Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences Humanities Vol. 26 (3) Sept. 2018
Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
VOL. 26 (3) SEPT. 2018 Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
About the Journal Overview
Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities (JSSH) is the official journal of Universiti Putra Malaysia published by UPM Press. It is an open-access online scientific journal which is free of charge. It publishes the scientific outputs. It neither accepts nor commissions third party content. Recognized internationally as the leading peer-reviewed interdisciplinary journal devoted to the publication of original papers, it serves as a forum for practical approaches to improving quality in issues JSSH is a pertaining to social and behavioural sciences as well as the humanities. quarterly (March, June, September and December) periodical that considers for publication Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities world regardless of the nationality. original articles as per its scope. The journal publishes in English and it is open to authors around the The Journal is available world-wide.
Aims and scope Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities aims to develop as a pioneer journal for the social sciences with a focus on emerging issues pertaining to the social and behavioural sciences as well as the humanities.
Areas relevant to the scope of the journal include Social Sciences—Accounting, anthropology, Archaeology and history, Architecture and habitat, Consumer and family economics, Economics, Education, Finance, Geography, Law, Management studies, Media and communication studies, Political sciences and public policy, Population studies, Psychology, Sociology, Technology management, Tourism; Humanities—Arts and culture, Dance, Historical and civilisation studies, Language and Linguistics, Literature, Music, Philosophy, Religious studies, Sports.
History Pertanika was founded in 1978. A decision was made in 1992 to streamline Pertanika into three journals Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities as Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, Journal of Science & Technology, and Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities to meet the need for specialised journals in areas of study aligned with the interdisciplinary strengths of the university.
After almost 25 years, as an interdisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, the revamped journal focuses on research in social and behavioural sciences as well as the humanities, particularly in the Asia Pacific region.
Goal of Pertanika Our goal is to bring the highest quality research to the widest possible audience. Quality
We aim for excellence, sustained by a responsible and professional approach to journal publishing.
Submissions are guaranteed to receive a decision within 14 weeks. The elapsed time from submission
to publication for the articles averages 5-6 months. Pertanika is almost Abstracting and indexing of Pertanika 40 years old ; this accumulated knowledge has resulted in Pertanika JSSH being abstracted and indexed in SCOPUS (Elsevier), Thomson (ISI) Web of Science™ Core Collection Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI). Web of Knowledge [BIOSIS & CAB Abstracts], EBSCO Journal of Social Sciences & Humanitiesand EBSCOhost, DOAJ, Google Scholar, TIB, MyCite, ISC, Cabell’s Directories & Journal Guide.
Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Future vision We are continuously improving access to our journal archives, content, and research services. We have the drive to realise exciting new horizons that will benefit not only the academic community, but society itself.
Citing journal articles The abbreviation for Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities is Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Publication policy
Pertanika policy prohibits an author from submitting the same manuscript for concurrent consideration by two or more publications. It prohibits as well publication of any manuscript that has already been published either in whole or substantial part elsewhere. It also does not permit publication of manuscript that has been published in full in Proceedings.
Code of Ethics The Pertanika Journals and Universiti Putra Malaysia takes seriously the responsibility of all of its journal publications to reflect the highest in publication ethics. Thus all journals and journal editors are expected to abide by the Journal’s codes of ethics. Refer to Pertanika’s Code of Ethics for full details, or
visit the Journal’s web link at http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/code_of_ethics.php Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) An ISSN is an 8-digit code used to identify periodicals such as journals of all kinds and on all media–print and electronic. All Pertanika journals have ISSN as well as an e-ISSN.Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities: ISSN 0128-7702 (Print); ISSN 2231-8534 (Online).
Lag time A decision on acceptance or rejection of a manuscript is reached in 3 to 4 months (average 14 weeks).
The elapsed time from submission to publication for the articles averages 5-6 months.
Authorship Authors are not permitted to add or remove any names from the authorship provided at the time of initial submission without the consent of the Journal’s Chief Executive Editor.
