Scoping Out Indonesian BSC Fisheries for MMAF Last Update Nov 09 9d0a0ad7

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Scopin g Ou t :

I n don e sia n Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b Fish e r ie s

Su st a in a ble Fish e r ie s Pa r t n e r sh ip

N ove m be r 2 0 0 9

H igh ligh t s:

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I n 2007, I ndonesia cont ribut ed t o 16.3% or 28 t housands t of t ot al global blue swim m ing crab landings, m aking it t he t hird biggest producer of blue swim m ing crab in t he world, following China ( 41% ) , and Philippines ( 20% ) . Thailand is following closely wit h t ot al 27.8 t housand t product ion ( FI SHSTAT- FAO) .1

•

Nort h Java has been t he m aj or cat ching areas for blue swim m ing crab in

I ndonesia, cont ribut ing t o about 28% of t ot al product ion in period 1990- 2006, followed by East Sum at ra ( 21% ) , Sout h Sulawesi ( 21% ) and Malacca St rait ( 14% ) [ MMAF- DG of Capt ure Fisheries, various years] .

•

The t rend in volum e landed by regions in I ndonesia show clearly t he upward t rend up t o t he m id 90s, and t hen fluct uat ed from t hat point . St art ing t he year 2000 t he fluct uat ion was m ore pronounced, and for som e regions t he t rend was clearly declining (e.g. Malacca St rait ) . The pat t erns of landings have shift ed over t he years. During t he early 1990s, landings from Nort h Java and Sout h Sulawesi dom inat ed, wit h also significant landings in t he Malacca St rait area. During t he m id 1990s up t o 2000, Malacca St rait and East Sum at ra landings gained in volum e, while Nort h Java landings were rem ain st able.

•

Blue swim m ing crab ( or locally known as ‘raj ungan’) has been one of t he im port ant fishery export com m odit ies in I ndonesia, despit e no specific

m anagem ent yet in place t o regulat e t his fishery. The export of blue swim m ing crab had j ust st art ed around 1994–1998 due t o increase dem and from overseas, especially from t he Unit ed St at es. Prior t o t his year, t his com m odit y was only consum ed locally and t he price was also very low.

•

I n t erm s of export value, crab cont ribut es t o about 8% of t ot al I ndonesian fishery product s export , valued at US$ 178 m illion in 2007, j um ped by 33% from

pervious year.2_{Crab product s have been t he t hird biggest fishery product t hat} cont ribut ed t o t ot al I ndonesian export value, following shrim p ( 46% ) and t una ( 14% ) . Tot al crab export am ount ed t o 21,510 t onnes in 2007. This crab export consist s of non frozen crab ( 82% ) , canned crab ( 11% ) and frozen crab ( 7% ) [ MMAF and JI CA 2009] .

1_{The official FAO dat a is slight ly differ ent from I ndonesian governm ent dat a. MMAF and JI CA ( 2009) shows} t hat t ot al product ion of blue swim m ing crab in 2007 reached 30,421 t .

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•

Unit ed St at es ( US) has been t he biggest m arket for I ndonesian crab export , cont ribut ing t o m ore t han 50% of t ot al crab export from I ndonesia, followed by Singapore ( 17% ) , Malaysia ( 10% ) , Taiwan ( 7% ) , European Union ( 6% ) , China ( 5% ) and Japan ( 2% ) [ MMAF 2005] .

•

Dat a from Globefish ( 2007) shows t hat in 2004, global prepared and preserved crabs export was about 57 t housands t , valued at US$ 473 m illion. China has been t he biggest crab supplier for t his t ype of crab product , cont ribut ing about 37% of t ot al prepared and preserved crab export in t he world, followed by I ndonesia wit h 18% or closed t o 10 t housands t , valued at US$ 41.9 m illion.

•

For 2008, t ot al US crab im port from I ndonesia was 9,372 t onnes, a decrease by

15% from previous year, which was 11,403 t onnes. However, in t erm of value, US crab im port from I ndonesia increase by 6% from US$ 169 m illion in 2007 t o US$ 179 m illion in 2008. Crabm eat swim m ing cont ribut ed t o 85% of t ot al US crab im port from I ndonesia. Ot her crab product s im port ed t o US m arket from I ndonesia were crab and crabm eat NSPF ( Not Specified) . More t han 85% of crab im port ed t o US from I ndonesia was in ATC ( Air Tight Cont ainer) or canned, while anot her 10% was frozen and ot her 5% was ot her preparat ions ( Depart m ent of Com m erce, Unit ed St at es of Am erica) .

•

I ndonesia is t he leading supplier for crabm eat swim m ing t o US m arket ,

cont ribut ing t o 31% of t ot al crabm eat swim m ing im port t o US in 2008, followed by China ( 24.7% ) , Thailand ( 13% ) , Viet nam ( 11% ) and Philippines ( 7.3% ) [ NMFS – Foreign Trade Dat a Base] .

•

More t han 90% of crabm eat swim m ing export ed t o US from I ndonesia is in ATC. I ndonesia’s export of crabm eat swim m ing t o US m arket decreased by 10% from 8,896 t onnes in 2007 t o 7,950 t onnes in 2008. However, in t erm s of value, I ndonesia’s crabm eat swim m ing export t o US m arket increase by 10% , from US$ 141 m illion in 2007 t o US$ 156,637 in 2008.

•

U.S. cust om report list ed 28 I ndonesian crab export ers t o U.S. m arket in 2008. The biggest crab export ers from I ndonesia are Phillips Seafoods I ndonesia, Tonga Tiur Put ra, Windika Ut am a, Kelola Mina Laut , Mina Global Mandiri, Bum i Menara I nt ernusa, Toba Surim i, Nuansa Cit pt a Magello, Dahlia Mit ra Global and Rex Canning. All t oget her cont ribut e t o m ore t han 80% of t ot al crab export from I ndonesia t o US. I n general, t he export ers are also playing roles as processors. I n 2007, an associat ion of I ndonesian Blue Swim m ing Crab ( BSC) Processors ( APRI ) was form ed, wit h t he goal of sust ainable procurem ent from healt hy st ocks. The m em bers represent over 80% of all crab export ed from I ndonesia.

