SILForum2009 001.
Processes, outcomes, and issues
Report and analysis of the preparatory meeting for Africa
CONFINTEA VI
Rudy Klaas and Agatha Van Ginkel
SIL International
2009
SIL Forum for Language Fieldwork 2009-001, June 2009
Copyright © 2009 Rudy Klaas, Agatha Van Ginkel, and SIL International
All rights reserved
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Abstract
This re p o rt a na lyze s the Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e fo r C O NFINTEA V1 in
te rms o f p ro c e sse s, o utc o me s, a nd issue s. The c o nfe re nc e is p a rt o f a g lo b a l p ro c e ss
a d d re ssing issue s re la te d to a d ult le a rning . The fina l o utc o me d o c ume nt p ro d uc e d
b y the c o nfe re nc e inc lud e s re c o mme nd a tio ns a nd a c tio ns in five ke y a re a s: p o lic y,
tra ining , inc lusio n, p a rtic ip a tio n, a nd mo nito ring to o ls. This re p o rt is me a nt to info rm
p e o p le a nd o rg a niza tio ns tha t ha ve a n inte re st in a d ult e d uc a tio n, b ut who d id no t
a tte nd the c o nfe re nc e . It sho uld g ive a c le a r o ve rvie w o f wha t the c o nfe re nc e wa s
a b o ut, ho w info rma tio n wa s p ro c e sse d , a nd wha t the o utc o me s a nd issue s a re .
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Contents
Intro d uc tio n
Pro c e ss
The g lo b a l p ro c e ss
The Afric a re g io na l c o nfe re nc e p ro c e ss
The c o untry re p o rts a nd d ra ft summa ry re p o rt
Fro m summa ry re p o rt to Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt
Ana lysis o f the p ro c e ss
O utc o me s a nd issue s
Po lic ie s
Fina nc ing
Inc lusio n
Pa rtic ip a tio n
Mo nito ring to o ls
O the r issue s
C o nc lusio n
Ab b re via tio ns
Re fe re nc e s
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Introduction
The p re p a ra to ry me e ting fo r Afric a C O NFINTEA VI wa s p a rt o f a se rie s o f re g io na l
me e ting s o rg a nize d a ro und the wo rld to p re p a re fo r the Sixth Inte rna tio na l
C o nfe re nc e o n Ad ult Ed uc a tio n (C O NFINTEA VI), whic h will ta ke p la c e Ma y 2009 in
Bra zil. The c o nfe re nc e in Bra zil will fo c us o n thre e ma jo r o b je c tive s:
1. To p ush fo rwa rd the re c o g nitio n o f a d ult le a rning a nd e d uc a tio n a s a n
imp o rta nt e le me nt o f a nd fa c to r c o nd uc ive to life lo ng le a rning , o f whic h
lite ra c y is the fo und a tio n;
2. To hig hlig ht the c ruc ia l ro le o f a d ult le a rning a nd e d uc a tio n fo r the
re a liza tio n o f c urre nt inte rna tio na l e d uc a tio n a nd d e ve lo p me nt a g e nd a s
(EFA, MDG s, UNLD, LIFE, a nd DESD);
3. To re ne w p o litic a l mo me ntum a nd c o mmitme nt a nd to d e ve lo p the to o ls
fo r imp le me nta tio n in o rd e r to mo ve fro m rhe to ric to a c tio n. (C O NFINTEA
VI C o nfe re nc e p ro g ra m , p . 2).
The re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e s fo c us o n the ir re g io na l sp e c ific issue s in a d ult
le a rning . The the me o f the Afric a n re g io na l me e ting wa s ‘ The p o we r o f Yo uth a nd
Ad ult le a rning fo r Afric a ’ s d e ve lo p me nt’ .
This re p o rt a na lyze s the Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e fo r C O NFINTEA VI in
te rms o f p ro c e sse s, o utc o me s, a nd issue s. It is me a nt to info rm p e o p le a nd
o rg a niza tio ns tha t ha ve a n inte re st in a d ult e d uc a tio n, b ut who d id no t a tte nd the
c o nfe re nc e . It sho uld g ive a c le a r o ve rvie w o f wha t the c o nfe re nc e wa s a b o ut, ho w
info rma tio n wa s p ro c e sse d , a nd wha t the o utc o me s a nd issue s a re . Mo st o f the
info rma tio n use d in this p a p e r c o me s fro m d o c ume nts ha nd e d o ut d uring the
c o nfe re nc e in Na iro b i. O the r so urc e s a re se p a ra te ly a c kno wle d g e d .
Process
The global process
The Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e is the mo st re c e nt ste p in the p ro c e ss o f
c o lla b o ra tive c o nfe re nc e s, the ma tic me e ting s, re vie ws, re se a rc h-b a se d e vid e nc e
c o lle c tio n, a nd ne two rking . This p ro c e ss inc lud e s the e ffo rts o f ma ny sta ke ho ld e rs
(UNESC O Me mb e r Sta te s, Unite d Na tio ns a g e nc ie s a nd inte rna tio na l d e ve lo p me nt
p a rtne rs, c ivil so c ie ty, re se a rc h institutio ns, a nd the p riva te se c to r) a nd will c ulmina te
in a g lo b a l c o nfe re nc e , C O NFINTEA VI in Bra zil, Ma y 2009.
