COMPLIMENTS AND COMPLIMENT RESPONSES BY MALE AND FEMALE INDONESIA SPEAKERS.
ABSTRACT
HARYATI, PIPIT. Compliments and Compliment Responses by Male and Female
Indonesian Speakers. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Program. Graduate
Program. UNIMED. State University ofMedan. 2005.
This study deals with speech acts used by male and female Indonesian speakers in
compliments and compliment responses with a focus on their types and patterns. The
data, coded by using Manes and Wolfson and Herbert's taxonomy are collected by
giving compliment situation task forms which consist of six situations for making
compliments and responding to compliments in which. l 44 speakers participated as the
subjects. This analysis shows that: (i) the speech act types used by male and female
Indonesian speakers in compliments are performance, possessions, ability, and
~ rsonality,
in tenn of personal-impersonal, the types of compliments are subjective and
objective; (ii) the most frequently of compliments used by male and female Indonesian
speakers is performance. Males' performance occurred 60 times and m ales' objective
occurred 101 times. Females' performance occurred 60 times and objective is the
dominant; (iii) the types of compliment responses by male and female Indonesian
speakers are appreciation token, comment acceptance, praise upgrade, commenfhistory,
reassignment, return, scale down, question, disagreement, qualification, no
acknowledgement, promise and hope; (iv) the most frequently of compliment ~onse
'
types used by male and female is appreciation token. Males' appreciation token occurred
46 times (28.75%) and females' appreciation token occurred 48 times (29.45%)
; _( v~ the
pattern of compliments and compliment responses by male and female Indonesian
speakers are noun phrase followed by adjective and simple sentence.
1
ABSTRAK
HARYATI, PIPIT. Pujian dan Tanggapan Terhadap Pujian oleh Pembicara .P ria dan
Wanita Indonesia. Sebuah Tesis. Program Pasca Sarjana. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa
Inggris. UNLMED. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2005.
Studi ini berhubungan dengan tindak tutur yang digunakan oleh pembicara pria dan
wanita Indonesia dalam memuji dan memberikan tanggapan terhadap pujian yang
diberikan dengan berfokus pada jenis dan struktur pola yang digunakan oleh pembicara
pria dan wanita Indonesia tersebut. Data tersebut diperoleh dengan menggunakan teori
Manes dan Wolfson dan taksonomi Herberts yang dikumpulkan dengan membertkan
bentu.k kegiatan puj ian berdasarkan situasi yang telah ditentukan yang berisi 6 situasi
untuk: pujian dan tanggapan pada pujian yang diberikan yang melibatkan 144 orang
subjek. Hasil dari ana!isis ini menunjukkan bahv-va: (i) jenis tindak tutur yang digunakan
oleh pembicara pria dan wanita [ndonesia dalam memuji adalah performance,
possessions, ability, dan personality, sementara jenis pujian secara personal-impersonal
adalah subjektif dan objektif~
{ii) Jenis pujian yang paling sering digunakan pembicara
pria dan wanita Indonesia adalah performance. Pada pria, performance terjadi 6 1 kal i
dan pada jenis objektif teljadi sebanyak 101 kali. Pada wanita., performance terjadj
sebanyak 60 kali dan pada jenis ini objektif rnasih mendoninasi; (iii) Jenis·jenis
tanggapan terhadap pujian oleh pembicara pria dan wanita Indonesia adalah
appreciation token, comment acceptance. praise upgrade, comment history,
reassignment, return, scale down, question, disagreement, qualification, no
(iv) Jenis tanggapan pujian yang paling sering
acknowledgement, promise and hope~
digunakan antara pria dan wanita tersebut adalah appreciation token. Pada pria.
appreciation token terjadi sehanyak 46 kali (28,70%) dan pada wanita, appreciation
token terjadi sebanyak 48 kali (29,45%); (v) struktur pola pujian dan tanggapan terhadap
pujian antara pria dan wan ita terse but adalah frase kata benda yang diikuti oleh kata sifat
dan kalimat sederhana.
