DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S Distress And Protest Against Child Bride: Nujood Ali’s And Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 And Divorced (2010).
DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE:
NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S
I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010)
A THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
For the completion of Getting the Postgraduate Degree in Language Study
Program
Proposed by:
NORMININGSIH FITRIANI
S 200 110 020
MAGISTER PROGRAM OF LANGUAGE STUDY
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
Note of Advisor I
Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto
Lecturer of Magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Official Note on Norminingsih Fitriani’s Thesis
Dear
The Director of Graduate Program of Magister of Language StudyPost
Graduate Program of Surakarta Muhammadyah University
Having read, examined, corrected and necessary revised towards the
thesis of;
Name
: Norminingsih Fitriani
Student number
: S 200 110 029
Study program
: English language Study
Focus on
: Literature
Tittle
: DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD
BRIDE:
NUJOOD
MINOUI’SI
AM
ALI’S
NUJOOD,
AND
AGE
DELPHINE
10
AND
DIVORCED (2010)
I agree that the thesis is to be examined by the board of examiner in the
magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program of Surakarta
Muhammadyah University.
Surakarta,......January 2014
Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto
ii
Note of Advisor II
Dr.Phil. Dewi Chandraningrum, M. Ed
Lecturer of Magister of LanguageStudy Post Graduate Program
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Official Note on Norminingsih Fitriani’s Thesis
Dear
The Director of Graduate Program of Magister of Language StudyPost
Graduate Program of Surakarta Muhammadyah University
Having read, examined, corrected and necessary revised towards the
thesis of;
Name
: Norminingsih Fitriani
Student number
: S 200 110 029
Study program
: English language Study
Focus on
: Literature
Tittle
: DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD
BRIDE:
MINOUI’S
NUJOOD
I
AM
ALI’S
NUJOOD,
AND
AGE
DELPHINE
10
AND
DIVORCED (2010)
I agree that the thesis is to be examined by the board of examiner in the
magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program of Surakarta
Muhammadyah University.
Surakarta,... January 2014
Dr.Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed
iii
APPROVAL
This thesis entitled
DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S
AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S
I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010)
Proposed by:
NORMININGSIH FITRIANI
S 200 110 020
This thesis has been approved by the advisors to be examined by the
board of examiners on :
Day
: ……………………..
Date : ……………………….
First advisor
Second advisor
Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum,M.Ed
iv
PRONOUNCEMENT
Iam the researcher of this thesis
Name
: Norminingsih Fitriani
Student number : S 200110020
Study program
: English Language Study
Focus on
: Literature
Tittle
: DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE:
NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’SI AM
NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010)
I certify that this thesis is definitely my own work and completely
responsible for its content.
Quotation from other authors has been
conducted accordingly.
Surakarta, January06, 2014
Sincerely,
Norminingsih Fitriani
v
MOTTO
Katakanlah, Alloh menyelamatkan kamu daripada
bencana itu dan dari macam kesusahan
ϖ Al – an’am: 64
Seorang mukmin itu seluruh perkara dalam hidupnya bernilai positif
Apabila iamendapat kemudahan, maka ia bersyukur. Itu baik baginya
Apabila ia ditimpa kesulitan, maka ia bersabar. Itupun juga baik
baginya.
ϖ Hadist
Whatever you are, be a good one
ϖ Abraham Lincoln
Life is like riding a bicycle - in order to keep your balance,
you must keep moving
ϖ Albert Einstein
Keindahan adalah keindahan akhlaq, kecantikan adalah
kecantikan perilaku, dan kecerdasan adalah kecerdasan akal.
ϖ RV
vi
DEDICATION
For
Her dearest father and mother
Her beloved Brothers and sisters
Her sweetie niece and nephew
Her best friend
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiim
Assalaamu’alaikum wr.wb.
Alhamdulillahirrahmaanirrahiim, praise and gratitude to the most
Merciful Allah Ta’ala, for blessing the writer in finishing this Thesis entitled
DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S
AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED
(2010) as one of the requirement for getting the Postgraduate Degree in
Language Study Program. The researcher does not forget to praise to the
messenger, our prophet Muhammad S A W, and his followers.
The writer really realizes that she cannot finish this research
because of great attention, motivation, material, and support given by her
parents, relatives, beloved ones, friends, and others. In addition, the writer
also thanks much to the people who helped her to complete this research
paper. Therefore, the writer wants to dedicatee her sincerest gratitude for
all them.
The writer would like to express her appreciation to those ones.