• Associat ion ( APRI ) has undert aken a Marine St ewardship Council ( MSC) pre-assessm ent using MRAG as t he assessor in April 2009. Based on t he pre-assessm ent , t he I ndonesia Blue Swim m ing Crab is not recom m ended t o m ove t o MSC Full Assessm ent by now due t o: insufficient inform at ion of st ock st at us, no sufficient inform at ion regard t o im pact s of t his fishery t o ot her species or ecosyst em and lack of m anagem ent .

•

A com prehensive populat ion st ock assessm ent is not available for Blue Swim m ing Crab ( BSC) at all geographic scale level ( nat ional or sub- nat ional level) . Most of biological research have focused on t he individual life- cycle of t he species, as well as aspect s of environm ent al condit ion and breeding, all geared t oward t he

im proving t he pot ent ial for BSC cult ure.

•

However, t here are som e indicat ions t hat overfishing of blue swim m ing crab is occurring in som e regions. I n m any landing areas, even sm all crabs ( 150 crabs

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per kg) are being caught and harvest ed. Anecdot al evidence indicat e t hat during t he lat e 1990s fisherm en in t he nort hern coast of West Java can capt ure 100- 200 kg each day, whereas in 2006 t hey obt ain m uch less, only 5 t o 10 crabs even t hough t hey have placed an equivalent of 5 km of net t ing ( Ant ara, 2006) . Sim ilar condit ion is faced by fisherm en in Takalar, Sout h Sulawesi. I n 2000 t hey were able t o obt ain larger sizes ( 4- 5 crabs per kg) , in 2004 t he com m on pract ice is 7-10 crabs per kg ( Kom pas, 7-10 May 2006) .

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Declining com posit ion can also be seen at t he export er or wholesale buyer level. The special and, m ost not ably, lum p m eat s have increased in proport ion of t ot al m eat s being processed. This is a rough indicat ion t hat m eat s are com ing from sm aller sized crabs, which, in t urn, show t hat harvest s consist of roughly sm aller sized crabs t han in previous years.

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I n I ndonesia, t he crab is m ost ly caught by t he collapsible t raps and bot t om gillnet s. I n t erm s of rat io of bycat ch, t he com posit ion is sim ilar bet ween using gillnet s or t raps. I n bot h gears, blue swim m ing crabs cont ribut e 30% of t ot al cat ch, while bycat ch m ake up t he rem aining 70% . I n t erm s of num ber of bycat ch species caught , bot t om gillnet s cat ch m ore species t han t rap. I n t rap, alm ost all t he bycat ch species t hat are not used by t he fishers are t hrown back t o t he sea, t herefore t hese species have relat ively high survival rat es. I n bot t om gillnet s, t he fishers discard t heir bycat ch on shore upon landing, at t his point , discards have a low chance of surviving.

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However, alt hough relat ively sm all in size, t he use of draggers such as baby t rawlers or shallow bot t om m ini t rawls in blue swim m ing crab fishery has also been increasing and becom ing serious concerns, especially in Nort h Java. The m ain negat ive environm ent al im pact from t he use of t rawls is t he large am ount of bycat ch it generat es; an addit ional negat ive im pact is t he dredging of t he ocean floor.

I n don e sia n Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b Con t r ibu t ion t o W or ld La n din gs

Philippines 19.7% Indonesia

16.4%

China 40.1% Bahrain

1.9%

Saudi Arabia 1.9% Australia

2.7% Thailand

16.2%

Iran 1.0%

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I n 2007, I ndonesia cont ribut ed t o 16.4% or 28 t housands t of t ot al global blue swim m ing crab ( BSC) landings, placed I ndonesia as t he t hird biggest BSC producing count ry, following China ( 40% ) and Philippines ( 20% ) based on official FAO dat a – Figure 1.

I n general, blue swim m ing crab product ion experienced upward t rend in period 1990 t o 2003. Tot al product ion of four m aj or producing count ries peaked t o 163,843 t in 2003. However, since 2004, t he global product ions t end t o decline, alt hough it st art ed t o rebound again in 2006 and t he product ion am ount ed t o j ust over 158,000 t in 2007.

H ist or y of Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b Fish e r y in I n don e sia

There are t wo m ain crab species com m ercially capt ured in I ndonesia, nam ely blue swim m ing crab (Port unus pelagicus) and I ndo- pacific swam p crab or also known as m ud crab (Scylla serrat a) . I n 2007, t ot al crab product ion in I ndonesia reached 52,880 t onnes. Blue swim m ing crab cont ribut ed t he biggest port ion of t ot al crab harvest ed from I ndonesia wit h 53% where m ud crab cont ribut ed about 47% – Figure 3.

Blue swim m ing crab ( or locally known as ‘raj ungan’) has been one of t he im port ant export com m odit ies from fishery sect or in I ndonesia. The export of blue swim m ing crab has j ust st art ed in 1994- 1998 due t o increase dem and from overseas, especially from t he Unit ed St at es of Am erica. First export of blue swim m ing crab t o U.S.

m arket from I ndonesia st art ed in 1994 by PT. Phillips Seafood I ndonesia. Before t his year, t his com m odit y was only consum ed locally and t he price was also very low. I n I ndonesia, t he crab is m ost ly caught by t he collapsible t raps and gillnet s.

Figu r e 2 . Pr odu ct ion t r e n ds of Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b in M a j or Pr odu cin g Cou n t r ie s ( 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 0 7 )

Sou r ce : pr oce sse d fr om Fishst a t - FAO ( 2 0 0 7 )

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

tonn

Thailand Indonesia Philippines China

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Nort h Java has been t he m aj or cat ching areas for blue swim m ing crab in I ndonesia, cont ribut ing t o about 28% of t ot al product ion in period 1990- 2006, followed by East Sum at ra ( 21% ) , Sout h Sulawesi ( 21% ) and Malacca St rait ( 14% ) – Figure 4.