Manuscript preparation Refer to Pertanika’s Instructions to Authors at the back of this journal. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Most scientific papers are prepared according to a format called IMRAD. The term represents the first letters of the words Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, And, Discussion. IMRAD is simply a more ‘defined’ version of the “IBC” [Introduction, Body, Conclusion] format used for all academic writing. IMRAD indicates a pattern or format rather than a complete list of headings or components of research papers; the missing parts of a paper are: Title, Authors, Keywords, Abstract, Conclusions, and References . Additionally, some papers include Acknowledgments and Appendices.
The Introduction explains the scope and objective of the study in the light of current knowledge on the subject; the Materials and Methods describes how the study was conducted; the Results section reports what was found in the study; and the Discussion section explains meaning and significance of the results and provides suggestions for future directions of research. The manuscript must be prepared according to the Journal’s Instructions to Authors.
Editorial process Authors are notified with an acknowledgement containing a Manuscript ID on receipt of a manuscript, and upon the editorial decision regarding publication.
Pertanika follows a double-blind peer-review process. Manuscripts deemed suitable for publication Authors are encouraged to are usually sent to reviewers. suggest names of at least three potential
, but the editors will make the final reviewers at the time of submission of their manuscript to Pertanika choice. The editors are not, however, bound by these suggestions.
Notification of the editorial decision is usually provided within ten to fourteen weeks from the receipt of manuscript. Publication of solicited manuscripts is not guaranteed. In most cases, manuscripts are accepted conditionally, pending an author’s revision of the material. As articles are double-blind reviewed, material that might identify authorship of the paper should be placed only on page 2 as described in the first-4 page format in Pertanika’s Instructions to Authors given at the back of this journal. Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities The Journal’s peer-review In the peer-review process, three referees independently evaluate the scientific quality of the submitted manuscripts.
Peer reviewers are experts chosen by journal editors to provide written assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of written research, with the aim of improving the reporting of research and identifying the most appropriate and highest quality material for the journal.
Operating and review process What happens to a manuscript once it is submitted to Pertanika? Typically, there are seven steps to the editorial review process: 1. The Journal’s chief executive editor and the editorial board examine the paper to determine whether it is appropriate for the journal and should be reviewed. If not appropriate, the 2. manuscript is rejected outright and the author is informed.
The chief executive editor sends the article-identifying information having been removed, to three reviewers. Typically, one of these is from the Journal’s editorial board. Others are specialists in the subject matter represented by the article. The chief executive editor asks Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities them to complete the review in three weeks.
Comments to authors are about the appropriateness and adequacy of the theoretical or conceptual framework, literature review, method, results and discussion, and conclusions. Reviewers often include suggestions for strengthening of the manuscript. Comments to the editor are in the nature of the significance of the work and its potential contribution to the 3. literature.
The chief executive editor, in consultation with the editor-in-chief, examines the reviews and decides whether to reject the manuscript, invite the author(s) to revise and resubmit the manuscript, or seek additional reviews. Final acceptance or rejection rests with the Edito- in-Chief, who reserves the right to refuse any material for publication. In rare instances, the manuscript is accepted with almost no revision. Almost without exception, reviewers’ comments (to the author) are forwarded to the author. If a revision is indicated, the editor provides guidelines for attending to the reviewers’ suggestions and perhaps additional advice 4. about revising the manuscript.
The authors decide whether and how to address the reviewers’ comments and criticisms and the editor’s concerns. The authors return a revised version of the paper to the chief executive editor along with specific information describing how they have answered’ the concerns of the reviewers and the editor, usually in a tabular form. The author(s) may also submit a rebuttal if there is a need especially when the author disagrees with certain comments Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities provided by reviewer(s).
The chief executive editor sends the revised paper out for re-review. Typically, at least one of
6. the original reviewers will be asked to examine the article.When the reviewers have completed their work, the chief executive editor in consultation
with the editorial board and the editor-in-chief examine their comments and decide whether
7.the paper is ready to be published, needs another round of revisions, or should be rejected.