They are: Prof. Dr. Markhamah, M. Hum, as the Dean of Magister of
Language Study. The next is Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto, as the first
consultant for his kindness in guiding, helping, teaching to the writer and
also Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed, as the second consultant for
the her patience in guiding the writer to complete this thesis. With the third
viii
examiner Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S from the button of her hearth, the writer
would like to devote her everlasting mercy and ُ ِ ْك
ك
َ ُ َ ْرً ا َ َر
ك
َ رً ا َ َزا
Her Dearest one ayah Sumarwan Edy Sukamto for everything
dedicated n’ loves to the writer and her best mother in this world Romijati,
Mama, vie loves you so much and thankfulness for your never ending
loves and cares. Her beloved brothers “Zuhdy Ngainul Yasin & Imam
Haris Rifa’I”, Respectful for her beloved sisters in law “Sumiyati & Wahyu
Susilowati”, for their support, help, praying to the writer. And her lovely
niece “Yasmi Ngainun Nazwa” ”, for sweetest smiles and lovely moments
for the writer n’ her nephew “Rosikhan Fil’ilmi El Rifa’ look at the “Mack
Queen” he can runs fast! Be like him ya my dear Oci.
Her Lovely friends on “D’ ANISSA “BELOVED” BOARDINGHOUSE”
her beloved bebi Silvi Nikmatin, d’ mey
hihiii
Alhamdulillah I can finished it
darling’, thanks. Mak Wie and mak N’drue, her roommate d Nun, the best
Imah in her own show, d’ Lies as a greatest singer in the bathroom. Mb
Ciek n d’ nur, keep spirit ya dear. Thanks for prays, supports, helps, and
sweet days ever after. I am nothing without you are. We never separated
for any reason. Let’s draw our dream Sista.
Her best “EmPebeels” her beloved sista Allen Rufaida, Keep on
the track sista, I lop u so much n’mbak Lia and mb Metta; vie will never
forget you. Bravo for Pak WA”ONE”, we are like as a fighter in facing each
step of our effort for this final assignment “THESIS” and your “Love,
Hatred And Death Reflected In Romeo And Juliet Movie Directed By
ix
Bazman Luhrmann (1996) : A Dynamic Structuralism Approach” is a great
inspiration for her thesis.
Vie will also never forget Her friends in “Magister Pengkajian
Bahasa” ; brother n’ sista, mbak ‘e TATIK, never ending fighting ya sista
and mas bro M. Huda and all dearest friends that cant be mentioned one
by one for supporting “keep move FORWARD bro n sist!!!!”
The last is Her “Lupy Blue” Motorcycle, Thank for the journey
around her wants, her Notebook “thoto”, for the saving of the files and
the songs (coloring my days, and releasing my “mad mind”)
No work can be done perfectly, nor can this research paper. The
writer expects that this research paper will become useful for the
development of academic study and the following research.
Wassalaamu’alaikum wr.wb.
Surakarta, February …. , 2014
The Writer
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
THE TITTLE OF THE RESEARCH ..........................................................
i
NOTE OF ADVISOR I ...............................................................................
ii
NOTE OF ADVISOR II ..............................................................................
iii
APPROVAL...............................................................................................
iv
PRONOUNCEMENT ................................................................................
v
MOTTO ....................................................................................................
vi
DEDICATION ............................................................................................
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ..............................................................................
xi
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................
xv
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................
xix
LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................
xx
LIST OF FIGURE .....................................................................................
xxi
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION...........................................................
1
A. Background of the Study ........................................
1
B. Literature Review .....................................................
7
C. Problem Statement .................................................
14
D. Limitation of the Study .............................................
14
E. Objective of the Study..............................................
15
F. The Benefits of the Study ........................................
15
G. Research Method ....................................................
17
1. Type of the Study ...............................................
17
2. Object of the Study .............................................
17
3. Data and Data Source ........................................
18
4. Technique of Data Collection .............................
18
5. Technique of Data Analysis ................................
19
I
xi
CHAPTER
II
H. Research Paper Organization .................................
20
UNDERLYING THEORY ...............................................
23
A. Sociology of Society ...............................................
24
1. Notion of Sociology Approach ...........................
24
2. Major Principle of Sociology of Literature ..........
27
a. Sociology of Society .....................................
29
b. Sociology of the Author ................................
29
c. Literary Work and Readers’ Response ........
31
B. Feminism ................................................................
33
1. Notion of Feminism ...........................................
33
2. Feminism and patriarchy ...................................
35
3. Second Sex .......................................................
37
a. The notion of the second sex .......................
37
b. Oppression Against Women ........................
38
c. Child Bride ....................................................
40
1) The notion of Child Bride .........................
40
2) Child Bride and Effects ............................
43
a) Child Marriage and Education ............
43
b) Child Marriage and Health..................
43
c) Child
CHAPTER
Marriage
and
Violence
against Women ..................................
44
3) Distress....................................................
44
4. Revenge Idea .....................................................
45
III SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE
YEMENI SOCIETY AT THE LATEST TWENTY
CENTURY AND EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY..
48
A. Seven Culture Universe ...........................................
50
1. Human
Life
Equipment,
Supplies
and
Technology .........................................................