Figu r e 3 . Tr e n d in Cr a b Pr odu ct ion in I n don e sia ( 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 0 7 )

Sou r ce : Pr oce sse d fr om Fish t a t - FAO ( 2 0 0 7 )

Figu r e 4 . M a j or Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b Ca t ch in g Ar e a s in I n don e sia ( 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 0 6 )

Sou r ce : St a t ist ics of I n don e sia Ca pt u r e Fishe r ie s, M in ist r y of M a r in e a n d Fish e r ie s Affa irs ( va r iou s ye a r s)

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

onne

)

In d o -P a c ific s w a m p c ra b B lu e s w im m in g c ra b

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Con t r ibu t ion of Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b in I n don e sia n Ex por t Va lu e

I n t erm s of export values, crab cont ribut ed t o about 8% of t ot al I ndonesian fishery product s export , valued at USD 178 m illion in 2007, j um ped by 33% from pervious year. Crab product s have been t he t hird biggest fishery product t hat cont ribut es t o t ot al I ndonesian export value, following shrim p ( 46% ) and t una ( 14% ) . Tot al crab export am ount ed t o 21,510 t in 2007. This crab export consist s of non frozen crab ( 82% ) , canned crab ( 11% ) and frozen crab ( 7% ) [ MMAF and JI CA 2009] .

I n don e sia n Cr a bs a t Globa l M a r k e t

Dat a from Globefish ( 2007) shows t ot al global fresh, frozen and chilled crabs export in 2004 was am ount ed t o 287 t housands t , valued at US$ 1.7 billion. Canada has been t he biggest fresh, frozen and chilled crab export ing count ry ( cont ribut ing about 27% of t ot al crab export in t he world) , followed by China ( 16% ) , I ndia ( 11% ) , Korea ( 7% ) , Russia ( 6% ) and UK ( 6% ) . Meanwhile I ndonesia j ust cont ribut ed about 2% of global fresh, frozen and chilled crab export in 2004 wit h 4,400 t crab export , valued at US$ 24.7 m illion – Figure 5.

Global Crabs Export in 2004 (344 thousands t)

Fresh, Frozen and Chilled (287 thousands t)

Prepared and Preserved (57 thousands t)

China (37%)

Indonesia (18%)

Thailand (15%)

USA (6%)

Canada (5%)

Others (19%)

Figu r e 5 . M a j or Cr a b Ex por t in g Cou n t r ie s ( 2 0 0 4 ) Sou r ce : pr oce sse d fr om Globe fish ( 2 0 0 7 )

Canada (27%)

China

(16%) _(11%)India Korea

(7%) Russia _(6%) UK _(6%)

Others (25%) Indonesia

(2%) USA

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I n 2004, global prepared and preserved crabs export was about 57 t housands t , valued at US$ 473 m illion. China has been t he biggest crab export ing count ry, cont ribut ing about 37% of t ot al prepared and preserved crab export in t he world, followed by I ndonesia wit h 18% or t ot aled 9,800 t , valued at US$ 41.9 m illion. Thailand followed wit h 15% cont ribut ion. Meanwhile, Unit ed St at es and Canada cont ribut ed t o 6% and 5% of t ot al global prepared and preserved crab export

respect ively . All t oget her, t hey cont ribut ed m ore t han 80% of t ot al crab export in t he world – Figure 5.

I n don e sia n Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b a t US M a r k e t

U.S. per capit a consum pt ion of fish and shellfish was 16.0 pounds ( edible m eat ) in 2008. This t ot al was 0.3 pounds less t han t he 16.3 pounds consum ed in 2007. Per capit a consum pt ion of fresh and frozen finfish account ed for 6.2 pounds while fresh and frozen shellfish consum pt ion was 5.6 pounds per capit a. U.S. im port s of edible fishery product s in 2008 were valued at $14.2 billion, $0.5 billion m ore t han in 2007. The quant it y of edible im port s was 2.37 m illion t onnes, a decrease of 54 t housand t onnes ( 0.4 percent ) from t he quant it y im port ed in 2007. Shellfish cont ribut ed t o over 50% of t ot al im port value, valued at US$ 7.3 billion. Crab was t he second biggest im port ed shellfish product , aft er shrim p, cont ribut ing t o 18% of t ot al shellfish im port volum e or 110.7 t housand t onnes in 2008, valued at US$ 1.36 billion.

About 70% of crabs im port ed t o Unit ed St at es are in t he form of fresh and frozen, and canned crab cont ribut ed t o alm ost 30% . The favored species in t he U.S. m arket are t he red king crab (Paralit hodes cam t schat icus) , t he snow or queen crab

(Chionoecet es spp., in part icular: C. bairdi, C. opilio and C. t anneri) , t he blue swim m ing crab (Port unus pelagicus) , t he blue crab (Callinect es sapidus) and t he Dungeness crab (Cancer m agist er) [ Urner Barry Publicat ion 2008] .

Dunge ne ss 0.5%

King 14.6%

S now 39.8% Cra bm e a t

S w im m ing 23.2%

Othe r 22.0%

Figu r e 6 . Type of Cr a b I m por t e d t o US M a r k e t ( 2 0 0 8 ) Sou r ce : D e pa r t m e n t of Com m e r ce , Un it e d St a t e s of Am e r ica ( 2 0 0 8 )

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Dat a from Depart m ent of Com m erce, Unit ed St at es of Am erica ( 2008) shows t hat in t erm of volum e, crabm eat swim m ing ( Port unidae and Callinect es) was t he second biggest im port ed crab t o Unit ed St at es, aft er snow crab, cont ribut ing t o 23% of t ot al volum e of crab im port , am ount ed t o 25,652 t in 2008 – Figure 6. More t han 90% of crabm eat swim m ing is im port ed in canned.