If the decision is to accept, an acceptance letter is sent to all the author(s), the paper is sent to
the Press. The article should appear in print in approximately three months.The Publisher ensures that the paper adheres to the correct style (in-text citations, the
reference list, and tables are typical areas of concern, clarity, and grammar). The authors are
asked to respond to any minor queries by the Publisher. Following these corrections, page
proofs are mailed to the corresponding authors for their final approval. At this point, only
essential changes are accepted. Finally, the article appears in the pages of the Journal and is
posted on-line.Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
Vol. 26 (3) Sept. 2018
A scientific journal published by Universiti Putra Malaysia Press
SOCIAL SCIENCES
&
HUMANITIES
P e r t a n i k a J o u r n a l o f
JSSH Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities AN INTERNATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL
Barbara Wejnert Political Sociologist: Gender Studies, Macro Political and Social Changes University at Buffalo, SUNY, USA. Carolyn Graham Music, Jazz Chants Harvard University, USA.
Mohamed Ariff Economics, Finance, Capital Market, Islamic Finance, FIscal Policy Sunway University, Malaysia. Pal Ahluwalia African Studies, Social and Cultural Theory, Post-colonial Theory Pro Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation), University of Portsmouth, UK. Phillip Jones Architectural Science, Sustainability in the Built Environment Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, UK. Rance P. L. Lee Sociology The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Royal D. Colle Communication Cornell University, USA. Shonda Buchanan American Literature Interim Chair Hampton University, USA.
Kent Matthews Economics, Banking and Finance, Modelling and Forecasting the Macro Economy Cardiff Business School, UK. Lehman B. Fletcher Economics, Agricultural Development, Policy Analysis and Planning Iowa State University, USA.
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD 2018-2021 John R. Schermerhorn Jr. Management Studies, Management and Organizational Behaviour, International Business Ohio University, USA.
Shameem Rafik-Galea English Language Studies, Linguistics, Applied Linguistics, Language and Communication University College Sedaya International, Malaysia Stephen J. HALL English Language Studies, Linguist, Teacher Educator, TESOL Sunway University, Malaysia. Stephen J. THOMA Phsycology, Educational Psychology, The University of Alabama, USA. Victor T. King Anthropology / Southeast Asian Studies White Rose East Asia Centre, University of Leeds, UK.
Handoyo Puji Widodo English Language Teaching, ESP, Language Curriculum-Materials Design and Development, and Language Methodology English Language Center Shantou University, China. James R. Stock Management Studies, Marketing, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Quantitative Method University of South Florida, USA. Jayum A. Jawan Sociology, Politics and Government, Civilization Studies Tun Abd Razak Chair & Visiting Professor of Political Science Ohio University, Athens Ohio, USA (2015-2017). Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Jonathan Newton Classroom-based Second Language Acquisition, Language Teaching Methodology, the Interface of Culture and Language in Language Teaching and Learning, and Language/Communication Training and Material Design for the Multicultural Workplace Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Marcus Bion GRIFFIN Human Ecology, Anthropology, Tropical Agriculture, Fisheries Cultural Learning Solutions, USA. Mary Susan Philip English Language Theatre in Malaysia and Singapore; Postcolonial Theatre University of Malaya, Malaysia. Muzafar Shah Habibullah Economics, Monetary Economics, Banking, Macroeconomics Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Patricia Matusky Music, Ethnomusicology, Malay and Indonesian language, Literature and Culture Grand Valley State University, USA. Rama Mathew Teacher Education, English Language Education including Young Learners and Language Assessment Delhi University, India. Rohany Nasir Psychology-Career counseling, Counseling for Adolescents and Adults, Marriage and Family counseling, Counseling industry and Organization Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
Faith Trent AM FACE Education: Curriculum development Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. Gary N. Mclean Community and Social Development, International Human Resource Development, Organizational Development Executive Director, International Human Resource Development Programs, EAHR, Teas A&M University, USA. Graham Thurgood English Language Studies, General Linguistics, Discourse and Syntax California State University, Chico., USA.