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 1
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................................... ii
AC.KN'OWLEDGEMENTS ..... :.. ....... .......... ....... ....... ............... ................. ............ ... ....... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. v
llST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF APPENDIX........................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1
.1.1 The Background of the Study........................................................................................ 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ...................................." ............. ..................................... .... 3
1.3 The Scope of the Study ............................................................. ..... ............................... 4
1.4 The Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... . 4
1.5 The Significance of Study ......................................................................................., ..... 4
CBAI'TER II REVIEW OF RELA TEO LITERATURE ............................................ 5
2. I Compliment................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Compliment Responses ...................................................................................,......... .... 9
2.3 Politeness ....................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 .1 Types of Politeness........................................................................................ .. ... 15
2.3.2 Strategy ofPoliteness ........................................................................................... 22
2.3.3 Politeness between Women and Men ....................................................... ........... 25
2.4 Politeness and Compliment.. .......................................................................... ............... 26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................... ................ 28
3.1 Research Design........................................................................................................... . 28
3.2 Subjects .......................................................................................................................... 28
3.3 The Techniques for Collecting the Data ..................... ................................................. 28
3.4 The Techniques of Analyzing the Data ...............................................................~ ...... ,.. 29
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS .......................................................... 30
4.I Speech Act Types in Compliment.. ............................................................................... 30
4.2 Speech Act Types in Compliment Responses ............................................................... 36
4.3 The Patterns of Compliments and Compliment Responses ........................................ .. 39
4.3 1 1 The patterns ofCompliments ..................................................................................... 39
4.3.2 The pattems of Compliment Responses .................................................................... 40
CHAFfER V CONCUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS............................. .-................... 41
5.1 Conclusions ...................... ,............................. ,.......................... ............. ... ................... 41
5.2 Suggestions.....................................
REFERENCES ....................
J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....--. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c ...... .. . ........ ...... .......................... ....... ......... ......... ....... .......... .
v
43
44
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 2... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 3... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 4... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 5... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 6 ........................ -........ ........................ ....................................
Table 7... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 8... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 9... ... ... ... .. . ... ... .. . .. . ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 10 ....... · ~ ...... ... ... .. . ... .. ....... ............... ....... .. ... .... ..... .. .... .~ . . . . . . . . . ..
Table ll.. . ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . ... ... ... ... .....
Table 12... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
VI
30
32
32
33
34
34
35
35
36
37
38
39
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix 1 .................................................. :...................................................................... 47
Appendix 2 ......................................................................................................................... 49
Appendix 3 ......................................................................................................................... 51
Appendix 4 ......................................................................................................................... 68
VII
______ _ i
__.........
...
_
MILIK PERPUST AK .~ 6 N
UNIMEt. '
CHAPTERV
CONCLt:sJONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following:
Compliments are positive expression or evaluation, which are directed either
explicitly or implicitly to someone for something valued positively by the speaker and
the hearer. lt seems that the major function for compliments is to establish and maintain
social rapport and to reinforce or create the solidarity between the speaker and
addressee.
There are two broad categories of compliments but after finding the data of
Indonesian speakers, there are four types, namely performance, possession, ability and
personality. Beside those, in term of personal-impersonal, the types of compliment are
subjective and objective. In Indonesian male and female speakers, per:fiJrmance and
ability are the two most frequently, it may happen because in Indonesia, compliment is
likely to be given to a person who is wearing a nice looking i.e. physic, or a per$Gn who
has done a good job, that is why pertormance and ability are the most often used in these
types. Males' teacher and student are often used the compliment, it may caused
th~
t
cotppliments for a teacher is a way to give reinforcement and motivation to his/her
students to study to get better. The high frequency of females · compliment by s ubjects is
graduates with 12 times and ; .~
tu
de
nt
with 11 times. Posse.-.sions of male~
compliment
only 3.42% and perwonality is 17.12%. Females' pos.-.essions have 4.83% and
personality is 13.10%. ln term of personal-impersonal,
41
o~jectiv
type is the most
42
dominant used by male and female Indonesian speakers. It may indicate that this choice
is much polite than the choice of personal pronouns.