The Afric a re g io na l c o nfe re nc e p ro d uc e d a ‘ Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt’ whic h
inc lud e d re c o mme nd a tio ns fo r a c tio n. This d o c ume nt will fe e d into the g lo b a l
C O NFINTEA VI wo rking d o c ume nt o r G lo b a l Re p o rt o n Ad ult Le a rning a nd Ed uc a tio n
(G RALE). Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nts fro m the fo ur o the r re g io na l c o nfe re nc e s will
like wise fe e d into the C O NFINTEA VI wo rking d o c ume nt a s sho w in Fig ure 1.
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Fig ure 1 O ve rvie w o f the info rm a tio n tha t will fe e d into the G RA LE (UIL, 2008a )
The re c o mme nd a tio ns o f the re g io na l c o nfe re nc e s sho uld b e tra nsla te d into
na tio na l stra te g ie s a nd se rve a s a b a sis to e nsure the fo llo w-up to the re g io na l
c o nfe re nc e a nd imp le me nta tio n a t b o th na tio na l a nd re g io na l le ve ls.
The ma jo r o utp ut o f C O NFINTEA VI will b e a g lo b a l ‘ Fra me wo rk fo r Ac tio n’ , inc lud ing
ke y stra te g ie s/ re c o mme nd a tio ns a nd b e nc hma rks. It sho uld , ho we ve r, b e ke p t in
p e rsp e c tive tha t the re sult o f this c o nfe re nc e is a d viso ry to a nd no t b ind ing up o n
g o ve rnme nts. Po litic a l will a nd re so urc e a va ila b ility re ma in imp o rta nt issue s fo r the
imp le me nta tio n o f the se re c o mme nd a tio ns, a s will b e sho wn in this p a p e r.
The Africa regional conference process
The country reports and draft summary report
The c o untry re p o rts a re a ma jo r so urc e o f inp ut fo r the g lo b a l a nd re g io na l
c o nfe re nc e s. The y will a lso sup p ly c ritic a l d a ta fo r the G RALE (UIL 2008b ). It is
the re fo re imp o rta nt tha t the c o untry re p o rts ha ve a c c ura te a nd re le va nt
info rma tio n. In o rd e r to g a in the ne c e ssa ry d a ta a b o ut Ad ult Le a rning a nd
Ed uc a tio n (ALE) fro m the c o untry re p o rts, the UNESC O Institute fo r Life lo ng Le a rning
(UIL) sup p lie d a fra me wo rk fo r the c o untry re p o rts:
1) Po litic s, le g isla tio n a nd fina nc ing ;
2) Q ua lity o f Ad ult Le a rning a nd Ed uc a tio n: Pro visio n, Pa rtic ip a tio n a nd
Ac hie ve me nt;
3) Re se a rc h, Inno va tio n a nd G o o d Pra c tic e ;
4) Ad ult Lite ra c y;
5) Exp e c ta tio ns o f C O NFINTEA VI a nd future p e rsp e c tive s fo r ALE.
De sp ite the g uid e line s p ro vid e d , no t a ll c o untry re p o rts p ro vid e d d a ta , o r c o uld
p ro vid e o nly limite d d a ta , o n the to p ic s re q ue ste d . The p a uc ity o f d a ta in so me
re p o rts a s c o mp a re d to o the rs is re fle c te d b y the sig nific a nt va ria tio n in the le ng th o f
the re p o rts. Le ng th va rie d fro m five p a g e s (G uine a -Bissa u) a nd se ve n p a g e s (C ô te
d ’ Ivo ire ) to 52 p a g e s (Se ne g a l) a nd 97 p a g e s (Nig e ria ). So me c o untrie s, suc h a s
C e ntra l Afric a n Re p ub lic , Ma li, a nd C ô te d ’ Ivo ire , re p o rte d tha t c e rta in info rma tio n
wa s no t a va ila b le o r sta te d tha t the y d id no t ha ve a c c e ss to c e rta in info rma tio n
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p e rta ining to the a c tivitie s o f NG O s a nd / o r the p riva te se c to r. Ano the r c ha lle ng e
re p o rte d wa s tha t ALE e ffo rts we re d isp e rse d thro ug ho ut se ve ra l d iffe re nt
g o ve rnme nt ministrie s, whic h ma d e it d iffic ult to c o mp ile the info rma tio n ne e d e d .
The q ua lity o f c o untry re p o rts wa s a lso influe nc e d b y the a mo unt o f a na lysis o r
c ritic ism p ro vid e d a s the re p o rte rs re fle c te d o n the ir o wn d a ta . So me c o untry re p o rts
p ro vid e d insig htful c o mme nta ry o n the e ffe c tive ne ss o f the ir o wn situa tio ns, while
mo st o the rs re p o rte d o nly fa c ts, le a ving the a na lysis to tho se who summa rize d the
c o untry re p o rts. The Se ne g a l c o untry re p o rt, fo r e xa mp le , o ffe re d q ua lita tive a na lysis
a nd sta te d the imp lic a tio ns o f ALE’ s c urre nt sta b ility, within the p o litic a l struc ture s
tha t o ve rse e ALE. The C a me ro o n c o untry re p o rt me ntio ns the la c k o f syne rg y
re sulta nt fro m the iso la te d ma nne r in whic h the d e p a rtme nts o f a p a rtic ula r ministry
func tio n d e sp ite the e xiste nc e o f a c o o rd ina ting c o mmitte e . Suc h insig hts he lp in
g e ne ra liza tio n, while the ir a b se nc e re q uire s o the rs to ma ke the ir o wn g e ne ra liza tio ns
b a se d o n limite d insig ht.