Dessy Irawati Economist and Business Development Strategist BNI Bank Representative in the Netherlands, EduPRIME Consulting, the Netherlands Dileep K. Mohanachandran Psychology, Sociology, Technology Berjaya University College, Malaysia Jacqueline Pugh-Kitingan Music, Ethnomusicology, Borneo and Papua New Guinea Studies Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Jayakaran Mukundan English Language Studies, Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) CHIEF EXECUTIVE EDITOR Abu Bakar Salleh Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Zulkifli Idrus , Chair EDITORIAL STAFF
Brian Tomlinson English Language Studies, The Evaluation, Adaptation and Development Leeds Metropolitan University, UK. Deanna L. Sharpe Economics, Consumer and Family Economics, Personal Finance University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.
Abdul Mansur M. Masih Economics, Econometrics, Finance King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia. Alan Maley English Language Studies, Teaching of English Language and Literature Leeds Metropolitan University, UK. Ali Reza Kaldi Medical Sociology, Sociology of Development Ageing, Gerontology University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran.
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Vijay K. Bhatia Education: Genre Analysis and Professional Communication City University of Hong Kong, China ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING OF PERTANIKA JOURNALS Pertanika is almost 40 years old; this accumulated knowledge has resulted in the journals being abstracted and indexed in SCOPUS (Elsevier), Clarivate Analytics [formerly known as Thomson (ISI)] Web of Science™ Core Collection- Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI). Web of Knowledge [BIOSIS & CAB Abstracts], EBSCO and EBSCOhost, DOAJ, ERA, Google Scholar, TIB, MyCite, Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC), ASEAN Citation Index (ACI), Cabell’s Directories &
Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
Vol. 26 (3) Sept. 2018
Contents
Review Article
Emotional Intelligence: Exploring the Road beyond Personality and 1227
Cognitive IntelligenceRagini Gupta and Badri Bajaj Regular Articles
Suitability of Textbook for the Improvement of Linguistic Competence in 1241
Chinese by International Relations Students in IndonesiaYi Ying, Tirta Nugraha Mursitama and Nalti Novianti
Factors Related with Un-Islamic Behaviours of Muslim Youths in the 1253
Risky Groups in the Three Southern Border Provinces of ThailandLaeheem, K.
Construction of a Socio-Economic Status (SES) Index in Peninsular 1265
Malaysia Using the Factor Analysis Approach Abdul Rahman, N. and Abd Naeeim, N. S.
Linguistic Realisations of Rhetorical Structure in Research Articles 1283
Abstracts: An Analysis Based on Food Technology Journals Watinee Suntara
Contribution of Brackish and Freshwater Aquaculture to Livelihood of 1301
Small-Scale Rural Aquaculture Farmers in Kedah, Malaysia Roslina, K.
The Persian Soccer Spectator Behaviour Inventory (PSSBI): 1323
Development and Psychometric Properties of the PSSBI Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)Nematillah Nemati, Shahla Ostovar, Mark D. Griffiths, Mariani Md Nor and Ramayah Thurasamy 1335 Consumers’ Demographic Factors Influencing Perceived Service Quality in e-Shopping: Some Evidence from Nigerian Online Shopping Adamkolo, M. I., Hassan, M. S. and Pate, A. U.