I n general, US crabm eat swim m ing has showed t he upward t rend. I n 2008, US crabm eat swim m ing increased by 7% i in t erm of volum e, com pared t o previous year. However, in t erm of value, t he increase was 30% . Average unit value of crabm eat swim m ing has increased by 21% , from US$ 14.5 per kilo in 2007 t o US$ 17.5 per kilo in 2008 ( NMFS Foreign Trade Dat a Base) – Figure 7.

For 2008, t ot al US crab im port from I ndonesia was 9,372 t onnes, a decrease by 15% from previous year, which was 11,403 t onnes. However, in t erm of value, US crab im port from I ndonesia increase by 6% from US$ 169 m illion in 2007 t o US$ 179 m illion in 2008. Crabm eat swim m ing cont ribut ed t o 85% of t ot al US crab im port from I ndonesia. Ot her crab product s im port ed t o US m arket from I ndonesia were crab and crabm eat NSPF ( Not Specified) . More t han 85% of crab im port ed t o US from I ndonesia was in ATC ( Air Tight Cont ainer) or canned, while anot her 10% was frozen and ot her 5% was ot her preparat ions.

I ndonesia is t he leading supplier for crabm eat swim m ing t o US m arket , cont ribut ing t o 31% of t ot al crabm eat swim m ing im port t o US in 2008, followed by China

( 24.7% ) , Thailand ( 13% ) , Viet nam ( 11% ) and Philippines ( 7.3% ) [ NMFS – Foreign Trade Dat a Base] – Figure 8.

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

2005 2006 2007 2008

nne

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

ill

Volume Value

Figu r e 7 . US I m por t of Cr a b m e a t Sw im m in g ( Por t u n ida e a n d Ca llin e ct e s) in 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 0 8

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More t han 90% of crabm eat swim m ing export ed t o US from I ndonesia is in ATC ( Air Tight Cont ainer) . I ndonesia’s export of crabm eat swim m ing t o US m arket decreased by 10% from 8,896 t onnes in 2007 t o 7,950 t onnes in 2008. However, in t erm of value, I ndonesia’s crabm eat swim m ing export t o US m arket increased by 10% , from US$ 141 m illion in 2007 t o US$ 156,637 in 2008.

I n don e sia Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b Su pply Ch a in

I n general, four com ponent s are involved in t he blue swim m ing crab fishery. These are: 1) fisherm en; 2) collect or (bakul) ; 3) m iniplant / peeler; 4) processor/ export er; 5) dist ribut or/ cent ral m arket ; 6) ret ail/ superm arket / seafood rest aurant – Figure 9. Fisherm en sell t he crabs t o bakul, who plays t he role as t he collect or, which m ay or m ay not be lender or t engkulak t o t he fisherm en. Then bakul sells t he crabs t o m iniplant s. Bakul( s) usually t ake Rp 3- 4k m argin profit upon raw m at erial ( RM) ; Rp 5- 10k if already boiled (rebus) . From t he t im e t he crab is caught t o t he t im e it ent ers t he packer’s/ export er’s plant s should not ( and usually is not ) m ore t han 48 hours.

Indonesia 31.0%

China 24.7% Philippines

7.3%

Vietnam 11.0%

Thailand 13.0%

India

4.6% Mexico

4.5%

Venezuela

1.4% Others

2.4%

Figu r e 8 . Con t r ibu t ion of M a j or Cr a bm e a t Sw im m in g Ex por t in g Cou n t r ie s t o U.S. M a r k e t ( 2 0 0 8 ) Sou rce : N M FS- For e ign Tr a de D a t a Ba se

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I nt ernusa, Toba Surim i, Nuansa Cit pt a Magello, Dahlia Mit ra Global and Rex Canning. All t oget her cont ribut e t o m ore t han 80% of t ot al crab export from I ndonesia t o US. I n general, t he export ers are also playing roles as processors. I n 2007, an

associat ion of I ndonesian Blue Swim m ing Crab ( BSC) Processors ( APRI ) was form ed, wit h t he goal of sust ainable procurem ent from healt hy st ocks. The m em bers

represent over 80% of all crab export ed from I ndonesia.

Dat a from t he sam e year not ed t hat at least t here are about 65 U.S. crab im port ers t hat im port crab from I ndonesia. Som e biggest US crab im port ers from I ndonesia are Phillips Foods, John Keeler & Co, Twin Tails Seafood, Lawrence St reet Seafood, Crab Associat ion, Triways Shiping Lines, Met om pkin Bay Oyst er, Quirch Foods, Tam co and Bost on Bay Brokers. All t oget her cont ribut ed t o alm ost 75% of crab im port from I ndonesia in 2008.

St ock Asse ssm e n t of I n don e sia n Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b

Figu r e 9 . Supply Ch a in An a lysis of Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b fr om I n don e sia

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aspect s of environm ent al condit ion and breeding, all geared t oward t he im proving t he pot ent ial for BSC cult ure. A lim it ed num ber of st ock densit y est im at es have been conduct ed as t he base for evaluat ing t he ut ilizat ion/ harvest ing level of Blue

Swim m ing Crab. However, t here is a growing int erest from t he Associat ion ( APRI ) t o undert ake a Marine St ewardship Council ( MSC) pre- assessm ent for a pilot locat ion, and init ial effort s are being undert aken t o fill dat a gaps on populat ion st at us. The associat ion has recent ly support ed an init ial st udy focusing in Jakart a Bay t o define t he st ock st at us in t he area and develop a conservat ion st rat egy for t his st ock.

Cu r r e n t St a t u s a n d Tr e n ds

The current sit uat ion shows t hat as for m ost of I ndonesia, t he ut ilizat ion level of Blue Swim m ing Crab has m et t he Maxim um Sust ainable Yields ( MSYs) . However, given t he lack of biom ass and yield dat a at t he nat ional level it is unclear how t hese est im at es have been calculat ed.