50
2. Livelihood and Economic System.......................
52
3. Societal System..................................................
54
xii
4. Language System ..............................................
56
5. Artistic Aspect.....................................................
58
6. Science or knowledge aspect .............................
62
7. Religious Aspect.................................................
67
B. Legal Aspect of Marriage .........................................
70
1. Islah and Syariah; the law is not enforced ..........
70
2. Save Age; Push to end Violence Against
Women ...............................................................
CHAPTER
74
IV WOMAN CONDITION: EARLY MARRIAGE IS
HORRENDOUS SOCIAL FACTAT “THE END OF
THE EARTH”.................................................................
A. DelphineMinoui;
Reveals
Saga
of
78
Yemeni
Distress on Divorced at Age 10 ...............................
78
B. Nujood Ali: Yemeni Child Bride and Divorced In
2008.........................................................................
85
C. Early Marriage: Tribal Custom in Yemen .................
91
1. The Notion of Tribal custom ...............................
91
2. The Existences of tribal custom in Yemen .........
93
3. Early Marriage ....................................................
99
a. Legal Aspect of Marriage in Yemen ..............
99
b. Nujood Ali; Marriage means one less
mouth ............................................................
103
1) Poverty aspect ........................................
103
2) Virginity Means Honor .............................
108
3) Gender Discrimination .............................
111
4) Inadequate Laws .....................................
112
5) Trafficking ................................................
114
c. Nujood Ali; Divorce before Puberty ...............
116
D. Khat; A Cultural Phenomenon in Yemen .................
120
1. Khat description..................................................
112
2. Culture of khat in Yemen ....................................
127
xiii
CHAPTER
a. Historical of khat ...........................................
127
b. Khat and Islamic Perspective ........................
130
c. Cause and effect in consuming khat .............
135
3. Author Point of View ...........................................
138
V DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD
BRIDE; PITFALL OF PATRIARCHY, WOMEN IS
THE OTHER HUMAN BEING .......................................
140
A. Pitfall of patriarchy in I Am Nujood, Age 10 and
Divorced ..................................................................
141
1. Patriarchy Pitfall of Omma’s Life ........................
141
2. Patriarchy pitfall of Jammila’s and Mona’s
life.......................................................................
145
3. Patriarchy pitfall of Dowla’s life ...........................
148
4. Patriarchy Pitfall of Nujood Ali’s life ....................
150
a. Great Outdoors; Nujood’s School in
Khardji ...........................................................
150
b. Faez Ali Thamer; He is a man three
times my age.................................................
154
B. Revenge Idea; A divorce party--that's really
CHAPTER
better than a wedding party! ....................................
162
VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .............................
167
A. Conclusion ...............................................................
167
B. Educational Implication ............................................
168
C. Suggestion ...............................................................
170
APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
xiv
ABSTRACT
Norminingsih Fitriani, S 200 110 020, 2014. DISTRESS AND PROTEST
AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S I
AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010). Thesis. Magister of
Language Study. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Advisors (1)
Prof. DR. C Bakdi Sumanto, (2) Dr.Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed
I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced is a memoir which tells the
struggle of a woman who fight for woman and child rights. They are
learning how to get their needs and gave inspiration to many people
generally and to Yemeni especially. Nujood is seen as a little girl around
poor and illiteracy ecosystem class who looks full of spirit, courageous and
she becomes the hero. Her family is against her, but many people support
her. Based on the reason, the author chooses the title Distress and
Protest Against Child Bride: Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am
Nujood, age 10 and Divorced (2010).
The researcher tries to analyze one of the Yemeni culture
especially Child marriage in Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am
Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced. The researcher wants to know more about
the story that appears Nujood’s life. Based on the background of the
study, the statements of the problems can be formulated as follows: 1)
How is the social and historical background of the Yemeni Society in the
Latest Twenty Century and Early of Twenty-First Century?, 2) How are the
women condition mirrored at Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am
Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced (2010)?, 3) How is distress reflected in
Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced
(2010)? And How is protest against child bride reflected in Nujood Ali’s
and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced (2010)?.
Theoretical approach being used is by using sociological and
feminist frameworks. First, investigates the memoir using sociological
analysis to investigate the women condition mirrored by Nujood in the
story. Therefore, the study will explore the social and historical
background of the Yemeni Society by using C. Kluckhohn theory to
understand Culture in Yemen. The next is formulate concept of patriarchy
which caused oppression by using the Second Sex point of view and it’s
also to explore the protest against of child bride.
Results of the study show the following conclusions: first, The
Constitution of Yemen states that Islam is the official state religion of the
country, but it also guarantees freedom of religion but the fact condition in
rural area is the depression because of tribal custom, that is early
marriage especially for child bride and the revenge idea by the major
female character participation in the society to understanding the human
xv
right especially for woman right, role and childcare. Second, the
researcher suggests that any future researcher to understand that the
destiny as a woman becomes a wife and who serves her husband and
becomes a mother who gave birth to and take care of the children and
keep the family name or family honor. These all is undertaken without any
oppression or force.