A va ria b le tha t influe nc e d the a b ility to g e ne ra lize fro m the c o untry re p o rts wa s the
la c k o f sta nd a rd iza tio n o f te rmino lo g y a nd c o nc e p ts. The te rm ‘ a d ult’ , fo r e xa mp le ,
wa s q ue rie d , a s the re a p p e a re d to b e a va ria tio n in the a g e c rite ria use d whe n
g a the ring info rma tio n p e rta ining to a d ults. A p ub lic a tio n o f UNESC O me ntio ns tha t
“ Fo r mo st c o untrie s, a dult lite ra c y re fe rs to p ro g ra ms fo r the 15+ a g e g ro up ; within
tha t, yo uth lite ra c y mo st fre q ue ntly re fe rs to the 15–24 a g e g ro up ” (Ric hmo nd e t a l.
2008:10). Ho we ve r, d uring the c o nfe re nc e so me p e o p le re fe rre d to yo uth a s b e ing in
the a g e g ro up b e twe e n 15 a nd 30 ye a rs o ld . In a d d itio n, the c o nc e p t o f ‘ a d ult
e d uc a tio n’ wa s a lso q ue rie d a s the re we re d iffe re nt vie ws e xp re sse d b y so me in
p le na ry a s to the sc o p e o f tho se inc lud e d in a d ult e d uc a tio n p ro g ra ms a s we ll a s
the c o nte nt o r c urric ulum o f a d ult e d uc a tio n p ro g ra ms.
Ne ve rthe le ss, a d ra ft summa ry o f the c o untry re p o rts wa s p ro d uc e d b y Dr. Jo hn
Aitc hiso n a nd Dr. Ha ssa na Alid o u. In p re se nting the re p o rt Aitc hiso n sta te d tha t the
va ria nc e in the a mo unt o f d a ta p ro vid e d ma d e g e ne ra liza tio n d iffic ult. He
c o mp a re d the a mo unt o f info rma tio n a va ila b le o n so me to p ic s to a ‘ d e se rt’ .
De sp ite the se limita tio ns, the p le na ry se ssio n a p p la ud e d the e ffo rt a nd c o ntrib utio n
ma d e .
From summary report to Final Outcome Document
Ea c h p a rt o f the d ra ft summa ry re p o rt wa s the n syste ma tic a lly d isc usse d in p le na ry
a nd / o r p a ra lle l se ssio ns. Ea c h se ssio n a d d re sse d a se c tio n o f the summa ry re p o rt,
g a the ring fe e d b a c k a nd inc o rp o ra ting c o ntrib utio ns. The p le na ry se ssio ns a lso
inc lud e d p re se nta tio ns a nd d isc ussio n o n the fo llo wing to p ic s: the p o lic ie s,
g o ve rna nc e struc ture s a nd fina nc ing o f yo uth a nd a d ult le a rning , a nd yo uth a nd
a d ult le a rning a s a re so urc e fo r a p a rtic ip a tive a nd inc lusive so c ie ty.
The c o nte xtua l issue s, c ha lle ng e s, a nd imp lic a tio ns in the d ra ft summa ry we re
d isc usse d in p a ra lle l se ssio ns, re sulting in a c o nc ise se t o f issue s, tre nd s, a nd
c ha lle ng e s (se e se c tio n O utc o me s a nd Issue s). Disc ussio ns re c o g nize d se ve ra l
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limita tio ns a ffe c ting the d ra ft Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt. O ne suc h limita tio n w a s the
va ria tio ns in the c o untry re p o rts a s me ntio ne d a b o ve a nd the re fo re the va ria b le s
intro d uc e d into the summa riza tio n a nd g e ne ra liza tio n p ro c e sse s.
The la st d a y wa s d e d ic a te d to the d isc ussio n a nd fina liza tio n o f the Fina l O utc o me
Do c ume nt. Imp o rta ntly, a ll p a rtic ip a nts we re a b le to c o ntrib ute in p le na ry, whic h
fa c ilita te d a se nse o f g ro up o wne rship o f the fina l p ro d uc t. The Fina l O utc o me
Do c ume nt wa s a p p ro ve d tha t e ve ning .
