Pembuatan Karbon Aktif Dari Cangkang Buah Karet (Hevea brasilliensis) Dengan Aktivator H3PO4 dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Penjerap Pb(II)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
Julius Marinus Bangun, „„Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dan
Kadmium (Cd) dalam Air, Sedimen dan Organ Tubuh Ikan Sokang
(Triacanthus Nieuhofi) di Perairan Ancol, Teluk Jakarta,‟‟ Departemen
Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan
Institut Pertanian Bogor Bogor, 2005.
[2]
Sunil Kumar Yadav, Dhruv Kumar Singh dan Shishir Sinha, “Chemical
Carbonization of Papaya Seed Originated Charcoals for Sorption Of Pb(II)
From Aqueous Solution”, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
(2) 9–19, 2014.
[3]
Quano, “Training Manual on Assesment of the Quality ond Type of Land
Based Pollution Discharges Into The Marine and Coastal Environment.”
Unep. Bangkok. (1993).
[4]
Ashraf, Ma., Maah, Mj., dan Yusoff, I., “Study Of Banana Peel (Musa
Sapientum) As A Cationic Biosorben”, American-Eurasian J. Agric &
Environ. Sci, Vol. 8(1): 7-17, 2010
[5]
Igwe, Jc., Abia, Aa., “A Bioseparation Process for Removing Heavy
Metals From Waste Water using Biosorbents”, African Journal Of
Biotechnology, 5(12): 1167-1179, 2006
[6]
L.O. Ekebafe A, J.E. Imanah A, dan F.E. Okieimen., “Effect Of
Carbonization on The Processing Characteristics of Rubber Seed Shell”.
Arabian Journal Of Chemistry . 2012
[7]
Haris Fadillah, Alivia Alfiarty, “ The Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature
and Time to The Yield and Quality of Rubber Fruit (Hevea Brasiliensis)
Shell Liquid Smoke”. Program Studi Teknologi Pertanian, Fakultas
Pertanian, Universitas Lambung Makurat, Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan,
Irgsc, Kupang, Ntt
[8]
Vevi Oktavia, Erdi Suroso dan Tanto Pratondo Utomo. “Strategi
Optimalisasi Bahan Baku Lateks pada Industri Karet Jenis Ribbed Smoked
Sheet (Rss)”. Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian,
Universitas Lampung, 2014.
78
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[9]
Rananda Vinsiah, Andi Suharman, dan Desi.“Pembuatan Karbon Aktif
dari Cangkang Kulit Buah Karet (Hevea Brasilliensis)”. Program Studi
Pendidikan Kimia FKIP Universitas Sriwijaya. 2015.
[10]
C.Srinivasakannan, Mohamad Zailani Abu Bakar. “Production of
Activated Carbon From Rubber Wood Sawdust”. Biomass And Bioenergy,
27 (2004) 89 – 96.2004.
[11]
Azry Borhan, Ahmad Fikree Kamil. “Preparation and Characterization of
Activating Carbon from Rubber-Seed Shell By Chemical Activation” .
Jornal Of Applied Sciences. 12 (11): 1124-1129, 2012.
[12]
F E Okieimen, Co Okieeen dan F I Ojokoh. “ Rubber Seed Shell Carbon as
Sequestrant af Heavy Metals and Organic Compound from Aqueous
Solution”. University Of Benin. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology.
2005
[13]
Siti Zaharah Binti Sulaiman. “Adsorption of Pb(II), Zn(II) And Fe(II)
using Rubber Seed Shell. Faculty Of Chemical and Natural Resources.
Universiti Malaysia Pahang: Malaysia
[14]
T. Karthikeyan, S. Rajgopal dan Lima Rose Miranda. “Chromium(VI)
Adsorption from Aqueous Solution by Hevea Brasilinesis Sawdust
Activated Carbon”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B124 (2005) 192–
199, 2005.