Keywords: I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced, Sociological approach,
Tribal custom, Second Sex, Revenge idea.
xvi
ABSTRAK
Norminingsih Fitriani, S 200 110 020, 2014. DISTRESS AND PROTEST
AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S I
AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010). Thesis. Magister
Pengkajian Bahasa. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Pembimbing
I: Prof. DR. C Bakdi Sumanto. Pembimbing II: Dr. Phil. Dewi
Candraningrum, M.Ed
I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced adalah novel yang menceritakan
perjuangan seorang wanita yang memperjuangkan hak perempuan dan
anak. Mereka belajar bagaimana untuk mendapatkan kebutuhan yaitu hak
mereka dan memberikan inspirasi bagi banyak orang pada umumnya dan
orang Yaman pada khususnya. Nujood dipandang sebagai seorang gadis
kecil sekitar kemiskinan dan buta huruf yang terlihat penuh semangat,
berani dan dia menjadi pahlawan. Pertentangan Keluarganya Terhadap
dirinya, tetapi banyak orang mendukungnya.Berdasarkan alasan tersebut,
penulis memilih judul Distress and Protest Against Child Bride: Nujood
Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced (2010).
Peneliti ini mencoba untuk menganalisis salah satu budaya Yaman
terutama pernikahan anak, penulis Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui dalam
novelnya“I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced”. Peneliti ingin mengetahui
lebih banyak tentang cerita yang muncul dalam kehidupan Nujood.
Berdasarkan latarbelakang penelitian, laporan masalah dapat dirumuskan
sebagai berikut: 1) Bagaimana latar belakang social dan sejarah dari
Masyarakat Yaman di akhirabad keduapuluh dan awal abad
keduapuluhsatu, 2) Bagaimana kondisi perempuan yang tercermin oleh
Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui dalam buku“I Am Nujood, Age 10 and
Divorced” (2010)?, 3) Bagaimana penderitaan yang tercermin dalam
Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui“I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced” (
2010 ) ? Dan Bagaimana protes terhadap pernikahan anak yang tercermin
dalam Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui “I Am Nujood, Age 10 and
Divorced” ( 2010 ) ? .
Pendekatan teoretis yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan
kerangka sosiologis dan feminis. Pertama, menyelidiki novel
menggunakan analisis sosiologis untuk menyelidiki kondisi perempuan
dicerminkan oleh Nujood dalam cerita. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan
mengeksplorasi latar belakang social dan sejarah dari Yaman Masyarakat
dengan menggunakan teori C. Kluckhohn untuk memahami Budaya di
Yaman. Yang berikutnya adalah konsep patriarki yang menyebabkan
penindasan dengan menggunakan titik pandang Second Sex dan juga
perumusan yang mengeksplorasi protes terhadap pernikahan anak.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kesimpulan berikut: pertama,
Konstitusi Yaman menyatakan bahwa Islam adalah agama resmi negara,
tetapi juga menjamin kebebasan beragama, tetapi kondisi sebenarnya di
xvii
daerah pedesaan adalah penekanan karena adat suku terutama
pernikahandini yang dialami banyak gadis kecildan ide balas dendam oleh
partisipasi karakter wanita utama dalam masyarakat untuk memahami
manusia yang tepat terutama untuk hak dan peran perempuan dan
perhatian untuk anak. Kedua, peneliti menunjukkan bahwa setiap peneliti
selanjutnya untuk memahami bahwa nasib
sebagai seorang wanita
menjadi istri dan yang melayani suami serta menjadi seorang ibu yang
melahirkan dan mengurus anak-anak dan juga menjaga namake luarga
atau kehormatan keluarga. Ini semua dilakukan bukan karena penindasan
atau paksaan.
Kata kunci:I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced, pendekatan sosiologis,
Tujuh Kategori universal Kebudayaan, Adatsuku, Second Sex, dan ide
balas dendam.