Analysis of the process
The b e st me a sure o f the suc c e ss o f the p ro c e ss is p e rha p s in the b ro a d se nse o f
o wne rship a nd c o nse nsus o n the p a rt o f p a rtic ip a nts tha t c ha ra c te rize d the fina l
p ro d uc t. An imp o rta nt ste p in a tta ining o wne rship a nd c o nse nsus d uring the
c o nfe re nc e wa s the c re a tio n o f a n e nviro nme nt in whic h a ll fe lt fre e to c o ntrib ute ,
kno wing tha t the ir c o ntrib utio n wo uld b e re sp e c te d a nd c o nsid e re d . This sa fe
e nviro nme nt wa s fa c ilita te d b y se ve ra l e ve nts a nd a ttitud e s suc h a s a sinc e re
we lc o me o n the p a rt o f the c o nfe re nc e o rg a nize rs, ve rb a lly e nc o ura g ing inp ut fro m
p a rtic ip a nts, a nd the e ve ntua l p ro visio n o f mic ro p ho ne s to tho se who o rig ina lly ha d
limite d a c c e ss. The fa c t tha t p le na ry a nd p a ra lle l se ssio n fa c ilita to rs d id no t
ne g a tive ly c ritiq ue p a rtic ip a nts’ inp ut e nc o ura g e d furthe r c o ntrib utio ns. Tha t this
inp ut wa s o fte n the n re fle c te d in sub se q ue nt d ra fts o f d o c ume nts d e mo nstra te d to
p a rtic ip a nts tha t the ir c o ntrib utio ns ha d b e e n c o nsid e re d , the re b y fo ste ring a se nse
o f g ro up o wne rship o f the re sulta nt d o c ume nt.
The re we re se ve ra l c ha lle ng e s tha t influe nc e d the p ro c e ss a t d iffe re nt sta g e s. The
c ha lle ng e o f the va ria nc e in the c o untry re p o rts ha s a lre a d y b e e n me ntio ne d .
Lo g istic a l d iffic ultie s suc h a s the limite d a c c e ss to mic ro p ho ne s b y whic h no ng o ve rnme nt p a rtic ip a nts c o uld ma ke c o ntrib utio ns a lso influe nc e d tha t p ro c e ss.
Tha t the no n-g o ve rnme nt p a rtic ip a nts ha d limite d a c c e ss to mic ro p ho ne s ma y ha ve
le d to so me frustra tio n o n the ir p a rt. The c o nfe re nc e o rg a nize rs we re se nsitive to this
a nd so sup p lie d a mo b ile mic ro p ho ne whic h wa s q uic kly p ro vid e d whe n a
p a rtic ip a nt in the b a c k o f the ro o m wishe d to b e re c o g nize d . Ano the r lo g istic a l
d iffic ulty wa s the time a va ila b le fo r d isc ussio n b o th in p le na ry se ssio n a nd p a ra lle l
se ssio n. O n o c c a sio n, the time a va ila b le fo r d isc ussio ns d id no t se e m suffic ie nt to
tho ro ug hly d isc uss the issue s. Tho ug h this mig ht ha ve a g a in le d to so me frustra tio n,
the c re a tio n o f a sa fe e nviro nme nt a nd the inc o rp o ra tio n o f a wid e va rie ty o f
p a rtic ip a nt c o ntrib utio n into the sub se q ue nt d ra fts mo re tha n ma d e up fo r this.
It wa s inte re sting to o b se rve tha t whe n the d ra ft Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt wa s
p re se nte d so me p a rtic ip a nts re a c te d to the wa y the ALE situa tio n o n the c o ntine nt
wa s re p re se nte d . The y e xp re sse d tha t the y tho ug ht the p ic ture p a inte d in the
‘ g e ne ra l c o nte xt’ o f the d o c ume nt wa s to o b le a k a nd se ve ra l a d va nc e s ha d b e e n
ma d e , whic h d id no t c o me thro ug h in this first d ra ft. As a re sult o f this e xp re sse d
re a c tio n c ha ng e s we re ma d e in the Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt. Ho we ve r, this
se e me d to re sult in a d isc re p a nc y b e twe e n the p re se nta tio n o f the situa tio n in the
summa ry re p o rt writte n b e fo re the c o nfe re nc e a nd the Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt
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tha t wa s p ro d uc e d in d uring the c o nfe re nc e . The Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt se e ms
to p re se nt so me e xa mp le s o f suc c e ssful ALE p ro g ra ms a nd / o r stra te g ie s a s
no rma tive , while the y we re o nly e xa mp le s, if no t e xc e p tio ns. The imp re ssio n fro m the
c o untry re p o rts, a s re p o rte d in the summa ry re p o rt is “ tha t the c ha lle ng e s fa c ing
a d ult le a rning a nd e d uc a tio n a re ma ssive , wid e ra ng ing a nd syste mic ” (Aitc hiso n
a nd Alid o u 2008:2). It ha s to b e sa id , ho we ve r, tha t the Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt
a lso sta te s the c ha lle ng e s tha t a re the re in ALE a s re fle c te d in the c o untry re p o rts.
Outcomes and issues
The o utc o me s a nd issue s fro m the c o nfe re nc e c a n b e g ro up e d a ro und five ke y
a re a s:
1. Po lic ie s;
2. Fina nc ing ;
3. Inc lusio n (ho w to e nsure c o nd itio ns tha t e na b le the inc lusio n o f
ma rg ina lize d g ro up s in le a rning );
4. Pa rtic ip a tio n (ho w to mo b ilize a nd mo tiva te yo uth a nd a d ults to ta ke
p a rt in le a rning );
5. Mo nito ring to o ls (suc h a s re p o rting me c ha nisms a nd b e nc hma rks).
The se ke y a re a s a re use d b e lo w to re p o rt o n the o utc o me s a nd issue s d isc usse d
d uring the c o nfe re nc e .