[15]
Vinod Kumar Gupta,Imran Ali,Tawfik A. Saleh, M. N. Siddiqui dan Shilpi
Agarwal. “Chromium Removal from Water by Activated Carbon
Developed from Waste Rubber Tires”.Environ Sci Pollut Res, 20:1261–
1268, 2013.
[16]
Kasam., Andik Yulianto., dan Titin Sukma, “Penurunan COD (Chemical
Oxygen Demand) dalam Limbah Cair Laboratorium Menggunakan Filter
Karbon Aktif Arang Tempurung Kelapa”, Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan
FTSP UII, 2006, Vol. 2, No. 2.
[17]
Reynold, T. D, “Unit Operations and Process in Environmental
Engineering”,(California: Brooks/ Cole Engineering Division Monterey,
1982).
79
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[18]
Benefield, L.D., Judkins Jr., J.F., Weand, B.L., “ Process Chemistry for
Water and Wastewater Treatment ”, (Ney Jersey Prentice: Hall, Inc, 1982).
[19]
Arvina Sari. “Penentuan Bilangan Swelling Indeks Compound Lateks pada
Pembuatan Benang Karet di PT.Industri Karet Nusantara Tanjung Morawa
Medan”. Program Studi Diploma III Kimia Analis Fakultas Matematika
dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Sumatra Utara, 2010.
[20]
Reza Ramdan Rivai1,
Frisca Damayanti1, dan Marlia Handayani., “
Pengembangan Potensi Biji Karet (Hevea Brasiliensis) Sebagai Bahan
Pangan Alternatif di Bengkulu Utara”. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon
Volume 1, Nomor 2, April ISSN: 2407-8050 Halaman: 343-346, 2015
[21]
Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. “Peningkatan Produksi, Produktivitas dan
Mutu Tanaman Tahunan”. Kementerian Pertanian ,2013.
[22]
Vevi Oktavia, Erdi Suroso dan Tanto Pratondo Utomo. “Strategi
Optimalisasi Bahan Baku Lateks pada Industri Karet Jenis Ribbed Smoked
Sheet (RSS)”. Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian,
Universitas Lampung, 2014.
[23]
Kang Sun, Jian Chun Jiang,. “Preparation and Characterization of
Activated Carbon From Rubber-Seed Shell by Physical Activation with
Steam”. Biomass and Bioenergy 3 4 . 5 3 9 – 5 4 4. 2010
[24]
Puspita, Yohanna Vinia Dewi, Mohammad Shodiq Ibnu dan Surjani
Wonorahardjo, “Karakterisasi dan Uji Kemampuan Serbuk Ampas Kelapa
Asetat sebagai Adsorben Belerang Dioksida (SO2)”, Jurusan Kimia,
FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Malang, 2013.
[25]
Abdul Rahman Mohamed A, Maedeh Mohammadib, dan Ghasem
Najafpour Darzi.” Preparation of Carbon Molecular Sieve from
Lignocellulosic Biomass.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14
(2010) 1591–1599
[26]
Suhas, P.J.M. Carrott *, M.M.L. Ribeiro Carrott. “Lignin–from Natural
Adsorbent to Activated Carbon: A Review.‟‟ Bioresource Technology.
2007
[27]
Tajar, A.F., Kaghazchi, T. & Soleimani, M. Adsorption of Cadmium from
Aqueoussolutions on Sulfurized Activated Carbon Prepared from Nut
80
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Shells. Journal of Hazardousmaterials, Vol. 165, No. 1-3, (June 2009),
PP. (1159-1164), Issn 0304-3894. 2009.
[28]
Dastgheib, S.A. dan Rockstraw, D.A. Pecan Shell Activated Carbons:
Synthesis, Characterization, and Application for The Removal of Copper
from Aqueous Solution.Carbon, Vol. 39, No. 12, (October 2001), PP.
(1849-1855), ISSN 0008-6223. 2001.