Subjects' responses to given the compliment were initially categorized through
Herberts' strategies which have twelve but in Indonesian speakers, found that there are
fourteen types i.e. appreciation token, comment acceptance,pruise upgrade, comment
history, reassignment, return, scale down,) question, disagreement, qualification, no
acknowledgement, request interpretation, promise and hope. In this research, both male
and female Indonesian speakers, appreciaOon token is the most dominant occurred than
others. It may influence by culture, because Indonesian always appreciate to keep
relationships solid when someone gave a compliment. By giving a good response in
complimenting, it will reinforce and create the solidarity both them. It can be seen from
the data that males' compliment responses occur 46 times (28.75%) and graduate is the
highest, which has 14 frequencies. Females' compliment responses occur 48"'1imes
(29.45%) and graduate is the highest one, which has 11 frequencies. Request
interpretation never uses both them.
Generally, the pattern of compl.iments and compliment responses consist of noun
phrase followed by adj ective and simple sentence either male or female Indonesian
speakers. .And the analysis pattern fo und that new pattern known as additional pattern,
i.e. pronoun followed by noun phrase, for example, Itu merupakan tugas saya (that 's my
duty).
REFERENCES
Boyle, R. 2000. 'You've worked with Elizabeth Taylor!': Phatic functions and implicit
compliments. Applied Linguistics, 21(1), 26~4.
Brown, P & Levinson , S. 1978. Politen~'S:
Cambridge: Cambridge university Press.
Some universals in language usage.
Brown, P. 1993. Gender, politeness, and confrontation in Tenejapa. In Tannen, D. (eds.)
1993. Gender and conversational interaction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Coates, J . 1993. Women, men and language (2"d ed.) London: Longman.
Cohen, Andrew J). 1996. Speech Acts. In S.L. Me Kay and N .H Hornberger. (eds)
Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. USA. Cambridge Universit)1 Press.
Daikuhara, M. 1986. A study of compliments from a cross-cultural perspective:
Japanese vs. American Englisb. WPEL: Working Papers in Educational
Linguistics, 2 (2), 103-134.
Fraser, B. 1980. Conversational mitigation: Journal ~f
Pragmatics. 4:341-50.
Fraser, B., & Nolen, W. ( 1981 ). The association of deference with linguistic form.
International .Journal ofthe Sociology ofLanguage, 27, 93-111 .
Geertz, C. 1960. The Ueligion ofJava. Glencoe, Ill.
Goffman, E. 1967. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavim: Garden Cit)':
New York.
Herbert, R. K. 1986. Say 'thank you'- or something. American Speech, 61 ( t ), 76-88.
Herbert, R.K. 1990. Sex-based differences in compliment behavior:
. Yoci~t
y,
19:201-224.
Language in
Holmes, J. 1988. Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English.
Anthropolo1 tcal Unguislics. 28(4 ), 485-508.
_ ___. 1990. Apologies in New Zealand English: Language in society, 19: 155-199.
_ ___. 1995. Wonum, Men and Politeness. New York: Longman.
44
45
Ibrahim, J and Riyanto, TJ. 2000. A Sociolinguistic Study of Compliment and
Compliment Responses among American and Indonesians and Its Implications for
Teaching English: a biannual publication on the study of language and literature,
/ (2), 21-30.
Ide, S., Hill, B., Carnes, Y, Og1no, T., & Kawasaki, A 1992. The concept of politeness:
An empirical study of American English and Japanese. ln R J. Watts, S. Ide & K.
EWich (Eds.)
Janney, R W., & Arndt, H. 1992. Intracultural tact versus intercultural tact. In R. J.
Watts, S.
Johnson, D.M. & Roen, D. H. 1992. Complimenting and involvement in p eer reviews:
gender variati()n: Language in sociely. 21: 27-51.
Kasper, G. 1994. Politeness: 1'l1e Encyclopedia of Language and U nguistics. Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
Kim.
M.S
~
& Bresnahan, M. 1996. Cognitive basis of gender communication: A crosscultural investigation of perceived constraints in requsting~
In Winter:
Communication quarterly, .:14 (1): 53-69.
Kodama, Y 1996. Taidan intaabyuu ni okeru home no kino (Functions of compliments
in dialog interviews). Nihongogaku. 59-67.
Lakoff, Robin. 1975. {,anguup,e and Woman's Place. New York: Harper Row.