Policies
The c o untry re p o rts sta te d tha t the re a re se ve ra l c ha lle ng e s in the a re a o f p o lic y
a nd g o ve rna nc e . Ve ry fe w c o untrie s ha ve c o mp re he nsive p o lic ie s a nd stra te g ic
p la ns tha t a d d re ss ALE. As the se c ha lle ng e s we re d isc usse d d uring the se ssio ns it wa s
o b se rve d tha t the la c k o f c o mp re he nsive p o lic ie s a nd stra te g ic p la ns c a n b e
a ttrib ute d to the fa c t tha t ALE is o fte n se e n a s a n e xp e nd iture ra the r tha n a n
inve stme nt whic h c o uld p ro d uc e imp o rta nt re turns. The se re turns c o uld e ve ntua lly
o ffse t a nd surp a ss the c o st o f inve stme nt.
Ano the r c ha lle ng e in the a re a o f p o lic y a nd g o ve rna nc e is tha t the d e ve lo p me nt o f
p o lic ie s is o fte n no t e vid e nc e b a se d , while “ So und p o lic ie s a nd p la nning ne e d
so und d a ta – re lia b le a nd time ly d a ta o n lite ra c y le ve ls o f p o p ula tio n g ro up s, o n
p a tte rns o f lite ra c y a nd illite ra c y, a nd o n the typ e s, q ua lity a nd o utc o me s o f lite ra c y
p ro g ra ms” (Ric hmo nd e t a l. 2008:44). The re se e m to b e se ve ra l re a so ns fo r the la c k
o f e vid e nc e -b a se d p o lic ie s, o ne o f the m b e ing tha t little re se a rc h is c a rrie d o ut in
the a re a o f ALE. Tho ug h unive rsitie s a re institutio ns tha t sho uld p ro vid e e vid e nc e b a se d info rma tio n a b o ut ALE a nd the re b y info rm the p o lic y ma ke rs a nd
p ra c titio ne rs a b o ut ALE, the ir ro le in this p ro c e ss is no t we ll re c o g nize d . So me
c o untrie s re p o rte d tha t unive rsitie s ha ve no t b e e n fle xib le a nd re sp o nsive e no ug h in
the ir ro le to sup p o rt ALE. At the sa me time , fund ing institutio na l d e ve lo p me nt a nd
re se a rc h a t hig he r e d uc a tio na l le ve ls ha s b e e n a b se nt, ina d e q ua te , o r p o o rly
susta ine d .
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Furthe rmo re , ALE fa c e s the c ha lle ng e o f la c k o f multi-se c to r c o lla b o ra tio n in tha t its
d e live ry is o fte n d ivid e d b e twe e n d iffe re nt ministrie s a nd o rg a niza tio ns in the
a b se nc e o f suffic ie nt c o o rd ina tio n.
La stly, ALE fa c e s a c ha lle ng e b e c a use the re a re fe w if a ny links o r c o mp a ra b le
sta nd a rd s b e twe e n fo rma l a nd no n-fo rma l e d uc a tio n. Suc h sta nd a rd s c o uld
p ro vid e re c o g nitio n o f no n-fo rma l a c hie ve me nt in the fo rma l syste m. It is re c o g nize d
b y se ve ra l c o untrie s tha t Na tio na l Q ua lific a tio n Fra me wo rks (NQ F) c o uld p ro vid e
suc h sta nd a rd s.
Ne ve rthe le ss, the re a re so me a d va nc e s to re p o rt in this a re a . C ivil so c ie ty a nd the
inte rna tio na l c o mmunity ha ve b e e n a b le to p ro mo te se ve ra l inno va tive p ra c tic e s
a nd p ro g ra ms whic h ha ve ha d a p o sitive imp a c t o n ALE. Two e xa mp le s a re REFLEC T
a p p ro a c h to a d ult lite ra c y a nd so c ia l c ha ng e , a nd the fa ire -fa ire stra te g y, whic h is
a mo d e l fo r d e c e ntra lizing the ma na g e me nt o f e d uc a tio n.
The re c o mme nd a tio ns in this ke y a re a a re :
1. Ea c h c o untry sho uld ha ve a c o mp re he nsive na tio na l yo uth a nd a d ult
le a rning e d uc a tio n p o lic y, inc lud ing a c o mp re he nsive la ng ua g e p o lic y a nd
sup p o rt fo r c re a ting a lite ra te e nviro nme nt;
2. The p o lic y sho uld b e b a c ke d b y le g isla tio n a nd p ro visio n o f c a p a c ity to
imp le me nt the p o lic y;
3. The p o lic y sho uld ta ke into a c c o unt stra te g ie s fo r p o ve rty a lle via tio n.
Financing
While Ed uc a tio n fo r All (EFA) ha s inc re a se d the e xp e nd iture o f e d uc a tio n in
p ro p o rtio n to the g ro ss d o me stic p ro d uc t o f c o untrie s (ANC EFA, 2008), ALE re ma ins
p o o rly fina nc e d . Mo st o f the fina nc e s fo r e d uc a tio n a re inve ste d in p rima ry
e d uc a tio n, no t in ALE. The re se e m to b e se ve ra l re a so ns fo r this:
1. ALE is o fte n se e n a s a n e xp e nd iture ra the r tha n a n inve stme nt;
2. ALE is o fte n no t c a rrie d o ut b y the ministry o f e d uc a tio n, b ut b y ma ny o the r
ministrie s a nd o the r sta ke ho ld e rs while la c king multi-se c to r c o lla b o ra tio n;
3. The re a re ve ry fe w c o mp re he nsive p o lic ie s tha t a d d re ss ALE.
The fund ing o f ALE is se ld o m b a se d o n a n a d e q ua te ne e d s a sse ssme nt, re se a rc h
d a ta a nd a d e q ua te c o sting a nd b ud g e ting . Ho we ve r, a n e xa mp le o f g o o d
p ra c tic e in this a re a c o me s fro m Ke nya , whe re a lite ra c y surve y wa s c a rrie d o ut
(KNBS, 2007). Ba se d o n the d a ta o f tha t surve y the g o ve rnme nt wa s c o nvinc e d o f
the ne e d fo r ALE a nd c ha ng e d p o lic y, g o ve rna nc e , a nd fina nc e s fo r ALE.