Ta ble 1 . Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b ut iliza t ion le ve l by Fish e r y M a na ge m e n t Ar e a ( FM A) , 1 9 9 8

Fishery Management

Area (FMA) Province

% utilized

Fishery Management Area

(FMA) Province

% utilized

Aceh 100 Banda Sea (nd) (nd)

North Sumatra 100 Central _Sulawesi 100

Malacca Strait

Riau 80

Seram Sea

Maluku 10

Riau 20 North Sulawesi 100

Jambi 100

Sulawesi Sea and

Pacific Ocean _{Papua 20}

West

Kalimantan 100 Papua 80

South China Sea

Central

Kalimantan 40

Arafura Sea

Maluku 90

South Sumatra 100 Aceh 100

Lampung 100 North Sumatra 100

Central

Kalimantan 60 West Sumatra 100

DKI 100 Bengkulu 100

West Java 100 Lampung 100

Central Java 100 West Java 100

East Java 100 Central Java 100

Java Sea

South

Kalimantan 60 East Java 100

South

Kalimantan 40 Yogyakarta 100

East

Kalimantan 100 Bali 100

South Sulawesi 100 West Nusa

Tenggara 100

Makassar Strait and Flores Sea

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The t rend in volum e landed by region (Figure 10) show clearly t he upward t rend up t o t he m id 90s, and fluct uat es from t he one. St art ing t he year 2000 t he fluct uat ion was m ore pronounced, and for t he regions t he t rend is clearly declining (e.g. Malacca St rait ) . The pat t erns of landings have shift ed over t he years. During t he early 1990s, landings from Nort h Java and Sout h Sulawesi dom inat e, wit h also significant landings in t he Malacca St rait area. During t he m id 1990s up t o 2000, Malacca St rait and East Sum at ra landings gained in volum e, while Nort h Java landings are rem ain st able. Since 2000, East Sum at ra cont ribut es t he largest volum e of landings, while Malacca St rait landings declined in relat ive proport ion. West Sum at ra, Maluku- Papua,

Sout h/ West and East Kalim ant an are st art ing t o cont ribut e larger proport ions. The Maluku and Papua region are part icularly rem ot e, t herefore any harvest ing and processing of BSC will be m ore cost ly and difficult com pared t o ot her part s of

I ndonesia. Expansion of harvest ing in t hat region, however, is expect ed in t he fut ure as BSC st ocks elsewhere in I ndonesia st art s t o decline.

I t is im possible t o indicat e t he size of t he fleet and t ot al effort being expended each year, however anecdot al observat ions indicat e t hat new fisherm en cont inue t o ent er t he Blue Swim m ing Crab fisheries, including in t he nort hern coast of Cirebon in West Java ( Ant ara, 2006) . The closest fishing ground for t hese fisherm en is Java Sea fishing ground off t he coast of West Java, current ly already fully ut ilized. I t is expect ed t hat at t he nat ional level t he num ber of households dependant on fishing will cont inue t o increase. Bet ween 2002 and 2004, t he num bers of such households have increased by 25% ( CBS, 2006) .

Declining size com posit ion can be observed in m any landing areas. Even sm all crabs ( 150 crabs per kg) are being caught and harvest ed. Anecdot al evidence indicat e t hat

-5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

)

Maluku-Papua North Sulawesi South Sulawesi East Kalimantan South/W est Kalimantan Bali-Nusa Tenggara North Java South Java Malacca Strait East Sumatra W est Sumatra

Figur e 1 0 . D ist r ibu t ion of Blu e Sw im m ing Cr a b Tot a l La n din gs by r e gion , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 0 6

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during t he lat e 1990s fisherm en in t he nort hern coast of West Java can capt ure 100-200 kg each day, whereas in 100-2006 t hey obt ain m uch less, only 5 t o 10 crabs even t hough t hey have placed an equivalent of 5 km of net t ing ( Ant ara, 2006) . Sim ilar condit ion is faced by fisherm en in Takalar, Sout h Sulawesi. I n 2000 t hey were able t o obt ain larger sizes ( 4- 5 crabs per kg) , in 2004 t he com m on pract ice is 7- 10 crabs per kg ( Kom pas, 10 May 2006) .

Declining com posit ion can also be seen at t he export er or wholesale buyer level (Figure 11) . The special and, m ost not ably, lum p m eat s have increased in proport ion of t ot al m eat s being processed. This is a rough indicat ion t hat m eat s are com ing from sm aller sized crabs, which, in t urn, show t hat harvest s consist of roughly sm aller sized crabs t han in previous years.

I m pa ct s on En vir onm e n t a nd Biodive r sit y

There are som e differences in gear effect iveness in t he Blue Swim m ing Crab

fisheries. A st udy in Cirebon ( West Java) shows t hat crab fishing pract ices by using collapsible t rap (bubu lipat) result in t rapping about 19 species consist ing of Blue Swim m ing Crabs, ot her crust aceans ( shrim p and ot her crab species) , m ollusks, fishes, echinoderm s and sea snakes. I n t erm s of rat io t o t ot al, Blue Swim m ing Crabs cont ribut e 30% of t ot al cat ch, while bycat ch m ake up t he rem aining 70% (Table 2) . Alm ost all t he ot her and bycat ch species t hat are not used by t he fishers are t hrown back t o t he sea, especially Nerit a sp. These discarded species, t herefore, have relat ively high survival rat es ( Agat ri, 2005) .