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AHDR
: Arab Human Development Report
ASEAN
: Association of Southeast Asian Nations
BBC
: World Service
BNN
: Badan Narkotika Nasional
EMCDDA
: European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction
HRW
: Human Right Watch
ICRW
: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
IRIN
: Integrated Regional Information Networks
SJC
: Supreme Judicial Council
UNESCO
: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
UNICEF
:United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
UNFPA
: United Nations Population Fund
xix
LIST OF TABLE
Figure 3.1
The grade and the age of Yemeni Student
xx
64
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 4.1:
Khat
125
xxi
NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S
I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010)
A THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
For the completion of Getting the Postgraduate Degree in Language Study
Program
Proposed by:
NORMININGSIH FITRIANI
S 200 110 020
MAGISTER PROGRAM OF LANGUAGE STUDY
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
Note of Advisor I
Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto
Lecturer of Magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Official Note on Norminingsih Fitriani’s Thesis
Dear
The Director of Graduate Program of Magister of Language StudyPost
Graduate Program of Surakarta Muhammadyah University
Having read, examined, corrected and necessary revised towards the
thesis of;
Name
: Norminingsih Fitriani
Student number
: S 200 110 029
Study program
: English language Study
Focus on
: Literature
Tittle
: DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD
BRIDE:
NUJOOD
MINOUI’SI
AM
ALI’S
NUJOOD,
AND
AGE
DELPHINE
10
AND
DIVORCED (2010)
I agree that the thesis is to be examined by the board of examiner in the
magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program of Surakarta
Muhammadyah University.
Surakarta,......January 2014
Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto
ii
Note of Advisor II
Dr.Phil. Dewi Chandraningrum, M. Ed
Lecturer of Magister of LanguageStudy Post Graduate Program
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Official Note on Norminingsih Fitriani’s Thesis
Dear
The Director of Graduate Program of Magister of Language StudyPost
Graduate Program of Surakarta Muhammadyah University
Having read, examined, corrected and necessary revised towards the
thesis of;
Name
: Norminingsih Fitriani
Student number
: S 200 110 029
Study program
: English language Study
Focus on
: Literature
Tittle
: DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD
BRIDE:
MINOUI’S
NUJOOD
I
AM
ALI’S
NUJOOD,
AND
AGE
DELPHINE
10
AND
DIVORCED (2010)
I agree that the thesis is to be examined by the board of examiner in the
magister of Language Study Post Graduate Program of Surakarta
Muhammadyah University.
Surakarta,... January 2014
Dr.Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M. Ed
iii
APPROVAL
This thesis entitled
DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S
AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S
I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010)
Proposed by:
NORMININGSIH FITRIANI
S 200 110 020
This thesis has been approved by the advisors to be examined by the
board of examiners on :
Day
: ……………………..
Date : ……………………….
First advisor
Second advisor
Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto
Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum,M.Ed
iv
PRONOUNCEMENT
Iam the researcher of this thesis
Name
: Norminingsih Fitriani
Student number : S 200110020
Study program
: English Language Study
Focus on
: Literature
Tittle
: DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE:
NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’SI AM
NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010)
I certify that this thesis is definitely my own work and completely
responsible for its content.
Quotation from other authors has been
conducted accordingly.
Surakarta, January06, 2014
Sincerely,
Norminingsih Fitriani
v
MOTTO
Katakanlah, Alloh menyelamatkan kamu daripada
bencana itu dan dari macam kesusahan
ϖ Al – an’am: 64
Seorang mukmin itu seluruh perkara dalam hidupnya bernilai positif
Apabila iamendapat kemudahan, maka ia bersyukur. Itu baik baginya
Apabila ia ditimpa kesulitan, maka ia bersabar. Itupun juga baik
baginya.
ϖ Hadist
Whatever you are, be a good one
ϖ Abraham Lincoln
Life is like riding a bicycle - in order to keep your balance,
you must keep moving
ϖ Albert Einstein
Keindahan adalah keindahan akhlaq, kecantikan adalah
kecantikan perilaku, dan kecerdasan adalah kecerdasan akal.
ϖ RV
vi
DEDICATION
For
Her dearest father and mother
Her beloved Brothers and sisters
Her sweetie niece and nephew
Her best friend
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiim
Assalaamu’alaikum wr.wb.
Alhamdulillahirrahmaanirrahiim, praise and gratitude to the most
Merciful Allah Ta’ala, for blessing the writer in finishing this Thesis entitled
DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S
AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S I AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED
(2010) as one of the requirement for getting the Postgraduate Degree in
Language Study Program. The researcher does not forget to praise to the
messenger, our prophet Muhammad S A W, and his followers.
The writer really realizes that she cannot finish this research
because of great attention, motivation, material, and support given by her
parents, relatives, beloved ones, friends, and others. In addition, the writer
also thanks much to the people who helped her to complete this research
paper. Therefore, the writer wants to dedicatee her sincerest gratitude for
all them.
The writer would like to express her appreciation to those ones.
