percentage of Processes of Transitivity Used in Speeches.. .........
The Dominant Types of Process of Transitivity in Banners. Advertise
ments ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ...
Tenns Used by President and Vice President Candidates ... ... ... ... ... ..
Political Statements and Terms such as : The enforcement of law .. . . .. .
Political Terms such as "Money Politic, corrupt politician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In Politics, Language is a Device that can Affect the Opinion . . . . . . . . . . .
Political Statement such as "Be in Unity" that Gives a Wide Sense . . . . .
Remember! on July 2,3,4, there will be "Bribe of Materials".............
Political Statement "Eradicate Corruption " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
President and Vice President in Description of their Vision ... ... .. . ... ..
President and Vice President in description of their Vision and
Mission Used a Simple Language .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. ... . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . ...
Figurative Language such as Metonymy and Satire are always Used
By President and Vice President Candidates in their Activities .. . ... ... .
Political Statement" One for All and All for One" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
President and Vice President mostly Used Political Tenns such as
Exploiter, Track Record, Crucial, Political Alliance"................. .....
After Electing of President and Vice President, you will be quite and'
Happy ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .....
Political Statements such as "Governmeot will create stable Nat10nal
Politic, Reduce the Unemployment, Improve the People's welfare ... ...
President and Vice President Candidate are Sufficiently Transparent
Political Statement such as •• Corruption. Collusion and Nepotism
Will be eliminated seems to the Political Slogan orrly" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Political statement "Struggle forty percent budget for Education and
Health ......... ... ...... .... .. ..... .... ..... .... ... ...._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To day most people disagree with the Political Statement stated by......
Political S ta~men
used by President and Vice Presidcptt can quite ... .
One of the proofs that the electors are affected by th:e Political State·
ment stated by one of the President and Vice President Candidate... . . . .
vu
24
26
37
41
43
45
48
49
50
52
53
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
65
66
67
68
69
170
71
72
73
74
75
76
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations :
PM
PD
M
PF
PS
GOLKAR
PDI·P
PAN
P.D
ppp
'Political Myth~
'Political Doctrine'
' Miranda'
'Political Fonnation'
'Political Slogan'
'Golongan K.arya'
'Partai Demokrasi lndonesia-Perjuangan
'Partai Amanat Nasional'
'Partai Demokraf
'Partai Persatuan Pembangunan'
Vl
Page
Table 32
Table 33
Table 34
The Use ofLanguage ofPolitics During General Election 2004 ... ... ...
The Perception of Electors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Score ofThe Use of Language ofPolitics (X) and Data Scores of
Electors' Perceptions (Y)... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... .........
81
83
85
CHAPTE.R 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is the best means of self-expression. It is through language that humans
express their thoughts, desires, emotions, and feelings; it is through it they store
knowledge, transmit message, tnmsfer knowledge and experience fiom one person to
another, from one generation to another. Most of the activities in the world are carried
on through or by it. It is through it that humans intttact or relate tD each other.
Language is a social phenomenon. It is a set of conventional communicative signals
used by humans fur communication in a community. Language in this sense is a
possession of a social group, an indispensable set of rules which permits its members t o
relate to each other : It is a of sociaJ institution. Language ex..ists in society; it is a
means of nowish.ing and developing culture and establishing human relatious. It is as a
member of society that a human being acquire5 a language. We are not born with an
instinct to learn a particular language , such as English, India, French or Arabic. We
learn a language as members of the society because we want to understand that society,
or to be understood by that speech community. If a language is not used in any society, it
dies out.
Language thus is a social event. It can fully be described only if we know alL about
the people who are involved in it. their p e.rsonilities, their beliefs, attitudes, knowledge
of the world, re1atiooshjp to each other, tbeir social status, what activity they are
engaged in, what they are talking at
an. what has gone before linguistically and nonI
2
linguistically, what happens after, what they are and a host of other facts about them and
the situation.
There are some important functions of Janguage, namely ; firstly, language is used
for the pmposes of communication and social cooperation. In this ftmction language
enables us to influence people's behaviour in detail, thereby makes communication and
social cooperation possible. Secondly, language can also function as an instrument of
thought A philosopher, for example, uses language to clarifY and develop his ideas oo a
subject, so here language is used, as an instrument of thought. Thirdly, language can also
be used for a expressive purpose.
While
Halliday ( 1994 : 10) there are three function of language in human life : ideationaL
interpersonal and textual function. Interpersonal divides into the experiential and logical
function. These are known as metafunction. Thus, the experiential function that is the
use of language as the representation of experience. The users of language is
representing the experience by using a clause.
Thus, language is something which is inseparable from hwuan beings. It has an
important pan of human life. When we refer to the some philosophers' view they bad
different views of language, as Greek philosopher held that language is an instrument
to look tor and expressed the truth, as well as expressing the persuasion while Athena
bas way of life that language as instrument to achieve the certain aim which has
concentred and practiced. Language is supposed to be a beautifUl in the political rule
which has high level. This is the view adopted in this study.
Many linguists, sociologists , and anthropologists
problems . They do some researches to answer their
~
with language
curiosity. For example, the
3
researchers want to find out the simi1arities and differences between two languages in
tenns of forms. functions and positions. The findings not only benefit for them but also
for teachers, students who want to Jearn in detail of two languages. When there is a
research in human language to be contrasted, tbae is also a research done how language
used for certain people or parties. But it is not many. Language used for specific purpose
by group of parties (popular as political language). Some researches have been
conducted concerning with language of politics. For instances; Latif (1996) focused on
Haha.fa dan Kelam.raan (Language and Power) and Tampubolon (1998) made one of
the observations concerning the phenomenon of death of language because this
phenomeaon was influential to Indonesia.