Ta ble 2 . Byca t ch of BSC fish e r y by u sing colla psible (bu bu lipa t)

Gr ou p # Spe cie s # I n dividua l Pe r ce n t a ge ( % )

Blue Swim m ing Crab 1 580 30

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

ent

Clawfinger Claw Special Backfin Lump Jumbo Colossal

Figur e 1 1 . An n ua l pr oce ssing of cr a b m e a t by a pla n t in I n don e sia

(14)

Ot her fishes 4 56 3

Sea snakes 1 2 0

Tot a l 1 9 1 9 6 4 1 0 0

Sou r ce : Aga t r i, 2 0 0 5

Meanwhile, a separat e st udy in Bant en Bay ( West Java) shows t hat crab fishing pract ices using bot t om gillnet s caught m ore species t han by using crab pot ; a t ot al of 45 species are caught , including Blue Swim m ing Crabs, ot her crust aceans ( shrim p and ot her crab) , coelent erat e, m ollusks, fishes, seaweed and echinoderm s ( Suadela, 2004) . I n t erm s of rat io t o t ot al, t he com posit ion is sim ilar bet ween using gillnet s or crab pot s/ basket s (Table 3) . There is a difference, however, in t he t reat m ent of by-cat ch, whereby gillnet fishers discard t heir byby-cat ch on shore upon landing. Crabs t hat are of lower qualit y are sold locally, and only about 5% of bycat ch is ret ained. The rest ( 95% ) of bycat ch is discarded; at t his point , discards have a low chance of surviving.

Ta ble 3 . Byca t ch of BSC fish e r y by u sing bot t om gilln e t

Gr ou p # Spe cie s # I n dividua l Pe r ce n t a ge ( % )

Blue Swim m ing Crab 1 646 27

Crust aceans ( shrim p and ot her crabs) 7 264 11

Coelent erat es 3 513 21

Mollusks 12 717 30

Ot her fishes 18 113 5

Seaweed 2 23 1

Echinoderm s 2 142 6

Tot a l 4 5 2 4 1 8 1 0 0

Sou r ce : Su a de la , 2 0 0 4

Alt hough President ial Decree No. 85 Year 1982 has banned t rawlers since 1983 in I ndonesia except east of longit ude 130° E ( essent ially east of Tanim bar I slands, and only for single vessel t rawls as pair t rawls are st ill banned) , draggers such as baby t rawlers or shallow bot t om t rawlers are st ill being used in t he Blue Swim m ing Crab fishery. Alt hough relat ively sm all in size, t his t ype of gear is m ore indiscrim inat e t han ot hers because t he net scoops up everyt hing in t he t rawl’s pat h. The m ain negat ive environm ent al ext ernalit y from t he use of t rawls is t he large am ount of bycat ch it generat es; an addit ional negat ive im pact is t he dredging of t he ocean floor ( Nédélec & Prado, 1999) . I n t he nort hern coast of West Java, one st udy roughly est im at ed fishery losses due t o t rawls t o be Rp. 972 billion ( about USD 102 m illion) ( Ant ara, 2006) .

N ot e : D a t a D iscr e pa n cy

Dat a from t he field shows t hat crabm eat yield = 20% of whole crab ( raw m at erial) – excluding failed product s. I t m eans t hat t o produce about 6,300 t of crabm eat ( t aking t ot al U.S. im port of crabm eat swim m ing from I ndonesia in 2006 as exam ple) , at least 31,500 t of crab ( raw m at erial) is needed. Meanwhile, dat a from t he governm ent suggest s t hat landings of blue swim m ing crab from m ain coast al area in I ndonesia reached 26,686 t . So t he discrepancy bet ween t ot al blue swim m ing crab landings and t ot al crabm eat swim m ing export t o U.S. m arket in 2006 was about 4,800 t . The discrepancy of dat a m ight be bigger since according t o dat a from I ndonesian Fishery Research New s suggest s t hat U.S.

cont ribut esabout 60% of t ot al blue swim m ing crab from I ndonesia, t he rem aining 40% is export ed t o Singapore, Japan and Net herlands. So t he dat a from indust ry side indicat es t hat t he est im at es of I ndonesian blue swim m ing crab landings are grossly underest im at ed.

(15)

REFEREN CE:

Agat ri, R.F. 2005. Analysis on Environm ent al Friendliness of Blue Sw im m ing Crab ( Raj ungan) Fishing Using Crab Pot ( Bubu Lipat ) in Gebang Mekar, Cirebon. Bogor Agricult ural Universit y. Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science. Bogor.

Ant ara News Agency. 13 Sept em ber 2006. “ Raj ungan Cirebon Nyaris Punah Akibat Penggunaan Jaring Arad” ( Cirebon Blue Swim m ing Crabs in t he Brink of Ext inct ion due t o Shallow Bot t om Trawl Net ) .

Bisnis I ndonesia daily, 3 August 2004. Generat ing dollars from crabs.

CBS ( I ndonesia Cent ral Bureau of St at ist ics) . 2006. I ndonesia Yearly St at ist ics 2005/ 2006. Jakart a: CBS

FAO. 2007. FI SHSTAT. Global Crab Product ion 1950- 2007. Foreign Trade I nform at ion (ht t p: / / www.st .nm fs.noaa.gov)

Globefish. 2007. Com m odit y Updat e – Crab. Ext ract from GLOBEFI SH Dat abank Prices - Export s - I m port s - Cat ches – Consum pt ion. February 2007.

Globefish. 2008. Crab Market Report - February 2008.

ht t p: / / www.globefish.org/ index.php?id= 4418

Globefish. 2005. Crab Market Report – Decem ber 2005.

ht t p: / / www.globefish.org/ index.php?id= 2638

Kom pas Daily Newspaper. 10 May 2006. Populasi Kepit ing Raj ungan Mulai Langka ( Swim m ing Crab Populat ion are I ncreasingly Scarce) . Online

ht t p: / / 64.203.71.11/ kom pas- cet ak/ 0605/ 10/ daerah/ 2644077.ht m

MMAF ( Direct orat e General of Marine and Fisheries Surveillance, Minist ry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries I ndonesia) . ( Undat ed) . PowerPoint Present at ion “Sist em dan Mekanism e Pengaw asan Sum berdaya I kan” ( Syst em and Mechanism for m onit oring fishery resources) , Jakart a

MMAF – Direct orat e General of Capt ure Fisheries. Various Year. St at ist ik Perikanan Tangkap di Laut Menurut Wilayah Pengelolaan ( WPP) , 2000- 2006. ( St at ist ics of Marine Capt ure Fisheries by Fisheries Managem ent Area, 2000- 2006) . Jakart a.