[29]
Álvarez, P., Blanco, C. dan Granda, M. The Adsorption of Chromium (VI)
Fromindustrial Wastewater by Acid and Base-Activated Lignocellulosic
Residues. Journal Ofhazardous Materials, Vol. 144, No. 1-2, (June 2007),
Pp. (400-405), ISSN 0304-3894.2007.
[30]
Giraldo, L. Moreno-Piraján, J.C. Pb2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions
Onactivated Carbons Obtained from Lignocellulosic Residues. Brazilian
Journal of Chemicalengineering , Vol. 25, No. 1, (January 2008), Pp. (143-
151), Issn 0104-6632. 2008.
[31]
Bridgid Lai Fui Chin, dkk., “ Kinetic Studies of Co-Pyrolysis of Rubber
Seed Shell with High Density Polyethylene”, Energy Conversion and
Management 87 (2014) 746–753, 2014
[32]
Kunquan Li, Zheng Zheng dan Ye Lia. “Characterization and Lead
Adsorption Properties of Activated Carbons Prepared from Cotton Stalk
By One-Step H3PO4 Activation”. Journal of Hazardous Materials. Journal
of Hazardous Materials 181 (2010) 440–447, 2010.
[33]
N. A. Oladoja. “Studies on the Sorption of Basic Dye by Rubber (Hevea
Brasiliensis) Seed Shell”. Turkish J. Eng. Env. Sci. 32 (2008) , 143 – 152.
[34]
M. Al Bahri, L. Calvo, dan M.A. Gilarranz, J.J. Rodriguez. “Activated
Carbon from Grape Seeds Upon Chemical Activation with Phosphoric
Acid: Application to the Adsorption of Diuron from Water. Chemical
Engineering Journal 203 (2012) 348–356
[35]
Esty Rahmawati, Leny Yuanita. “Adsorption of Pb2+ by Siwalan Fiber
(Borassus Flabellifer ) Activated Carbon”. Unesa Journal of Chemistry
Vol. 2 , No. 3, September 2013
[36]
Geankoplis, C.J. Transport Process and Unit Operation, New York, Allyn
and Bacon, (2003). Hal 697 – 701.
81
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[37]
Abdul Gani Haji. “Pembuatan Arang Aktif dari Sampah Organik Padat
dengan Aktivator Asam Fosfat‟‟. Program Studi Kimia FKIP Universitas
Syiah Kuala Darussalam, Banda Aceh. Seminar Nasional Sains dan
Teknologi, Oktober 2010
[38]
Yakout, S.M., Sharaf, El-Deen, G.. Characterization of Activated Carbon
Prepared by Phosphoric Acid Activation of Olive Stones. Arabian Journal
of Chemistry. DOI:10.1016/J.Arabjc.2011.12.002. 2011
[39]
Indah Subadra, Bambang Setiaji, dan Iqmal Tahir. “Activated Carbon
Production from Coconut Shell with (NH4)HCO3 Activator as an
Adsorbent in Virgin Coconut Oil Purification”. Physical Chemistry
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Gadjah Mada University. 2005
[40]
Yuyun Indriani S Bidullah, Ishak Isa, dan La Alio. “Uji Daya Serap
Arang Aktif dari Kayu Mangrove terhadap Logam Pb Dan Cu”. Jurusan
Kimia Fakultas MIPA Universitas Negeri Gorontalo. 2015
[41]
Pari, G. Sifat dan Kualitas Arang Aktif dari Gambut. Bul. Penel. Hasil
Hutan 16(5):267-278. 1999
[42]
Raymon Chang. “Kimia Dasar: Konsep- Konsep Inti. Jakarta. Erlangga.
2005
[43]
Sukir. “ Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi Karbon Aktif dari Sekam Padi.