The Separation Wall in the Occupied Palestine as a Canvas of Resistance: 1371
A controversial IssueFaraj R. A. Heneini and Ruzaika Omar Basaree
The Effect of Computerized Feedback on Students’ Misconceptions in 1387
Algebraic ExpressionChin Sook Fui and Lim Hooi Lian
The Capsule Living Unit Reconsidered A Utopia Transformed Reality 1405
Gibert Michael, Naziaty Mohd Yaacob and Sr Zuraini Md Ali
Transforming Informal Workers’ Assets into Their Livelihoods: A Case 1419
Study of Garment Workers in the Lao PDR Hanvedes Daovisan, Thanapauge Chamaratana and Buapun Promphakping
The Impact of Audit Committee Independence and Auditor Choice on 1433
Firms’ Investment Level Nurul Hizetie Mohamed Nor , Anuar Nawawi and Ahmad Saiful Azlin Puteh Salin1455 Assessing the Influence of Intrinsic Motivation on Academic Performance: A Study of Management Teachers
Anju Tripathi, Kostubh Raman Chaturvedi and Abhinav Priyadarshi Tripathi
Peer Assessment in Higher Education: Using Hofstede’s Cultural 1471
Dimensions to Identify Perspectives of Malaysian Chinese StudentsPhaik Kin Cheah, Fong Wei Diong and Yee Onn Yap
Mobile Learning Readiness among English Language Learners in a 1491
Public University in MalaysiaMunir Shuib, Siti Norbaya Azizan and Malini Ganapathy
Apartheid Lingers: Sadism and Masochism in J. M. Coetzee’s Disgrace 1505
Maryam Beyad and Hossein Keramatfar
The Effects of Mixed Exercise (ABOXERCISE) on Cardiovascular 1519
Endurance, Muscular Endurance and BMI level in 30- to 40–Year-Old Obese MalesMazlan Ismail
Subjective Well-Being among “Left-Behind Chil Dren” of Labour 1529
Migrant Parents in Rural Northern VietnamNguyen Van Luot, Nguyen Ba Dat and Truong Quang Lam 1547 Building Students’ Character in Elementary School through the Scientific
Method: A Case Study of the Lampung Province Herpratiwi, Ag. Bambang Setiyadi, Riswandi, Chandra Ertikanto and Sugiyanto
Consuming with Mindfulness: Import of Buddhist Philosophy for an 1563
Ethic toward Consumerism Soumyajit Bhar
In-service Teacher Training Program in Thailand: Teachers’ Beliefs, 1579
Needs, and Challenges Mark B. Ulla and Duangkamon WinitkunThe Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Burnout among EFL Teachers Teaching at Private Institutions 1595
1697 Leila Seidinejad and Zohreh Nafissi
Model of the Writing Process and Strategies of EFL Proficient Student Writers: A Case Study of Indonesian Learners 1815
Orchid Consortium Communication Network in Indonesia 1797
Dyah Gandasari, Sarwititi Sarwoprasodjo, Basita Ginting and Djoko Susanto
Enforcement of Trademark Law in Malaysia 1775
Sohaib Mukhtar, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol and Sufian Jusoh1757 Shahrzad Ghiyasvandian, Mahbobeh Abdolrahimi, MasoumehZakerimoghadam and Abbas Ebadi
1729 Ogwumike, O. F., Maku, O. E. and Alimi, O. Y. Therapeutic Communication of Iranian Nursing Students: A Qualitative Study
A Contrastive Study of Correction Strategies in Persian and English 1713
Shahmoradi, Y., Hashemi, E. and Izadpanah, S. Human Welfare and Transmission Channel of Globalisation: Empirical Evidence from Sub-Saharan African RegionsFaraj R. A. Heneini and Ruzaika Omar Basaree Developing Lexical Complexity in EFL Students’ Essays via Creative Thinking Techniques
Razie Esmaili, Laleh Khojasteh and Reza Kafipour High Grade-Point Average and Predictors among Filipino University Students
Indirect Artworks Related to the Separation Wall in Occupied Palestine: Analytical Study 1685
1673 Jehangir Bharucha
Lee Chee Loong, Laiu Chun Hao, Nur Hidayah Ramli and Nur Sabrina Mohd Palel Is The Economics Learnt In The Family? Revaluing Parental Influence on Financial Education in India
Kim Keum Hyun and Rou Seung Yoan
Dynamic Interactions in Macroeconomic Activities 1651
Variations in the Asian Collectivistic Working Culture in Intercultural Collaboration: A Case of a South Korean Company in Malaysia 1633
1617 Romeo B. Lee, Rito Baring and Madelene Sta. Maria
Abas, Imelda Hermilinda and Noor Hashima Abd Aziz
An Evaluation of Deregulation Policy of The Downstream Petroleum 1843
Sector and Nigeria’s Economy Jide Ibietan, Ugochukwu David Abasilim and Tokoni Olobio
Contesting Linguistic Repression And Endurance: Arabic in the 1865
Andalusian Linguistic Landscape Ghazali Said and Zuliati Rohmah
Changing the Learning Culture of Iranians: An Interplay between Method 1883
and Educational Policy Akbar A. Jahanbakhsh and Parviz Ajideh1905 The Influence of SMEs Employees’ Intention towards Innovative Behaviour