(16)

MMAF. 2005. St at ist ik Ekspor Hasil Perikanan 2005 ( Export St at ist ics of Fishery Product 2005) .

MMAF. 2007. Kondisi Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan I ndonesia ( St at us of t he I ndonesian Fisheries Managem ent Areas) . Unpublished report brief.

NMFS. Undat ed. Foreign Trade Dat a Base.

ht t p: / / www.st .nm fs.noaa.gov/ st 1/ t rade/ index.ht m l

Suadela, P. 2004. Analysis on Environm ent al Friendliness of Blue Sw im m ing Crab ( Raj ungan) Fishing Using Bot t om Gillnet ( Jaring) - A Case St udy in Bant en Bay. Bogor Agricult ural Universit y. Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science. Bogor.

Urner Barry Publicat ions and U.S. Depart m ent of Com m erce and Census Bureau (ht t p: / / ft d.urnerbarry.com /)

Urner Barry Publicat ions. July 2008. “ Urner Barry’s Seafood Price- Current ” . 31 July 2008.

US I m port s and Export s of Fishery Product s Annual Sum m ary ( 2007)

ht t p: / / www.st .nm fs.gov/ st 1/ index.ht m l

Wart a Penelit ian Perikanan I ndonesia, Volum e 10 Nom or 1, 2004

ht t p: / / ikanm ania.wordpress.com / 2007/ 12/ 31/ pengam at an- aspek- biologi-raj ungandalam - m enunj ang- t eknik- perbenihannya/

(1)

Cu r r e n t St a t u s a n d Tr e n ds

Ta ble 1 . Blu e Sw im m in g Cr a b ut iliza t ion le ve l by Fish e r y M a na ge m e n t Ar e a ( FM A) , 1 9 9 8

Fishery Management

Area (FMA) Province

% utilized

Fishery Management Area

(FMA) Province

% utilized

Aceh 100 Banda Sea (nd) (nd)

North Sumatra 100 Central _Sulawesi 100

Malacca Strait

Riau 80

Seram Sea

Maluku 10

Riau 20 North Sulawesi 100

Jambi 100

Sulawesi Sea and

Pacific Ocean _{Papua 20}

West

Kalimantan 100 Papua 80

South China Sea

Central

Kalimantan 40

Arafura Sea

Maluku 90

South Sumatra 100 Aceh 100

Lampung 100 North Sumatra 100

Central

Kalimantan 60 West Sumatra 100

DKI 100 Bengkulu 100

West Java 100 Lampung 100

Central Java 100 West Java 100

East Java 100 Central Java 100

Java Sea

South

Kalimantan 60 East Java 100

South

Kalimantan 40 Yogyakarta 100

East

Kalimantan 100 Bali 100

South Sulawesi 100 West Nusa

Tenggara 100

Makassar Strait and Flores Sea

Southeast

Sulawesi 100

Indian Ocean

East Nusa

Tenggara 100

(2)

The t rend in volum e landed by region (Figure 10) show clearly t he upward t rend up t o t he m id 90s, and fluct uat es from t he one. St art ing t he year 2000 t he fluct uat ion was m ore pronounced, and for t he regions t he t rend is clearly declining (e.g. Malacca St rait ) . The pat t erns of landings have shift ed over t he years. During t he early 1990s, landings from Nort h Java and Sout h Sulawesi dom inat e, wit h also significant landings in t he Malacca St rait area. During t he m id 1990s up t o 2000, Malacca St rait and East Sum at ra landings gained in volum e, while Nort h Java landings are rem ain st able. Since 2000, East Sum at ra cont ribut es t he largest volum e of landings, while Malacca St rait landings declined in relat ive proport ion. West Sum at ra, Maluku- Papua,

I ndonesia. Expansion of harvest ing in t hat region, however, is expect ed in t he fut ure as BSC st ocks elsewhere in I ndonesia st art s t o decline.

Declining size com posit ion can be observed in m any landing areas. Even sm all crabs ( 150 crabs per kg) are being caught and harvest ed. Anecdot al evidence indicat e t hat

-5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

)

Maluku-Papua North Sulawesi South Sulawesi East Kalimantan South/W est Kalimantan Bali-Nusa Tenggara North Java South Java Malacca Strait East Sumatra W est Sumatra

Figur e 1 0 . D ist r ibu t ion of Blu e Sw im m ing Cr a b Tot a l La n din gs by r e gion , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 0 6

(3)

Declining com posit ion can also be seen at t he export er or wholesale buyer level (Figure 11) . The special and, m ost not ably, lum p m eat s have increased in proport ion of t ot al m eat s being processed. This is a rough indicat ion t hat m eat s are com ing from sm aller sized crabs, which, in t urn, show t hat harvest s consist of roughly sm aller sized crabs t han in previous years.

I m pa ct s on En vir onm e n t a nd Biodive r sit y

There are som e differences in gear effect iveness in t he Blue Swim m ing Crab

fisheries. A st udy in Cirebon ( West Java) shows t hat crab fishing pract ices by using collapsible t rap (bubu lipat) result in t rapping about 19 species consist ing of Blue Swim m ing Crabs, ot her crust aceans ( shrim p and ot her crab species) , m ollusks, fishes, echinoderm s and sea snakes. I n t erm s of rat io t o t ot al, Blue Swim m ing Crabs cont ribut e 30% of t ot al cat ch, while bycat ch m ake up t he rem aining 70% (Table 2) . Alm ost all t he ot her and bycat ch species t hat are not used by t he fishers are t hrown back t o t he sea, especially Nerit a sp. These discarded species, t herefore, have relat ively high survival rat es ( Agat ri, 2005) .