Teknik Kimia ITB; Bandung. 2008
[44]
Riski Kurniawan*, Musthofa Lutfi, dan Wahyunanto Agung N. „‟
Karakterisasi Luas Permukaan BET (Braunanear, Emmelt dan Teller)
Karbon Aktif dari Tempurung Kelapa dan tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit
dengan Aktivasi Asam Fosfat (H3PO4). Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
Tropis dan Biosistem. Vol. 2 No. 1, Februari 2014. Jurusan Keteknikan
Pertanian - Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian - Universitas Brawijaya
[45]
Baiq Asma Nufida, Nova Kurnia dan Yeti Kurniasih „‟ Aktivasi Tanah
Liat dari Tanak Awu Secara Asam dan Penggunaannya Sebagai Adsorben
untuk Pemurnian Minyak Goreng Bekas „‟. Prosiding Seminar Nasional
Kimia, ISBN : 978-602-0951-00-3. Jurusan Kimia FMIPA Universitas
Negeri Surabaya, 20 September 2014
82
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[46]
Anita Imawati, Adhitiyawarman. „‟ Kapasitas Adsorpsi Maksimum Ion
Pb(II) oleh Arang Aktif Ampas Kopi Teraktivasi HCl Dan H3PO4. Jkk,
Tahun 2015, Volume 4(2), Halaman 50-61 ISSN 2303-1077 51. Program
Studi Kimia, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Tanjungpura
[47]
Sri Lestari. „‟ Pengaruh Berat dan Waktu Kontak untuk Adsorpsi
Timbal(II) oleh Adsorben dari Kulit Batang Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava
L.) Program Studi Pendidikan Kimia Jurusan FMIPA FKIP Universitas
Mulawarman. Samarinda Kaltim
[48]
Nailul Fauziah, Pembuatan Arang Aktif secara Langsung dari Kulit Acacia
(Mangium Wild) dengan Aktivasi Fisika dan Aplikasinya sebagai
Adsorben, Skripsi, Fakultas Kehutanan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor,
2009.
[49]
I Dewa Gede Dwi Prabhasastra Kusuma, Ni Made Wiratini, dan I Gusti
Lanang Wiratma. „‟ Isoterm Adsorpsi Cu2+ oleh Biomassa Rumput Laut
Eucheuma Spinosum. Jurusan Pendidikan Kimia Universitas Pendidikan
Ganesha Singaraja, Indonesia
83
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1]
Julius Marinus Bangun, „„Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dan
Kadmium (Cd) dalam Air, Sedimen dan Organ Tubuh Ikan Sokang
(Triacanthus Nieuhofi) di Perairan Ancol, Teluk Jakarta,‟‟ Departemen
Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan
Institut Pertanian Bogor Bogor, 2005.
[2]
Sunil Kumar Yadav, Dhruv Kumar Singh dan Shishir Sinha, “Chemical
Carbonization of Papaya Seed Originated Charcoals for Sorption Of Pb(II)
From Aqueous Solution”, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
(2) 9–19, 2014.
[3]
Quano, “Training Manual on Assesment of the Quality ond Type of Land
Based Pollution Discharges Into The Marine and Coastal Environment.”
Unep. Bangkok. (1993).
[4]
Ashraf, Ma., Maah, Mj., dan Yusoff, I., “Study Of Banana Peel (Musa
Sapientum) As A Cationic Biosorben”, American-Eurasian J. Agric &
Environ. Sci, Vol. 8(1): 7-17, 2010
[5]
Igwe, Jc., Abia, Aa., “A Bioseparation Process for Removing Heavy
Metals From Waste Water using Biosorbents”, African Journal Of
Biotechnology, 5(12): 1167-1179, 2006
[6]
L.O. Ekebafe A, J.E. Imanah A, dan F.E. Okieimen., “Effect Of
Carbonization on The Processing Characteristics of Rubber Seed Shell”.
Arabian Journal Of Chemistry . 2012
[7]
Haris Fadillah, Alivia Alfiarty, “ The Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature
and Time to The Yield and Quality of Rubber Fruit (Hevea Brasiliensis)
Shell Liquid Smoke”. Program Studi Teknologi Pertanian, Fakultas
Pertanian, Universitas Lambung Makurat, Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan,
Irgsc, Kupang, Ntt
[8]
Vevi Oktavia, Erdi Suroso dan Tanto Pratondo Utomo. “Strategi
Optimalisasi Bahan Baku Lateks pada Industri Karet Jenis Ribbed Smoked
Sheet (Rss)”. Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian,
Universitas Lampung, 2014.