The re c o mme nd a tio ns in this ke y a re a a re :
1. A ne w c o mmitme nt b y the d iffe re nt sta ke ho ld e rs, g o ve rnme nt a nd no ng o ve rnme nt, to wa rd s susta ina b le fund ing ;
2. A minimum fund ing b e nc hma rk a s a p e rc e nta g e o f the na tio na l e d uc a tio n
b ud g e t;
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3. The d e ve lo p me nt o f stra te g ie s fo r the mo b iliza tio n o f fund s a nd fo r the ir
a c c o unta b le a nd tra nsp a re nt utiliza tio n the re o f.
A fe w c o mme nts ha ve to b e ma d e . Firstly, the re a so n fo r la c k o f fina nc e s in the a re a
o f ALE is c lo se ly inte rtwine d with p o lic y c ho ic e s. Se c o nd ly, it wa s no te d tha t the
Ab uja C a ll fo r Ac tio n re c o mme nd e d a minimum b e nc hma rk o f 3% o f the na tio na l
e d uc a tio n b ud g e t fo r fina nc ing ALE. “ This re c o mme nd a tio n wa s b a se d o n the id e a
tha t g o ve rnme nts sho uld sp e nd 6% o f the ir e d uc a tio n b ud g e ts o n a d ult e d uc a tio n
a nd ha lf o f tha t sho uld g o to b a sic lite ra c y” (Arc he r 2008:100). Ho we ve r, mo st
g o ve rnme nts se e m to ha ve no t ta ke n this b e nc hma rk into a c c o unt whe n d istrib uting
the fina nc e s fo r e d uc a tio n. This illustra te s ho w re c o mme nd a tio ns sug g e ste d b y
c o nfe re nc e s like this a re sub je c t to p o litic a l will.
Inclusion
This ke y a re a fo c use d o n g ro up s o f p e o p le who a re e xc lud e d fo r d iffe re nt re a so ns.
During the d isc ussio ns it b e c a me c le a r tha t so me g ro up s o f p e o p le ha ve b e e n
e xc lud e d b e c a use the y ha ve p hysic a l o r p syc ho lo g ic a l d isa b ilitie s. Ho we ve r, la rg e
g ro up s o f p e o p le ha ve b e e n e xc lud e d b e c a use the y a re mino rity (la ng ua g e )
g ro up s. The ma in re a so n the y a re e xc lud e d is tha t e d uc a tio n is no t p ro vid e d in a
la ng ua g e the y und e rsta nd . It wa s no te d b y so me p a rtic ip a nts o f the c o nfe re nc e
tha t o fte n e d uc a tio n p ro g ra ms a re d e live re d thro ug h la ng ua g e s o f wid e r
c o mmunic a tio n whic h a re p o o rly o r no t a t a ll und e rsto o d b y the se g ro up s. At the
sa me time the c o nte nt o f the e d uc a tio n p ro g ra m is to o c lo se ly re la te d to the
ma instre a m c ulture , whic h ha s little o r no re la tio nship with the ir o wn c ulture . Eve n
tho se e nte ring a le a rning p ro g ra m mig ht no t c o mp le te it, d ue to the fa c t tha t the
c o nte nt o f the p ro g ra m d o e s no t ha ve a ny re le va nc e to the ir live s.
A c ha lle ng e in this a re a is tha t while in mo st Afric a n c o untrie s the ro le o f mo the r
to ng ue a s a n e ffe c tive me a ns o f c o mmunic a tio n, a d ministra tio n a nd le a rning is
re c o g nize d , it is no ne the le ss no t we ll e xp lo ite d a nd o fte n ne g le c te d . The fina l re p o rt
o f the c o nfe re nc e sta te s tha t “ The re is limite d e ffo rt to use a ll the writing syste ms
a va ila b le to the c o mmunitie s” (Arc he r 2008:4).
An a re a whe re so me a d va nc e s ha ve b e e n ma d e with re g a rd to g ro up s with sp e c ia l
ne e d s is e d uc a tio n fo r wo me n. In lite ra c y a nd o the r a d ult e d uc a tio n p ro g ra ms the
issue o f g e nd e r ha s to so me e xte nt b e e n ma instre a me d a nd this ha s ha d so me
imp a c t o n wo me n’ s le a d e rship a nd p a rtic ip a tio n in d e c isio n ma king . In the who le o f
Afric a , the lite ra c y ra te a mo ng wo me n ha s rise n fro m 45% to 53%, b ut the p ro p o rtio n
o f illite ra te wo me n within the to ta l illite ra te p o p ula tio n ha s inc re a se d slig htly fro m
61% to 62% (Ric hmo nd e t a l. 2008).