They are: Prof. Dr. Markhamah, M. Hum, as the Dean of Magister of
Language Study. The next is Prof. Dr. C. Bakdi Sumanto, as the first
consultant for his kindness in guiding, helping, teaching to the writer and
also Dr. Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed, as the second consultant for
the her patience in guiding the writer to complete this thesis. With the third
viii
examiner Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S from the button of her hearth, the writer
would like to devote her everlasting mercy and ُ ِ ْك
ك
َ ُ َ ْرً ا َ َر
ك
َ رً ا َ َزا
Her Dearest one ayah Sumarwan Edy Sukamto for everything
dedicated n’ loves to the writer and her best mother in this world Romijati,
Mama, vie loves you so much and thankfulness for your never ending
loves and cares. Her beloved brothers “Zuhdy Ngainul Yasin & Imam
Haris Rifa’I”, Respectful for her beloved sisters in law “Sumiyati & Wahyu
Susilowati”, for their support, help, praying to the writer. And her lovely
niece “Yasmi Ngainun Nazwa” ”, for sweetest smiles and lovely moments
for the writer n’ her nephew “Rosikhan Fil’ilmi El Rifa’ look at the “Mack
Queen” he can runs fast! Be like him ya my dear Oci.
Her Lovely friends on “D’ ANISSA “BELOVED” BOARDINGHOUSE”
her beloved bebi Silvi Nikmatin, d’ mey
hihiii
Alhamdulillah I can finished it
darling’, thanks. Mak Wie and mak N’drue, her roommate d Nun, the best
Imah in her own show, d’ Lies as a greatest singer in the bathroom. Mb
Ciek n d’ nur, keep spirit ya dear. Thanks for prays, supports, helps, and
sweet days ever after. I am nothing without you are. We never separated
for any reason. Let’s draw our dream Sista.
Her best “EmPebeels” her beloved sista Allen Rufaida, Keep on
the track sista, I lop u so much n’mbak Lia and mb Metta; vie will never
forget you. Bravo for Pak WA”ONE”, we are like as a fighter in facing each
step of our effort for this final assignment “THESIS” and your “Love,
Hatred And Death Reflected In Romeo And Juliet Movie Directed By
ix
Bazman Luhrmann (1996) : A Dynamic Structuralism Approach” is a great
inspiration for her thesis.
Vie will also never forget Her friends in “Magister Pengkajian
Bahasa” ; brother n’ sista, mbak ‘e TATIK, never ending fighting ya sista
and mas bro M. Huda and all dearest friends that cant be mentioned one
by one for supporting “keep move FORWARD bro n sist!!!!”
The last is Her “Lupy Blue” Motorcycle, Thank for the journey
around her wants, her Notebook “thoto”, for the saving of the files and
the songs (coloring my days, and releasing my “mad mind”)
No work can be done perfectly, nor can this research paper. The
writer expects that this research paper will become useful for the
development of academic study and the following research.
Wassalaamu’alaikum wr.wb.
Surakarta, February …. , 2014
The Writer
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
THE TITTLE OF THE RESEARCH ..........................................................
i
NOTE OF ADVISOR I ...............................................................................
ii
NOTE OF ADVISOR II ..............................................................................
iii
APPROVAL...............................................................................................
iv
PRONOUNCEMENT ................................................................................
v
MOTTO ....................................................................................................
vi
DEDICATION ............................................................................................
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ..............................................................................
xi
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................
xv
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................
xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................
xix
LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................
xx
LIST OF FIGURE .....................................................................................
xxi
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION...........................................................
1
A. Background of the Study ........................................
1
B. Literature Review .....................................................
7
C. Problem Statement .................................................
14
D. Limitation of the Study .............................................
14
E. Objective of the Study..............................................
15
F. The Benefits of the Study ........................................
15
G. Research Method ....................................................
17
1. Type of the Study ...............................................
17
2. Object of the Study .............................................
17
3. Data and Data Source ........................................
18
4. Technique of Data Collection .............................
18
5. Technique of Data Analysis ................................
19
I
xi
CHAPTER
II
H. Research Paper Organization .................................
20
UNDERLYING THEORY ...............................................
23
A. Sociology of Society ...............................................
24
1. Notion of Sociology Approach ...........................
24
2. Major Principle of Sociology of Literature ..........
27
a. Sociology of Society .....................................
29
b. Sociology of the Author ................................
29
c. Literary Work and Readers’ Response ........
31
B. Feminism ................................................................
33
1. Notion of Feminism ...........................................
33
2. Feminism and patriarchy ...................................
35
3. Second Sex .......................................................
37
a. The notion of the second sex .......................
37
b. Oppression Against Women ........................
38
c. Child Bride ....................................................
40
1) The notion of Child Bride .........................
40
2) Child Bride and Effects ............................
43
a) Child Marriage and Education ............
43
b) Child Marriage and Health..................
43
c) Child
CHAPTER
Marriage
and
Violence
against Women ..................................
44
3) Distress....................................................
44
4. Revenge Idea .....................................................
45
III SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE
YEMENI SOCIETY AT THE LATEST TWENTY
CENTURY AND EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY..
48
A. Seven Culture Universe ...........................................
50
1. Human
Life
Equipment,
Supplies
and
Technology .........................................................