Rosmelisa Yusof, Ng Siew Imm, Ho Jo Ann and Azmawani Abd Rahman
Employees’ Personality Preferences and Their Impact on the Relationship 1925
between Leadership Styles and Organisational CommitmentRezvan Sahraee and Haslinda Binti Abdullah
Knowledge and Attitudes of Hoteliers in Langkawi UNESCO Global 1941
Geopark towards Sustainable Food Waste Management (SFWM)Saraswathy Kasavan, Ahmad Fariz Mohamed and Sharina Abdul Halim
Effects of Obesity in Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from Malaysia 1957
Foo Lee Peng, Hanny Zurina Hamzah, Norashidah Mohamed Nor and Rusmawati Said
Gender Differences in Consumer Shopping Styles in India 1971
Jaidev, U. P. and Amarnath, D. D.Distinguishing TOEFL Score: What is the Lowest Score Considered a 1995
TOEFL Score?Faisal Mustafa and Samsul Anwar
Nationalist Vs Islamic: The Dynamic of Politik Aliran in Post-Suharto 2009
IndonesiaAsep Nurjaman, Budi Suprapto and Abdullah Masmuh
The Malaysian Aec Professionals Work Culture Could Improve 2021
Organizational Team Productivity during Industrialized Project DeliveryAbdul Ghafar, M. and Ibrahim, R.
The Role of the Press in the Democratic Process: The Example of 2037
Nigeria’s First Republic, 1960-1966 Emmanuel Nwafor MordiThe Promotion of Engineering Students’ English Presentation Ability Using the Genre-Based Approach 2063
Piyatida Changpueng and Karnchanoke Wattanasin The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Stock Market Development in GCC Countries
2085 Hazem Al Samman and Syed Ahsan Jamil
Physiological and Psychological Health Benefits of Urban Green Space in Kuala Lumpur: A comparison between Taman Botani Perdana and Jalan Bukit Bintang
2101 Daniel Mokhtar, Nor Akmar Abdul Aziz and Manohar Mariapan
Academic Stress Among University Students: A Quantitative Study of Generation Y and Z’s Perception 2115
Malarvili Ramachandiran and Saroja Dhanapal Collaboration and Co-Teaching: Professional Models for Promoting Authentic Engagement and Responsive Teaching
2129 Nahed Ghazzoul
Five Decades of Scientific Development on “Attachment Theory”: Trends and Future Landscape 2145
Farahmand Elaheh, Mriani MD Nor, Ghanbari Baghestan Abbas, Ale Ebrahim Nader and Matinnia Nasrin Perceived Emotions on Interpersonal Relationships in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Qualitative Study in Iran
2161 Saeid Yazdi-Ravandi, Nasrin Matinnia, Farshid Shamsaei, Mohammad Ahmadpanah, Jamal Shams and Ali Ghaleiha
Foreword
Welcome to the Third Issue 2018 of the Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (JSSH)! JSSH is an open-access journal for studies in Social Sciences and Humanities published by Universiti Putra Malaysia Press. It is independently owned and managed by the university and run on a non-profit basis for the benefit of the world-wide science community.
This issue contains 54 articles, out of which one is a review paper and the rest (53) are regular articles. The authors of these articles come from different countries, namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Iran, Nigeria, India, Korea, Vietnam, United Kingdom, Philippines, Oman and Jordan. Malaysia alone contributed 20 articles, the highest number of articles.
Articles submitted in this issue cover wide range of Social Sciences and Humanity scope including accounting, anthropology, architecture and habitat, arts and culture, economics, education, language and linguistics, law, literature, management, media and communication, political sciences and public policy, psychology, religion, sociology, sports, technology management and tourism. An article is outlined from each of four favoured scope in this issue: economics, education, language and linguistics, and psychology.
Selected from economics scope is an article entitled “Is the Economics Learnt in the Family? Revaluing Parental Influence on Financial Education in India”, written by Jehangir
Bharucha
from University of Mumbai, India. The paper studied the influence of family and financial behaviour of the youth in India. The researcher assessed family perception and practice to improve the level of financial literacy of children growing up in India. They concluded in their study that family involvement in financial education programs is not well-developed in India. Hence, several recommendations were given by the researches for future improvement of children’s financial literacy. Insight of the paper is available on page 1673.