78
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[9]
Rananda Vinsiah, Andi Suharman, dan Desi.“Pembuatan Karbon Aktif
dari Cangkang Kulit Buah Karet (Hevea Brasilliensis)”. Program Studi
Pendidikan Kimia FKIP Universitas Sriwijaya. 2015.
[10]
C.Srinivasakannan, Mohamad Zailani Abu Bakar. “Production of
Activated Carbon From Rubber Wood Sawdust”. Biomass And Bioenergy,
27 (2004) 89 – 96.2004.
[11]
Azry Borhan, Ahmad Fikree Kamil. “Preparation and Characterization of
Activating Carbon from Rubber-Seed Shell By Chemical Activation” .
Jornal Of Applied Sciences. 12 (11): 1124-1129, 2012.
[12]
F E Okieimen, Co Okieeen dan F I Ojokoh. “ Rubber Seed Shell Carbon as
Sequestrant af Heavy Metals and Organic Compound from Aqueous
Solution”. University Of Benin. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology.
2005
[13]
Siti Zaharah Binti Sulaiman. “Adsorption of Pb(II), Zn(II) And Fe(II)
using Rubber Seed Shell. Faculty Of Chemical and Natural Resources.
Universiti Malaysia Pahang: Malaysia
[14]
T. Karthikeyan, S. Rajgopal dan Lima Rose Miranda. “Chromium(VI)
Adsorption from Aqueous Solution by Hevea Brasilinesis Sawdust
Activated Carbon”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B124 (2005) 192–
199, 2005.
[15]
Vinod Kumar Gupta,Imran Ali,Tawfik A. Saleh, M. N. Siddiqui dan Shilpi
Agarwal. “Chromium Removal from Water by Activated Carbon
Developed from Waste Rubber Tires”.Environ Sci Pollut Res, 20:1261–
1268, 2013.
[16]
Kasam., Andik Yulianto., dan Titin Sukma, “Penurunan COD (Chemical
Oxygen Demand) dalam Limbah Cair Laboratorium Menggunakan Filter
Karbon Aktif Arang Tempurung Kelapa”, Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan
FTSP UII, 2006, Vol. 2, No. 2.
[17]
Reynold, T. D, “Unit Operations and Process in Environmental
Engineering”,(California: Brooks/ Cole Engineering Division Monterey,
1982).
79
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[18]
Benefield, L.D., Judkins Jr., J.F., Weand, B.L., “ Process Chemistry for
Water and Wastewater Treatment ”, (Ney Jersey Prentice: Hall, Inc, 1982).
[19]
Arvina Sari. “Penentuan Bilangan Swelling Indeks Compound Lateks pada
Pembuatan Benang Karet di PT.Industri Karet Nusantara Tanjung Morawa
Medan”. Program Studi Diploma III Kimia Analis Fakultas Matematika
dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Sumatra Utara, 2010.
[20]
Reza Ramdan Rivai1,
Frisca Damayanti1, dan Marlia Handayani., “
Pengembangan Potensi Biji Karet (Hevea Brasiliensis) Sebagai Bahan
Pangan Alternatif di Bengkulu Utara”. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon
Volume 1, Nomor 2, April ISSN: 2407-8050 Halaman: 343-346, 2015
[21]
Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. “Peningkatan Produksi, Produktivitas dan
Mutu Tanaman Tahunan”. Kementerian Pertanian ,2013.
[22]
Vevi Oktavia, Erdi Suroso dan Tanto Pratondo Utomo. “Strategi
Optimalisasi Bahan Baku Lateks pada Industri Karet Jenis Ribbed Smoked
Sheet (RSS)”. Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian,
Universitas Lampung, 2014.