Lakoff, R.T. 1990. Talking power: the politics ofJanguage in our lives. Basic Books.
(eech. G.N. 1983. Principles ojPragmatics. London: Longman.
Pomeranz, A. 1978. Compliment responses: Notes on the co-operation of multiple
constraints. In J. Schcnkcin (ed.), Studies in the organization of conversational
intel;.i.lction (pp.79-112). New York: Academic.
Rodriguez, N., Ryave, A.L., & Tracewell J. 1998. Withholding compliments in everyday
life and the convert management of disaffiliation. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 27(3),.. 323-345.
Scallon, R & Scol1on, S.W.
~ 97
.
Intercultural communication. Cambridge: Blackwell.
~ n
Hilingual
Siregar, Bahren Umar. 1995. l,anguage Choice: Linguistic Di versity
Indonesian Speech Behaviour. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara Press.
46
Siregar, Bahren Umar. 2002. Menjajaki Perangkat Tindak Bahasa dalam Bahasa
Indonesia. Makalah dibacakan pada pertemuan Ilmiah Regional ''Mengkaji Bahasa
dan Menemukan Bahasa Mutakhir". .Padang. 18 Mei 2002.
Thomas, Jennifer. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pra~:,mtics.
London: Longman. http://www.sfle.com/contexti-Outline 8.2002. (30/3/04)
Tannen, D. 1986. That's not what] meant. New York: William Morrow
- - - -. 1990.
You .Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New
York: William Morrow.
Wardhaugh, Ronal. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. tJSA. Blackwell.
Watts, R. 1992. ' Acquiring status in conversation: 'male' and 'female' discourse
strategies': Journal (?!Pragmatics, 18 (5): 467-505.
Wierbicka, Anna. 1991. Cross-cultural Pragmatics: the Semantio,J; of Human
interaction. Mouton de gruyter
Wolfson, N. 1989. l'erspective, sociolinguistics and 1~'SOL.
htm.
House Publishers. h HP J!YV.\~open_@cu/lt3s
Yule, G. 1997. Pragmutics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cambridge: Newbury
(28/3/04)
HARYATI, PIPIT. Compliments and Compliment Responses by Male and Female
Indonesian Speakers. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Program. Graduate
Program. UNIMED. State University ofMedan. 2005.
This study deals with speech acts used by male and female Indonesian speakers in
compliments and compliment responses with a focus on their types and patterns. The
data, coded by using Manes and Wolfson and Herbert's taxonomy are collected by
giving compliment situation task forms which consist of six situations for making
compliments and responding to compliments in which. l 44 speakers participated as the
subjects. This analysis shows that: (i) the speech act types used by male and female
Indonesian speakers in compliments are performance, possessions, ability, and
~ rsonality,
in tenn of personal-impersonal, the types of compliments are subjective and
objective; (ii) the most frequently of compliments used by male and female Indonesian
speakers is performance. Males' performance occurred 60 times and m ales' objective
occurred 101 times. Females' performance occurred 60 times and objective is the
dominant; (iii) the types of compliment responses by male and female Indonesian
speakers are appreciation token, comment acceptance, praise upgrade, commenfhistory,
reassignment, return, scale down, question, disagreement, qualification, no
acknowledgement, promise and hope; (iv) the most frequently of compliment ~onse
'
types used by male and female is appreciation token. Males' appreciation token occurred
46 times (28.75%) and females' appreciation token occurred 48 times (29.45%)
; _( v~ the
pattern of compliments and compliment responses by male and female Indonesian
speakers are noun phrase followed by adjective and simple sentence.
1
ABSTRAK
HARYATI, PIPIT. Pujian dan Tanggapan Terhadap Pujian oleh Pembicara .P ria dan
Wanita Indonesia. Sebuah Tesis. Program Pasca Sarjana. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa
Inggris. UNLMED. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2005.