Ta ble 2 . Byca t ch of BSC fish e r y by u sing colla psible (bu bu lipa t)

Gr ou p # Spe cie s # I n dividua l Pe r ce n t a ge ( % )

Blue Swim m ing Crab 1 580 30

Crust aceans ( shrim p and ot her crabs) 5 342 17

Mollusks 6 978 50

Echinoderm s 2 6 0

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

ent

Clawfinger Claw Special Backfin Lump Jumbo Colossal

Figur e 1 1 . An n ua l pr oce ssing of cr a b m e a t by a pla n t in I n don e sia

(4)

Ot her fishes 4 56 3

Sea snakes 1 2 0

Tot a l 1 9 1 9 6 4 1 0 0

Sou r ce : Aga t r i, 2 0 0 5

Meanwhile, a separat e st udy in Bant en Bay ( West Java) shows t hat crab fishing pract ices using bot t om gillnet s caught m ore species t han by using crab pot ; a t ot al of 45 species are caught , including Blue Swim m ing Crabs, ot her crust aceans ( shrim p and ot her crab) , coelent erat e, m ollusks, fishes, seaweed and echinoderm s ( Suadela, 2004) . I n t erm s of rat io t o t ot al, t he com posit ion is sim ilar bet ween using gillnet s or crab pot s/ basket s (Table 3) . There is a difference, however, in t he t reat m ent of by-cat ch, whereby gillnet fishers discard t heir byby-cat ch on shore upon landing. Crabs t hat are of lower qualit y are sold locally, and only about 5% of bycat ch is ret ained. The rest ( 95% ) of bycat ch is discarded; at t his point , discards have a low chance of surviving.

Ta ble 3 . Byca t ch of BSC fish e r y by u sing bot t om gilln e t

Gr ou p # Spe cie s # I n dividua l Pe r ce n t a ge ( % )

Blue Swim m ing Crab 1 646 27

Crust aceans ( shrim p and ot her crabs) 7 264 11

Coelent erat es 3 513 21

Mollusks 12 717 30

Ot her fishes 18 113 5

Seaweed 2 23 1

Echinoderm s 2 142 6

Tot a l 4 5 2 4 1 8 1 0 0

Sou r ce : Su a de la , 2 0 0 4

N ot e : D a t a D iscr e pa n cy

(5)

REFEREN CE:

Agat ri, R.F. 2005. Analysis on Environm ent al Friendliness of Blue Sw im m ing Crab ( Raj ungan) Fishing Using Crab Pot ( Bubu Lipat ) in Gebang Mekar, Cirebon. Bogor Agricult ural Universit y. Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science. Bogor.

Bisnis I ndonesia daily, 3 August 2004. Generat ing dollars from crabs.

CBS ( I ndonesia Cent ral Bureau of St at ist ics) . 2006. I ndonesia Yearly St at ist ics 2005/ 2006. Jakart a: CBS

FAO. 2007. FI SHSTAT. Global Crab Product ion 1950- 2007.

Foreign Trade I nform at ion (ht t p: / / www.st .nm fs.noaa.gov)

Globefish. 2007. Com m odit y Updat e – Crab. Ext ract from GLOBEFI SH Dat abank Prices - Export s - I m port s - Cat ches – Consum pt ion. February 2007.

Globefish. 2008. Crab Market Report - February 2008.

ht t p: / / www.globefish.org/ index.php?id= 4418

Globefish. 2005. Crab Market Report – Decem ber 2005.

ht t p: / / www.globefish.org/ index.php?id= 2638

Kom pas Daily Newspaper. 10 May 2006. Populasi Kepit ing Raj ungan Mulai Langka ( Swim m ing Crab Populat ion are I ncreasingly Scarce) . Online

ht t p: / / 64.203.71.11/ kom pas- cet ak/ 0605/ 10/ daerah/ 2644077.ht m

MMAF ( Direct orat e General of Marine and Fisheries Surveillance, Minist ry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries I ndonesia) . ( Undat ed) . PowerPoint Present at ion “Sist em dan Mekanism e Pengaw asan Sum berdaya I kan” ( Syst em and Mechanism for m onit oring fishery resources) , Jakart a

MMAF – Direct orat e General of Capt ure Fisheries. Various Year. St at ist ik Perikanan Tangkap di Laut Menurut Wilayah Pengelolaan ( WPP) , 2000- 2006. ( St at ist ics of Marine Capt ure Fisheries by Fisheries Managem ent Area, 2000- 2006) . Jakart a.

MMAF and JI CA. 2009. I ndonesian Fisheries St at ist ics I ndex. Minist ry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and Japan I nt ernat ional Cooperat ion Agency.

(6)

MMAF. 2005. St at ist ik Ekspor Hasil Perikanan 2005 ( Export St at ist ics of Fishery Product 2005) .

MMAF. 2007. Kondisi Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan I ndonesia ( St at us of t he I ndonesian Fisheries Managem ent Areas) . Unpublished report brief.

NMFS. Undat ed. Foreign Trade Dat a Base.

ht t p: / / www.st .nm fs.noaa.gov/ st 1/ t rade/ index.ht m l

Suadela, P. 2004. Analysis on Environm ent al Friendliness of Blue Sw im m ing Crab ( Raj ungan) Fishing Using Bot t om Gillnet ( Jaring) - A Case St udy in Bant en Bay. Bogor Agricult ural Universit y. Facult y of Fisheries and Marine Science. Bogor.

Urner Barry Publicat ions and U.S. Depart m ent of Com m erce and Census Bureau (ht t p: / / ft d.urnerbarry.com /)

Urner Barry Publicat ions. July 2008. “ Urner Barry’s Seafood Price- Current ” . 31 July 2008.

US I m port s and Export s of Fishery Product s Annual Sum m ary ( 2007)

ht t p: / / www.st .nm fs.gov/ st 1/ index.ht m l

Wart a Penelit ian Perikanan I ndonesia, Volum e 10 Nom or 1, 2004

ht t p: / / ikanm ania.wordpress.com / 2007/ 12/ 31/ pengam at an- aspek- biologi-raj ungandalam - m enunj ang- t eknik- perbenihannya/

Scoping Out Indonesian BSC Fisheries for MMAF Last Update Nov 09 9d0a0ad7

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