[23]
Kang Sun, Jian Chun Jiang,. “Preparation and Characterization of
Activated Carbon From Rubber-Seed Shell by Physical Activation with
Steam”. Biomass and Bioenergy 3 4 . 5 3 9 – 5 4 4. 2010
[24]
Puspita, Yohanna Vinia Dewi, Mohammad Shodiq Ibnu dan Surjani
Wonorahardjo, “Karakterisasi dan Uji Kemampuan Serbuk Ampas Kelapa
Asetat sebagai Adsorben Belerang Dioksida (SO2)”, Jurusan Kimia,
FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Malang, 2013.
[25]
Abdul Rahman Mohamed A, Maedeh Mohammadib, dan Ghasem
Najafpour Darzi.” Preparation of Carbon Molecular Sieve from
Lignocellulosic Biomass.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14
(2010) 1591–1599
[26]
Suhas, P.J.M. Carrott *, M.M.L. Ribeiro Carrott. “Lignin–from Natural
Adsorbent to Activated Carbon: A Review.‟‟ Bioresource Technology.
2007
[27]
Tajar, A.F., Kaghazchi, T. & Soleimani, M. Adsorption of Cadmium from
Aqueoussolutions on Sulfurized Activated Carbon Prepared from Nut
80
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Shells. Journal of Hazardousmaterials, Vol. 165, No. 1-3, (June 2009),
PP. (1159-1164), Issn 0304-3894. 2009.
[28]
Dastgheib, S.A. dan Rockstraw, D.A. Pecan Shell Activated Carbons:
Synthesis, Characterization, and Application for The Removal of Copper
from Aqueous Solution.Carbon, Vol. 39, No. 12, (October 2001), PP.
(1849-1855), ISSN 0008-6223. 2001.
[29]
Álvarez, P., Blanco, C. dan Granda, M. The Adsorption of Chromium (VI)
Fromindustrial Wastewater by Acid and Base-Activated Lignocellulosic
Residues. Journal Ofhazardous Materials, Vol. 144, No. 1-2, (June 2007),
Pp. (400-405), ISSN 0304-3894.2007.
[30]
Giraldo, L. Moreno-Piraján, J.C. Pb2+ Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions
Onactivated Carbons Obtained from Lignocellulosic Residues. Brazilian
Journal of Chemicalengineering , Vol. 25, No. 1, (January 2008), Pp. (143-
151), Issn 0104-6632. 2008.
[31]
Bridgid Lai Fui Chin, dkk., “ Kinetic Studies of Co-Pyrolysis of Rubber
Seed Shell with High Density Polyethylene”, Energy Conversion and
Management 87 (2014) 746–753, 2014
[32]
Kunquan Li, Zheng Zheng dan Ye Lia. “Characterization and Lead
Adsorption Properties of Activated Carbons Prepared from Cotton Stalk
By One-Step H3PO4 Activation”. Journal of Hazardous Materials. Journal
of Hazardous Materials 181 (2010) 440–447, 2010.
[33]
N. A. Oladoja. “Studies on the Sorption of Basic Dye by Rubber (Hevea
Brasiliensis) Seed Shell”. Turkish J. Eng. Env. Sci. 32 (2008) , 143 – 152.
[34]
M. Al Bahri, L. Calvo, dan M.A. Gilarranz, J.J. Rodriguez. “Activated
Carbon from Grape Seeds Upon Chemical Activation with Phosphoric
Acid: Application to the Adsorption of Diuron from Water. Chemical
Engineering Journal 203 (2012) 348–356
[35]
Esty Rahmawati, Leny Yuanita. “Adsorption of Pb2+ by Siwalan Fiber
(Borassus Flabellifer ) Activated Carbon”. Unesa Journal of Chemistry
Vol. 2 , No. 3, September 2013
[36]
Geankoplis, C.J. Transport Process and Unit Operation, New York, Allyn
and Bacon, (2003). Hal 697 – 701.