An e xa mp le o f a n inc lusive ALE p ro g ra m whic h wa s p re se nte d d uring the
c o nfe re nc e is the ALE p ro g ra m fo r no ma d ic p e o p le in Nig e ria . This ALE p ro g ra m
ma ke s use o f mo b ile c la ssro o ms a nd ra d io b ro a d c a st to e d uc a te p e o p le . The y ha ve
b e e n a b le to p ro vid e e d uc a tio n fo r 10% o f the no ma d ic p o p ula tio n, whe re o nly le ss
tha n 1% ha d p a rtic ip a te d in e d uc a tio n b e fo re (UIL 2007a ).
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The re c o mme nd a tio n fo r this ke y a re a is:
1. Pro mo te inc lusio n thro ug h ALE p ro g ra ms tha t ta ke into c o nsid e ra tio n the
sp e c ific ne e d s o f the mino ritie s, vulne ra b le a nd ma rg ina lize d g ro up s, a nd
g ro up s with sp e c ia l ne e d s.
Participation
The c o nc e p t o f p a rtic ip a tio n re fe rre d to c o lla b o ra tio n o f sta ke ho ld e rs p ro vid ing ALE.
The c o untry re p o rts sho we d tha t the re a re ma ny mo re sta ke ho ld e rs b e sid e the
g o ve rnme nt invo lve d in ALE. Ho we ve r, the re is little c o nsulta tio n a mo ng the d iffe re nt
sta ke ho ld e rs a nd b e twe e n the sta ke ho ld e rs a nd the g o ve rnme nt. At the sa me time
the ro le o f c ivil so c ie ty g ro up s, NG O s a nd FBO s wa s re c o g nize d a s b e ing imp o rta nt.
The y a re the p e o p le who wo rk in the fie ld , a re in to uc h with the ta rg e t g ro up s, a nd
a re a b le to p ro vid e ALE re le va nt to the ta rg e t g ro up .
The c ha lle ng e s fo r the g o ve rnme nt a re a lre a d y me ntio ne d und e r p o lic y a nd
fina nc e . The g o ve rnme nt o fte n d o e s no t ha ve a n a wa re ne ss o f who is p a rtic ip a ting
in d e live ring ALE p ro g ra ms a nd to wha t d e g re e , no r is the re inte r-se c to ra l
c o lla b o ra tio n. The re is o fte n insuffic ie nt c o lla b o ra tio n b e twe e n g o ve rnme nt a nd
o the rs (inc lud ing o the r ministrie s) invo lve d in d e live ring ALE. This re sults in la c k o f
sha re d info rma tio n a nd la c k o f syne rg y.
The re c o mme nd a tio ns fo r this ke y a re a a re :
1. C o lla b o ra tio n b e twe e n g o ve rnme nt, p riva te se c to r, a nd c ivil so c ie ty
o rg a niza tio ns (NG O s, C BO s, re lig io us a nd o the r o rg a niza tio ns) in d e ve lo p ing
p o lic y a nd p ro g ra m stra te g ie s fo r ALE;
2. Enc o ura g e me nt a nd sup p o rt fo r the ro le o f c ivil so c ie ty;
3. De ve lo p me nt o f a c c o unta b le a nd tra nsp a re nt fra me wo rks fo r c o lla b o ra tio n.
Monitoring tools
The re a re still se ve ra l c ha lle ng e s in the a re a o f mo nito ring . In o rd e r to mo nito r
p ro g ra ms, c le a r o b je c tive s, re lia b le d a ta , a nd a re lia b le ma na g e me nt info rma tio n
syste m must b e in p la c e . Mo st c o untrie s la c k wa ys to c o lle c t re lia b le d a ta . ANC EFA
(2008) no tic e d this in the ir Afric a Re g io na l Ed uc a tio n Wa tc h re p o rt. The y re p o rt tha t:
“ The a b ility o f mo st c o untrie s to ha lve the ir illite ra c y le ve ls b y 2015 is b lurre d b y la c k
o f a c c ura te d a ta o n lite ra c y le ve ls a s ma ny o f the se c o untrie s re ly o n o ld c e nsus
d a ta ” (ANC EFA 2008:18). Ac c ura te d a ta is a n a re a tha t ne e d s a tte ntio n. As w a s
no te d d uring the p re se nta tio n o f the Ke nya n Lite ra c y Surve y, o fte n lite ra c y le ve ls a re
e stima te d b y se lf-re p o rting o r b y a ssuming a c e rta in numb e r o f ye a rs in sc ho o l to b e
e q uiva le nt to ha ving a tta ine d lite ra c y. The se kind s o f d a ta -g a the ring te c hniq ue s d o
no t p ro d uc e re lia b le d a ta , a s the y d o no t sho w ho w we ll so me o ne c a n re a d . The
Ke nya Lite ra c y Surve y sho ws ho w se lf-re p o rting is le ss re lia b le tha n a c tua lly te sting
p e o p le ’ s lite ra c y a b ilitie s. The Surve y use d b o th me tho d s a nd the re sults sho we d tha t
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p e o p le ra te d the mse lve s hig he r in lite ra c y a c hie ve me nts tha n the a c tua l te st
sho we d (KNBS, 2007). Ha ving re lia b le d a ta e na b le s a g o ve rnme nt a nd o the r
sta ke ho ld e rs to d e ve lo p p o lic ie s a nd stra te g ie s tha t a re a p p ro p ria te fo r the c o untry.