Selected from education scope is a paper entitled “Building Students’ Character in Elementary School through the Scientific Method: A Case Study of the Lampung Province”, written by fellow researchers from Universitas Lampung, Indonesia (Herpratiwi,
Ag. Bambang Setiyadi, Riswandi, Chandra Ertikanto and Sugiyanto). The study was
conducted with the objective of analysing the implementation of the scientific method of teaching social science subjects and educational character in the affective domain. The research used quasi-experimental methods and data were analysed using paired T-test. They found out that after being taught using the scientific method, the character value of social studies learners was significantly higher compared to before learning the scientific method. The detail of the study is available on page 1547.
Selected from language and linguistics scope is an article entitled “The Promotion of Engineering Students’ English Presentation Ability Using the Genre-Based Approach” by Piyatida Changpueng and Karnchanoke Wattanasin, fellow researchers from King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand. They examined the presentation ability achievement of fourth-year undergraduate engineering students at their institute after being taught how to give oral presentation using genre-based approach (GBA). The study showed positive result of GBA implementation for students’ presentation. The details of the article is available on page 2063.
Selected from psychology scope is an article entitled “Physiological and Psychological Health Benefits of Urban Green Space in Kuala Lumpur: A comparison between Taman Botani Perdana and Jalan Bukit Bintang” by fellow researchers from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia (Daniel Mokhtar, Nor Akmar Abdul Aziz and Manohar
Mariapan
). The researchers explored physiological and psychological effects of urban green space by using measurements and self-reported psychological responses to an urban park compared to a city environment. Physiological responses measured in the study include salivary cortisol concentration and diastolic blood pressure while psychological responses measured include Total Mood Disturbance and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). They found positive results indicating that urban green space has positive benefits physiologically and psychologically compared to urban environment. The detail of the article is available on page 2101.
We anticipate that you will find the evidence presented in this issue to be intriguing, thought-provoking and useful in reaching new milestones in your own research. Please recommend the journal to your colleagues and students to make this endeavour meaningful.
ii
All the papers published in this edition underwent Pertanika’s stringent peer-review process involving a minimum of two reviewers comprising internal as well as external referees. This was to ensure that the quality of the papers justified the high ranking of the journal, which is renowned as a heavily-cited journal not only by authors and researchers in Malaysia but by those in other countries around the world as well.
We would also like to express our gratitude to all the contributors, namely the authors, reviewers and editors, who have made this issue possible. JSSH is currently accepting manuscripts for upcoming issues based on original qualitative or quantitative research that opens new areas of inquiry and investigation.
Chief Executive Editor
Prof. Dato’ Dr. Abu Bakar Salleh
executive_editor.pertanika@upm.my iii
Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 26 (3): 1227 - 1239 (2018)
SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES
Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Review Article
Emotional Intelligence: Exploring the Road beyond Personality and Cognitive Intelligence Ragini Gupta and Badri Bajaj*
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India ABSTRACT
Emotional intelligence research holds a popular status in current academic and business community. However, emotional intelligence as an independent construct has been debatable with regard to its theoretical and empirical significance ever since it was introduced. Furthermore, conceptual and operational definitions, measuring instruments and questionable validity and subsequent results are highly diverse and even contradictory. In an attempt to bring coherence to the diffuse body of literature on emotional intelligence, we argue how emotional intelligence is different from personality and cognitive intelligence. In light of this, the current paper has discussed previous research findings to gain more insights about emotional intelligence accounting for variance in outcomes not explained by personality and cognitive intelligence. The extant literature review has guided us to conclude that emotional intelligence is a unique construct, distinct from personality and cognitive intelligence. Scope for future research in the emotional intelligence field is also suggested.