.In fact, researches dealing with language CJf politics in Indonesia are very fe
conducted by linguists and sociologists, even though this research is interesting andadvantageous. Since not many researches give attention to this kind of language of:
politics, the writer is interested to study it. But ofcourse with diffurent event
In fact, language of politics is a language variety which has its own features . It
has vocabulary, grammar and discourse, which are significant features of various
political activities ( Beard : 2000) . In other words, language of poljtics will have its own
characteristic based on who governs a certain government in a certain era. For instance ;
during Suharto's administrations era, the political slogans such as ; 'Bersih, Stobil,
Terlib ' (clean, stable, order) , 'azas tungga/' {one of basic ) , 'disiplin nasional' (
nasionol di.tcip/ine) ' mowas diri' (self correction through introspection) , are always
beard but in Megawati's administratioos era are never beard all of thes~
words or
phrases. In R.efonnation era • the political tenDs or Sblte:Q:tents, such as 'politij·i busuk, (
4
depraved politicianf> ) .. polilik uang ( money politic ), antek Suharto ( Suharto
henchman) , bersama kita hisa ( together we achieve the goal), berani, jujur, adi/, (
brave, honest, jusr ) kenyang, rentram, aman, ( satisfied, quiet, peaceful )
etc are
always beard but they are never heard in the New Order era . The words or phrases can
be interpreted into some meanings. Sometimes the phrases or words are not popular to
the society so that they can not be understood by society. Then, in language of politics
during the general election 2004 use many acronyms. Such as; Caleg, Panwaslu, KPU,
Capres, Cawapres, Pilpres, Parpol, KPUD, etc. It has been claimed by ljamday (1994)
that variation of language means high probability of occurrence of a linguistic fearure
under a certain context in comparison with the general use of language. Thus, in rhe
language of politics there is a high probability of occurrence of a linguistic feature.
Halliday elaborates that linguistic experience can be best understood with reference to
the transitivity system. Tilis system is constituted of the three elements of process,
participants and circumstance. Of the three elements it is the process which is the
nucleus of experience since it determines the participants. In this study the language of
politics is described with reference to the process type.
The topic of this study is ' Language of Politics During General Election 2004 •. lii
this study the writer discussed
what kinds of language of Politics are stated by
Indonesian Political Parties and President Candidates during election campaign 2004. .
5
1.2 Tbe Resean:h Problems
Based on the explanation above, it can be identified ;
1. What kinds of language of politics are used by the Indonesian Politicians during the
genera] election campaign of2004 ?
2. What is the dominant kind oftanguage of politics is used in the political campaign of
the 2004 Indonesian Presinentia1 election ?
3. What types of experiential meanings are coded in the language of politics .
4. Why is the dominant type process used in the language of politics?
5. What are the effects of those statements of politics on the electors ? Specifically,
how are the meanings perceived by the electors ?
1.3 The Objectives of tbe Study
The objectives ofresearch are the following :
I. To discover what kinds of language of politics is used by the Indonesian Political
Parties and President Candidates during the general eJection campaign of the
2004.
2. To discover the dominant kinds of language of politics used in the poHti.caJ
campaign ot: the 2004.
3. To discover: tbe dominant process used in the language of politics.
6
4. To investigate the reasons for the occurrence of the dominant process used in the
language of politics.
5. To discover the effects of those statements of politics on the electors.
1.4 Tbe Scope of the Study
This study was focused on findings out the kinds of language of politics used by the
Indonesian Political Parties during the legislative campaign or president and vice president campaign and the duration of time. The
so~
of data were Jimited to
banners , ad wrtisements and speeches .
l.STbe Significance of the Study
The findings ofthe study are expected to be useful for :
1. Information for the people (members of the society) who want to understand the
language of politics during general election 2004.
2. The understanding of the language of politics as a language variety which has a
certain meaning and purpose.
3. The improvement of the language of politics used by politicians in lhe future.
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the findings in the previous chapter, coodusions are drawn as follows :
1. There are four categories of language of politics used during the general election
2004 which found in the banners, advertisements and speeches. The data were taken
from April to Jun 2004. These are Political Doctrine, Minmda, Political Slogan and
Politicat Fonnation.
2.Political Doctrine is dominantly used during the general election 2004 found in the
banners, advertisements and speeches, with an occurrence of 55.6 % . Because in
Political Doctrine the politicians describe some basic expectations and demands
concerning power relations and pral-tices in the society. how to organize Indonesian
country for the future.
3. There are five types of processes of Transitivity used in language of politics found 1n
the banners, advertisements and speeches, such as ; material
proces~
mental process,
re'ational process, vernal process, and existential process.
4. Thus, after analyzing based on the transitivity system, the researcher concludes tbat
the relational process is the dominant process ( 47.66 %) used in the banners,
advertisements and speeches. The dominant use of Relational process in language of
politics during the Presidential and Parlementary election campaigns is attributed to
three reasons namely : (1) Identification of the policy (2) description ofpolicy and (3)
Ownership of the proposal.
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90
4. The finding of the study indicates that there is a significant effect of using language
of politics on the electors. Specifically, the Political Doctrine results in approval from
the electors.
5.2 Suggestions
Based on the conclusion above, the suggestions are started as follows :
1. It is advisable for the poJiticians to use the whole categories oflan_guage of
pol1tics especially political myth in writing political editorial texts.
2 . It is advisable for the reader to learn English For Specific Purposes and by learning
it.
the readers know some language variation and find specific tenns.
3. It is advisable for the politicians to use transitivity system in writing the editorial
;::.
political texts.
4.It is advisable for the readers to learn and analyse the use oftransitivity in another
texts, such as : novels, short stories, drama or poerty, etc.
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