Studi ini berhubungan dengan tindak tutur yang digunakan oleh pembicara pria dan
wanita Indonesia dalam memuji dan memberikan tanggapan terhadap pujian yang
diberikan dengan berfokus pada jenis dan struktur pola yang digunakan oleh pembicara
pria dan wanita Indonesia tersebut. Data tersebut diperoleh dengan menggunakan teori
Manes dan Wolfson dan taksonomi Herberts yang dikumpulkan dengan membertkan
bentu.k kegiatan puj ian berdasarkan situasi yang telah ditentukan yang berisi 6 situasi
untuk: pujian dan tanggapan pada pujian yang diberikan yang melibatkan 144 orang
subjek. Hasil dari ana!isis ini menunjukkan bahv-va: (i) jenis tindak tutur yang digunakan
oleh pembicara pria dan wanita [ndonesia dalam memuji adalah performance,
possessions, ability, dan personality, sementara jenis pujian secara personal-impersonal
adalah subjektif dan objektif~
{ii) Jenis pujian yang paling sering digunakan pembicara
pria dan wanita Indonesia adalah performance. Pada pria, performance terjadi 6 1 kal i
dan pada jenis objektif teljadi sebanyak 101 kali. Pada wanita., performance terjadj
sebanyak 60 kali dan pada jenis ini objektif rnasih mendoninasi; (iii) Jenis·jenis
tanggapan terhadap pujian oleh pembicara pria dan wanita Indonesia adalah
appreciation token, comment acceptance. praise upgrade, comment history,
reassignment, return, scale down, question, disagreement, qualification, no
(iv) Jenis tanggapan pujian yang paling sering
acknowledgement, promise and hope~
digunakan antara pria dan wanita tersebut adalah appreciation token. Pada pria.
appreciation token terjadi sehanyak 46 kali (28,70%) dan pada wanita, appreciation
token terjadi sebanyak 48 kali (29,45%); (v) struktur pola pujian dan tanggapan terhadap
pujian antara pria dan wan ita terse but adalah frase kata benda yang diikuti oleh kata sifat
dan kalimat sederhana.
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 1
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................................... ii
AC.KN'OWLEDGEMENTS ..... :.. ....... .......... ....... ....... ............... ................. ............ ... ....... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. v
llST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF APPENDIX........................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1
.1.1 The Background of the Study........................................................................................ 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ...................................." ............. ..................................... .... 3
1.3 The Scope of the Study ............................................................. ..... ............................... 4
1.4 The Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................... . 4
1.5 The Significance of Study ......................................................................................., ..... 4
CBAI'TER II REVIEW OF RELA TEO LITERATURE ............................................ 5
2. I Compliment................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Compliment Responses ...................................................................................,......... .... 9
2.3 Politeness ....................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 .1 Types of Politeness........................................................................................ .. ... 15
2.3.2 Strategy ofPoliteness ........................................................................................... 22
2.3.3 Politeness between Women and Men ....................................................... ........... 25
2.4 Politeness and Compliment.. .......................................................................... ............... 26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................... ................ 28
3.1 Research Design........................................................................................................... . 28
3.2 Subjects .......................................................................................................................... 28
3.3 The Techniques for Collecting the Data ..................... ................................................. 28
3.4 The Techniques of Analyzing the Data ...............................................................~ ...... ,.. 29
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS .......................................................... 30
4.I Speech Act Types in Compliment.. ............................................................................... 30
4.2 Speech Act Types in Compliment Responses ............................................................... 36
4.3 The Patterns of Compliments and Compliment Responses ........................................ .. 39
4.3 1 1 The patterns ofCompliments ..................................................................................... 39
4.3.2 The pattems of Compliment Responses .................................................................... 40
CHAFfER V CONCUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS............................. .-................... 41
5.1 Conclusions ...................... ,............................. ,.......................... ............. ... ................... 41
5.2 Suggestions.....................................
REFERENCES ....................
J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....--. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c ...... .. . ........ ...... .......................... ....... ......... ......... ....... .......... .
v
43
44
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 2... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 3... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 4... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 5... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 6 ........................ -........ ........................ ....................................
Table 7... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 8... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 9... ... ... ... .. . ... ... .. . .. . ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Table 10 ....... · ~ ...... ... ... .. . ... .. ....... ............... ....... .. ... .... ..... .. .... .~ . . . . . . . . . ..
Table ll.. . ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . ... ... ... ... .....