Keywords: Cognitive intelligence, controversies, emotional intelligence, personality
INTRODUCTION
With the popularization, the construct of ARTICLE INFO Emotional Intelligence (EI) has garnered Article history: considerable attention from both researchers Accepted: 19 January 2018 Received: 24 January 2017 and practitioners (O’Boyle, Humphrey, Published: 28 September 2018 Pollack, Hawver, & Story, 2011). The roots raginigupta09@gmail.com (Ragini Gupta) E-mail addresses: of emotional intelligence can be found in the * Corresponding author badri.bajaj@jiit.ac.in (Badri Bajaj) concept of social intelligence put forwarded ISSN: 0128-7702 by Thorndike (1920) and defined it as “the
Ragini Gupta and Badri Bajaj
ability to understand men, women, boys and girls to act wisely in human relations” (p. 228). Another early researcher who contributed to the progression of emotional intelligence was Wechsler (1940) who defined intelligence as the “the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment” (p. 7). Wechsler (1940) poised that personality traits, intellective and other non-intellective components influenced intelligence. This non-intellective intelligence also carries the notion similar to emotional intelligence which is essential to achieve success in life. Gardner (1983) propounded a theory of multiple intelligences, wherein Gardner proposed the concept of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence that became the basis of the initial EI constructs. Salovey and Mayer (1990) formally coined the term Emotional Intelligence and defined it as “the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions” (p.189). But the term became popular after the publication of Goleman’s book “Emotional Intelligence-Why it matters more than
IQ” in 1995. Since then literature in the field has come a long way. However, the field has also drawn criticism with regard to its conceptual overlap with personality and cognitive intelligence (Landy, 2005). Much criticism surrounds EI on whether it makes a unique contribution in explaining outcomes beyond personality and cognitive intelligence (Antonakis, Ashkanasy, & Dasborough, 2009). Therefore, the quest of the researchers is to find out how EI is different from earlier similar constructs.
Problem Statement
Prior studies have empirically shown that EI is a unique construct and explains outcomes over and above personality and cognitive intelligence (Di Fabio, Palazzeschi, & Bar-On, 2012; O’Boyle et al., 2011). However, there are findings suggesting debatable evidence for incremental validity of emotional intelligence (Amelang, & Steinmayr, 2006; Bastian, Burns, & Nettelbeck, 2005). These mixed findings have generated a research gap in the literature which requires further investigation (Amelang & Steinmay, 2006; Harms & Crede, 2010). This gap needs to be filled to bring more clarity as to what EI is and how EI is conceptually and empirically distinct from personality and cognitive intelligence.
Therefore, the aim of this paper is to fill the identified gap by reviewing different
approaches, models of EI and previous studies that were conducted to analyze the incremental validity of emotional intelligence in predicting outcomes above and beyond personality and cognitive intelligence. This review will contribute in determining whether EI is a unique construct or it is redundant. Figure 1 illustrates a conceptual framework that incorporates EI, cognitive intelligence, and personality and their relationships with outcomes. Here,
Emotional Intelligence: Beyond Personality and Cognitive Intelligence
the incremental validity of EI in predicting outcomes above and beyond cognitive intelligence and personality is represented by a dark solid line.
Figure 1. Conceptual framework linking emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence and personality to
individual/organizational outcomesThe construct of EI has been found to predict outcomes such as job performance, leadership effectiveness, well-being, engagement and job satisfaction (Akhtar, Boustani, Tsivrikos, & Chamorro-Premuzic, 2015; Higgs & Dulewicz, 2014; O’Boyle et al., 2011; Rosete & Ciarrochi, 2005; Singh & Woods, 2008). The substantial research in the field of EI has progressed through different approaches and models which are described here in this paper.
Different Approaches of EI The Ability Approach. This approach
includes ability model of EI. The ability model describes EI as a person’s ability in recognizing and understanding emotional information (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). As an ability, it has maximum overlapping with cognitive intelligence (Mayer & Salovey, 1997).
The mixed approach. The Mixed approach
incorporates both non-cognitive models (Bar-On, 2006) and competency-based models (Goleman, 1995). Non-cognitive models center around non-cognitive abilities while competency based models focus on competencies. These mixed models coincide with established models of personality in some way or another (Cherniss, 2010).
The Trait Approach. This perspective