50
2. Livelihood and Economic System.......................
52
3. Societal System..................................................
54
xii
4. Language System ..............................................
56
5. Artistic Aspect.....................................................
58
6. Science or knowledge aspect .............................
62
7. Religious Aspect.................................................
67
B. Legal Aspect of Marriage .........................................
70
1. Islah and Syariah; the law is not enforced ..........
70
2. Save Age; Push to end Violence Against
Women ...............................................................
CHAPTER
74
IV WOMAN CONDITION: EARLY MARRIAGE IS
HORRENDOUS SOCIAL FACTAT “THE END OF
THE EARTH”.................................................................
A. DelphineMinoui;
Reveals
Saga
of
78
Yemeni
Distress on Divorced at Age 10 ...............................
78
B. Nujood Ali: Yemeni Child Bride and Divorced In
2008.........................................................................
85
C. Early Marriage: Tribal Custom in Yemen .................
91
1. The Notion of Tribal custom ...............................
91
2. The Existences of tribal custom in Yemen .........
93
3. Early Marriage ....................................................
99
a. Legal Aspect of Marriage in Yemen ..............
99
b. Nujood Ali; Marriage means one less
mouth ............................................................
103
1) Poverty aspect ........................................
103
2) Virginity Means Honor .............................
108
3) Gender Discrimination .............................
111
4) Inadequate Laws .....................................
112
5) Trafficking ................................................
114
c. Nujood Ali; Divorce before Puberty ...............
116
D. Khat; A Cultural Phenomenon in Yemen .................
120
1. Khat description..................................................
112
2. Culture of khat in Yemen ....................................
127
xiii
CHAPTER
a. Historical of khat ...........................................
127
b. Khat and Islamic Perspective ........................
130
c. Cause and effect in consuming khat .............
135
3. Author Point of View ...........................................
138
V DISTRESS AND PROTEST AGAINST CHILD
BRIDE; PITFALL OF PATRIARCHY, WOMEN IS
THE OTHER HUMAN BEING .......................................
140
A. Pitfall of patriarchy in I Am Nujood, Age 10 and
Divorced ..................................................................
141
1. Patriarchy Pitfall of Omma’s Life ........................
141
2. Patriarchy pitfall of Jammila’s and Mona’s
life.......................................................................
145
3. Patriarchy pitfall of Dowla’s life ...........................
148
4. Patriarchy Pitfall of Nujood Ali’s life ....................
150
a. Great Outdoors; Nujood’s School in
Khardji ...........................................................
150
b. Faez Ali Thamer; He is a man three
times my age.................................................
154
B. Revenge Idea; A divorce party--that's really
CHAPTER
better than a wedding party! ....................................
162
VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .............................
167
A. Conclusion ...............................................................
167
B. Educational Implication ............................................
168
C. Suggestion ...............................................................
170
APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
xiv
ABSTRACT
Norminingsih Fitriani, S 200 110 020, 2014. DISTRESS AND PROTEST
AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S I
AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010). Thesis. Magister of
Language Study. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Advisors (1)
Prof. DR. C Bakdi Sumanto, (2) Dr.Phil. Dewi Candraningrum, M.Ed
I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced is a memoir which tells the
struggle of a woman who fight for woman and child rights. They are
learning how to get their needs and gave inspiration to many people
generally and to Yemeni especially. Nujood is seen as a little girl around
poor and illiteracy ecosystem class who looks full of spirit, courageous and
she becomes the hero. Her family is against her, but many people support
her. Based on the reason, the author chooses the title Distress and
Protest Against Child Bride: Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am
Nujood, age 10 and Divorced (2010).
The researcher tries to analyze one of the Yemeni culture
especially Child marriage in Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am
Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced. The researcher wants to know more about
the story that appears Nujood’s life. Based on the background of the
study, the statements of the problems can be formulated as follows: 1)
How is the social and historical background of the Yemeni Society in the
Latest Twenty Century and Early of Twenty-First Century?, 2) How are the
women condition mirrored at Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am
Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced (2010)?, 3) How is distress reflected in
Nujood Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced
(2010)? And How is protest against child bride reflected in Nujood Ali’s
and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced (2010)?.
Theoretical approach being used is by using sociological and
feminist frameworks. First, investigates the memoir using sociological
analysis to investigate the women condition mirrored by Nujood in the
story. Therefore, the study will explore the social and historical
background of the Yemeni Society by using C. Kluckhohn theory to
understand Culture in Yemen. The next is formulate concept of patriarchy
which caused oppression by using the Second Sex point of view and it’s
also to explore the protest against of child bride.
Results of the study show the following conclusions: first, The
Constitution of Yemen states that Islam is the official state religion of the
country, but it also guarantees freedom of religion but the fact condition in
rural area is the depression because of tribal custom, that is early
marriage especially for child bride and the revenge idea by the major
female character participation in the society to understanding the human
xv
right especially for woman right, role and childcare. Second, the
researcher suggests that any future researcher to understand that the
destiny as a woman becomes a wife and who serves her husband and
becomes a mother who gave birth to and take care of the children and
keep the family name or family honor. These all is undertaken without any
oppression or force.