Table 12... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
VI
30
32
32
33
34
34
35
35
36
37
38
39
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix 1 .................................................. :...................................................................... 47
Appendix 2 ......................................................................................................................... 49
Appendix 3 ......................................................................................................................... 51
Appendix 4 ......................................................................................................................... 68
VII
______ _ i
__.........
...
_
MILIK PERPUST AK .~ 6 N
UNIMEt. '
CHAPTERV
CONCLt:sJONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following:
Compliments are positive expression or evaluation, which are directed either
explicitly or implicitly to someone for something valued positively by the speaker and
the hearer. lt seems that the major function for compliments is to establish and maintain
social rapport and to reinforce or create the solidarity between the speaker and
addressee.
There are two broad categories of compliments but after finding the data of
Indonesian speakers, there are four types, namely performance, possession, ability and
personality. Beside those, in term of personal-impersonal, the types of compliment are
subjective and objective. In Indonesian male and female speakers, per:fiJrmance and
ability are the two most frequently, it may happen because in Indonesia, compliment is
likely to be given to a person who is wearing a nice looking i.e. physic, or a per$Gn who
has done a good job, that is why pertormance and ability are the most often used in these
types. Males' teacher and student are often used the compliment, it may caused
th~
t
cotppliments for a teacher is a way to give reinforcement and motivation to his/her
students to study to get better. The high frequency of females · compliment by s ubjects is
graduates with 12 times and ; .~
tu
de
nt
with 11 times. Posse.-.sions of male~
compliment
only 3.42% and perwonality is 17.12%. Females' pos.-.essions have 4.83% and
personality is 13.10%. ln term of personal-impersonal,
41
o~jectiv
type is the most
42
dominant used by male and female Indonesian speakers. It may indicate that this choice
is much polite than the choice of personal pronouns.
Subjects' responses to given the compliment were initially categorized through
Herberts' strategies which have twelve but in Indonesian speakers, found that there are
fourteen types i.e. appreciation token, comment acceptance,pruise upgrade, comment
history, reassignment, return, scale down,) question, disagreement, qualification, no
acknowledgement, request interpretation, promise and hope. In this research, both male
and female Indonesian speakers, appreciaOon token is the most dominant occurred than
others. It may influence by culture, because Indonesian always appreciate to keep
relationships solid when someone gave a compliment. By giving a good response in
complimenting, it will reinforce and create the solidarity both them. It can be seen from
the data that males' compliment responses occur 46 times (28.75%) and graduate is the
highest, which has 14 frequencies. Females' compliment responses occur 48"'1imes
(29.45%) and graduate is the highest one, which has 11 frequencies. Request
interpretation never uses both them.
Generally, the pattern of compl.iments and compliment responses consist of noun
phrase followed by adj ective and simple sentence either male or female Indonesian
speakers. .And the analysis pattern fo und that new pattern known as additional pattern,
i.e. pronoun followed by noun phrase, for example, Itu merupakan tugas saya (that 's my
duty).
REFERENCES
Boyle, R. 2000. 'You've worked with Elizabeth Taylor!': Phatic functions and implicit
compliments. Applied Linguistics, 21(1), 26~4.
Brown, P & Levinson , S. 1978. Politen~'S:
Cambridge: Cambridge university Press.
Some universals in language usage.
Brown, P. 1993. Gender, politeness, and confrontation in Tenejapa. In Tannen, D. (eds.)
1993. Gender and conversational interaction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Coates, J . 1993. Women, men and language (2"d ed.) London: Longman.
Cohen, Andrew J). 1996. Speech Acts. In S.L. Me Kay and N .H Hornberger. (eds)
Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. USA. Cambridge Universit)1 Press.
Daikuhara, M. 1986. A study of compliments from a cross-cultural perspective:
Japanese vs. American Englisb. WPEL: Working Papers in Educational
Linguistics, 2 (2), 103-134.
Fraser, B. 1980. Conversational mitigation: Journal ~f
Pragmatics. 4:341-50.
Fraser, B., & Nolen, W. ( 1981 ). The association of deference with linguistic form.
International .Journal ofthe Sociology ofLanguage, 27, 93-111 .