81
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[37]
Abdul Gani Haji. “Pembuatan Arang Aktif dari Sampah Organik Padat
dengan Aktivator Asam Fosfat‟‟. Program Studi Kimia FKIP Universitas
Syiah Kuala Darussalam, Banda Aceh. Seminar Nasional Sains dan
Teknologi, Oktober 2010
[38]
Yakout, S.M., Sharaf, El-Deen, G.. Characterization of Activated Carbon
Prepared by Phosphoric Acid Activation of Olive Stones. Arabian Journal
of Chemistry. DOI:10.1016/J.Arabjc.2011.12.002. 2011
[39]
Indah Subadra, Bambang Setiaji, dan Iqmal Tahir. “Activated Carbon
Production from Coconut Shell with (NH4)HCO3 Activator as an
Adsorbent in Virgin Coconut Oil Purification”. Physical Chemistry
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Gadjah Mada University. 2005
[40]
Yuyun Indriani S Bidullah, Ishak Isa, dan La Alio. “Uji Daya Serap
Arang Aktif dari Kayu Mangrove terhadap Logam Pb Dan Cu”. Jurusan
Kimia Fakultas MIPA Universitas Negeri Gorontalo. 2015
[41]
Pari, G. Sifat dan Kualitas Arang Aktif dari Gambut. Bul. Penel. Hasil
Hutan 16(5):267-278. 1999
[42]
Raymon Chang. “Kimia Dasar: Konsep- Konsep Inti. Jakarta. Erlangga.
2005
[43]
Sukir. “ Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi Karbon Aktif dari Sekam Padi.
Teknik Kimia ITB; Bandung. 2008
[44]
Riski Kurniawan*, Musthofa Lutfi, dan Wahyunanto Agung N. „‟
Karakterisasi Luas Permukaan BET (Braunanear, Emmelt dan Teller)
Karbon Aktif dari Tempurung Kelapa dan tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit
dengan Aktivasi Asam Fosfat (H3PO4). Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
Tropis dan Biosistem. Vol. 2 No. 1, Februari 2014. Jurusan Keteknikan
Pertanian - Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian - Universitas Brawijaya
[45]
Baiq Asma Nufida, Nova Kurnia dan Yeti Kurniasih „‟ Aktivasi Tanah
Liat dari Tanak Awu Secara Asam dan Penggunaannya Sebagai Adsorben
untuk Pemurnian Minyak Goreng Bekas „‟. Prosiding Seminar Nasional
Kimia, ISBN : 978-602-0951-00-3. Jurusan Kimia FMIPA Universitas
Negeri Surabaya, 20 September 2014
82
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[46]
Anita Imawati, Adhitiyawarman. „‟ Kapasitas Adsorpsi Maksimum Ion
Pb(II) oleh Arang Aktif Ampas Kopi Teraktivasi HCl Dan H3PO4. Jkk,
Tahun 2015, Volume 4(2), Halaman 50-61 ISSN 2303-1077 51. Program
Studi Kimia, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Tanjungpura
[47]
Sri Lestari. „‟ Pengaruh Berat dan Waktu Kontak untuk Adsorpsi
Timbal(II) oleh Adsorben dari Kulit Batang Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava
L.) Program Studi Pendidikan Kimia Jurusan FMIPA FKIP Universitas
Mulawarman. Samarinda Kaltim
[48]
Nailul Fauziah, Pembuatan Arang Aktif secara Langsung dari Kulit Acacia
(Mangium Wild) dengan Aktivasi Fisika dan Aplikasinya sebagai
Adsorben, Skripsi, Fakultas Kehutanan, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor,
2009.
[49]
I Dewa Gede Dwi Prabhasastra Kusuma, Ni Made Wiratini, dan I Gusti
Lanang Wiratma. „‟ Isoterm Adsorpsi Cu2+ oleh Biomassa Rumput Laut
Eucheuma Spinosum. Jurusan Pendidikan Kimia Universitas Pendidikan
Ganesha Singaraja, Indonesia
83
Universitas Sumatera Utara