Keywords: I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced, Sociological approach,
Tribal custom, Second Sex, Revenge idea.
xvi
ABSTRAK
Norminingsih Fitriani, S 200 110 020, 2014. DISTRESS AND PROTEST
AGAINST CHILD BRIDE: NUJOOD ALI’S AND DELPHINE MINOUI’S I
AM NUJOOD, AGE 10 AND DIVORCED (2010). Thesis. Magister
Pengkajian Bahasa. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Pembimbing
I: Prof. DR. C Bakdi Sumanto. Pembimbing II: Dr. Phil. Dewi
Candraningrum, M.Ed
I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced adalah novel yang menceritakan
perjuangan seorang wanita yang memperjuangkan hak perempuan dan
anak. Mereka belajar bagaimana untuk mendapatkan kebutuhan yaitu hak
mereka dan memberikan inspirasi bagi banyak orang pada umumnya dan
orang Yaman pada khususnya. Nujood dipandang sebagai seorang gadis
kecil sekitar kemiskinan dan buta huruf yang terlihat penuh semangat,
berani dan dia menjadi pahlawan. Pertentangan Keluarganya Terhadap
dirinya, tetapi banyak orang mendukungnya.Berdasarkan alasan tersebut,
penulis memilih judul Distress and Protest Against Child Bride: Nujood
Ali’s and Delphine Minoui’s I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced (2010).
Peneliti ini mencoba untuk menganalisis salah satu budaya Yaman
terutama pernikahan anak, penulis Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui dalam
novelnya“I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced”. Peneliti ingin mengetahui
lebih banyak tentang cerita yang muncul dalam kehidupan Nujood.
Berdasarkan latarbelakang penelitian, laporan masalah dapat dirumuskan
sebagai berikut: 1) Bagaimana latar belakang social dan sejarah dari
Masyarakat Yaman di akhirabad keduapuluh dan awal abad
keduapuluhsatu, 2) Bagaimana kondisi perempuan yang tercermin oleh
Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui dalam buku“I Am Nujood, Age 10 and
Divorced” (2010)?, 3) Bagaimana penderitaan yang tercermin dalam
Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui“I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced” (
2010 ) ? Dan Bagaimana protes terhadap pernikahan anak yang tercermin
dalam Nujood Ali dan Delphine Minoui “I Am Nujood, Age 10 and
Divorced” ( 2010 ) ? .
Pendekatan teoretis yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan
kerangka sosiologis dan feminis. Pertama, menyelidiki novel
menggunakan analisis sosiologis untuk menyelidiki kondisi perempuan
dicerminkan oleh Nujood dalam cerita. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan
mengeksplorasi latar belakang social dan sejarah dari Yaman Masyarakat
dengan menggunakan teori C. Kluckhohn untuk memahami Budaya di
Yaman. Yang berikutnya adalah konsep patriarki yang menyebabkan
penindasan dengan menggunakan titik pandang Second Sex dan juga
perumusan yang mengeksplorasi protes terhadap pernikahan anak.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kesimpulan berikut: pertama,
Konstitusi Yaman menyatakan bahwa Islam adalah agama resmi negara,
tetapi juga menjamin kebebasan beragama, tetapi kondisi sebenarnya di
xvii
daerah pedesaan adalah penekanan karena adat suku terutama
pernikahandini yang dialami banyak gadis kecildan ide balas dendam oleh
partisipasi karakter wanita utama dalam masyarakat untuk memahami
manusia yang tepat terutama untuk hak dan peran perempuan dan
perhatian untuk anak. Kedua, peneliti menunjukkan bahwa setiap peneliti
selanjutnya untuk memahami bahwa nasib
sebagai seorang wanita
menjadi istri dan yang melayani suami serta menjadi seorang ibu yang
melahirkan dan mengurus anak-anak dan juga menjaga namake luarga
atau kehormatan keluarga. Ini semua dilakukan bukan karena penindasan
atau paksaan.
Kata kunci:I Am Nujood, Age 10 and Divorced, pendekatan sosiologis,
Tujuh Kategori universal Kebudayaan, Adatsuku, Second Sex, dan ide
balas dendam.
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AHDR
: Arab Human Development Report
ASEAN
: Association of Southeast Asian Nations
BBC
: World Service
BNN
: Badan Narkotika Nasional
EMCDDA
: European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction
HRW
: Human Right Watch
ICRW
: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
IRIN
: Integrated Regional Information Networks
SJC
: Supreme Judicial Council
UNESCO
: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
UNICEF
:United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
UNFPA
: United Nations Population Fund
xix
LIST OF TABLE
Figure 3.1
The grade and the age of Yemeni Student
xx
64
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 4.1:
Khat
125
xxi