Geertz, C. 1960. The Ueligion ofJava. Glencoe, Ill.
Goffman, E. 1967. Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavim: Garden Cit)':
New York.
Herbert, R. K. 1986. Say 'thank you'- or something. American Speech, 61 ( t ), 76-88.
Herbert, R.K. 1990. Sex-based differences in compliment behavior:
. Yoci~t
y,
19:201-224.
Language in
Holmes, J. 1988. Compliments and compliment responses in New Zealand English.
Anthropolo1 tcal Unguislics. 28(4 ), 485-508.
_ ___. 1990. Apologies in New Zealand English: Language in society, 19: 155-199.
_ ___. 1995. Wonum, Men and Politeness. New York: Longman.
44
45
Ibrahim, J and Riyanto, TJ. 2000. A Sociolinguistic Study of Compliment and
Compliment Responses among American and Indonesians and Its Implications for
Teaching English: a biannual publication on the study of language and literature,
/ (2), 21-30.
Ide, S., Hill, B., Carnes, Y, Og1no, T., & Kawasaki, A 1992. The concept of politeness:
An empirical study of American English and Japanese. ln R J. Watts, S. Ide & K.
EWich (Eds.)
Janney, R W., & Arndt, H. 1992. Intracultural tact versus intercultural tact. In R. J.
Watts, S.
Johnson, D.M. & Roen, D. H. 1992. Complimenting and involvement in p eer reviews:
gender variati()n: Language in sociely. 21: 27-51.
Kasper, G. 1994. Politeness: 1'l1e Encyclopedia of Language and U nguistics. Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
Kim.
M.S
~
& Bresnahan, M. 1996. Cognitive basis of gender communication: A crosscultural investigation of perceived constraints in requsting~
In Winter:
Communication quarterly, .:14 (1): 53-69.
Kodama, Y 1996. Taidan intaabyuu ni okeru home no kino (Functions of compliments
in dialog interviews). Nihongogaku. 59-67.
Lakoff, Robin. 1975. {,anguup,e and Woman's Place. New York: Harper Row.
Lakoff, R.T. 1990. Talking power: the politics ofJanguage in our lives. Basic Books.
(eech. G.N. 1983. Principles ojPragmatics. London: Longman.
Pomeranz, A. 1978. Compliment responses: Notes on the co-operation of multiple
constraints. In J. Schcnkcin (ed.), Studies in the organization of conversational
intel;.i.lction (pp.79-112). New York: Academic.
Rodriguez, N., Ryave, A.L., & Tracewell J. 1998. Withholding compliments in everyday
life and the convert management of disaffiliation. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 27(3),.. 323-345.
Scallon, R & Scol1on, S.W.
~ 97
.
Intercultural communication. Cambridge: Blackwell.
~ n
Hilingual
Siregar, Bahren Umar. 1995. l,anguage Choice: Linguistic Di versity
Indonesian Speech Behaviour. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara Press.
46
Siregar, Bahren Umar. 2002. Menjajaki Perangkat Tindak Bahasa dalam Bahasa
Indonesia. Makalah dibacakan pada pertemuan Ilmiah Regional ''Mengkaji Bahasa
dan Menemukan Bahasa Mutakhir". .Padang. 18 Mei 2002.
Thomas, Jennifer. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pra~:,mtics.
London: Longman. http://www.sfle.com/contexti-Outline 8.2002. (30/3/04)
Tannen, D. 1986. That's not what] meant. New York: William Morrow
- - - -. 1990.
You .Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New
York: William Morrow.
Wardhaugh, Ronal. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. tJSA. Blackwell.
Watts, R. 1992. ' Acquiring status in conversation: 'male' and 'female' discourse
strategies': Journal (?!Pragmatics, 18 (5): 467-505.
Wierbicka, Anna. 1991. Cross-cultural Pragmatics: the Semantio,J; of Human
interaction. Mouton de gruyter
Wolfson, N. 1989. l'erspective, sociolinguistics and 1~'SOL.
htm.
House Publishers. h HP J!YV.\~open_@cu/lt3s
Yule, G. 1997. Pragmutics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cambridge: Newbury
(28/3/04)