In a d d itio n, it wa s no te d tha t the re is the ne e d fo r no n-fo rma l e d uc a tio n to b e linke d
to the fo rma l syste m so tha t le a rne rs re c e ive re c o g nitio n o f kno wle d g e a nd skills
o b ta ine d thro ug h no n-fo rma l e d uc a tio n, a llo wing the m to re c e ive fo rma l c re d it fo r
tho se skills a nd kno wle d g e a c q uire d no n-fo rma lly. A na tio na l q ua lity fra me wo rk
(NQ F) is a to o l tha t c a n mo nito r suc h a c c re d ita tio n a nd a ssist in e sta b lishing links
b e twe e n the two syste ms. So me a d va nc e s ha ve b e e n ma d e in this a re a a s se ve ra l
Afric a n c o untrie s a re d e ve lo p ing NQ Fs.
Re c o mme nd a tio ns fo r this ke y a re a a re :
1. G o ve rnme nts sho uld d e ve lo p q ua lity a sse ssme nt, mo nito ring a nd e va lua tio n
me c ha nisms;
2. G o ve rnme nts sho uld e nsure re se a rc h a nd d a ta c o lle c tio n in o rd e r to
fo rmula te a nd re g ula te p o lic ie s a nd p ro g ra ms a nd to e va lua te the imp a c t o f
ALE;
3. G o ve rnme nts sho uld d e ve lo p Na tio na l Q ua lific a tio n Fra me wo rks;
4. Q ua lity a ssura nc e , mo nito ring a nd e va lua tio n sho uld b e c o nd uc te d a t sub re g io na l a nd re g io na l le ve l;
5. A p e e r e va lua tio n stra te g y tha t invo lve s c ivil so c ie ty sho uld b e d e ve lo p e d .
Other issues
Be sid e the five ke y a re a s o the r a re a s we re id e ntifie d a s b e ing imp o rta nt in
a d d re ssing issue s in ALE. O ne a re a is p ro fe ssio na liza tio n o f ALE p e rso nne l. Ma ny
c o untrie s e xp e rie nc e d iffic ultie s in this a re a . Ma ny a d ult e d uc a tio n p ra c titio ne r
q ua lific a tio ns a re no t re c o g nize d a nd the re is a ne e d fo r b e tte r c o nd itio ns o f se rvic e .
Also , the te rtia ry institutio ns a t the na tio na l a nd re g io na l le ve ls ne e d to b e
stre ng the ne d to e d uc a te a nd tra in p ra c titio ne rs, ma na g e rs, a nd p o lic y d e ve lo p e rs
in a d ult e d uc a tio n.
Ano the r a re a tha t wa s re c o g nize d a s ne e d ing a tte ntio n is the imp le me nta tio n o f
p ro g ra ms. Q ue stio ns p o se d d uring the c o nfe re nc e inc lud e d , “ Wha t is a n e ffe c tive
ALE p ro g ra m? ” , “ Wha t c urric ulum is ne e d e d ? ” It wa s no te d b y so me p a rtic ip a nts
tha t the c urric ulum q ue stio n is c ruc ia l to the suc c e ss o f a n ALE p ro g ra m. Altho ug h
the o p e ning sp e e c h g ive n b y a re p re se nta tive o f c ivil so c ie ty p la c e d lite ra c y a nd
ALE in the c o nte xt o f d e ve lo p me nt, the a re a o f ALE is still se e n a s se p a ra te fro m
d e ve lo p me nt, whic h influe nc e s the re le va nc e o f ALE p ro g ra ms fo r the le a rne rs. No t
o nly the re le va nc e o f a c urric ulum is a n issue in imp le me nta tio ns o f p ro g ra ms, a lso
the e xp a nsio n o f a p ro g ra m is a n imp o rta nt issue . A sma ll suc c e ssful p ilo t p ro g ra m
mig ht ne e d to b e d iffe re ntly o rg a nize d whe n e xp a nd e d . While so me g o o d p ra c tic e s
we re sha re d , the y we re no t d isc usse d , a nd d id no t fe e d into the g e ne ra l issue s.
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The a re a o f IC T a nd me d ia wa s a lso se e n a s a n a re a tha t ne e d s to b e d e ve lo p e d to
se rve ALE b e tte r.
In g e ne ra l, the o utc o me s a nd issue s id e ntifie d d uring the c o nfe re nc e se e m to re fle c t
the ne e d s o f ALE o n the c o ntine nt. Ho we ve r, a s ha s b e e n no te d se ve ra l time s d uring
the c o nfe re nc e a nd in this re p o rt, a c o nfe re nc e like this c a nno t d ic ta te p o lic y to
g o ve rnme nts, it c a n o nly g ive re c o mme nd a tio ns. The imp le me nta tio n o f the
re c o mme nd a tio ns re ma ins sub je c t to p o litic a l will. Ha ving sa id this, the re a re se ve ra l
re c o mme nd a tio ns tha t a re re le va nt to a ll sta ke ho ld e rs e ng a g e d in ALE. Fo r e xa mp le
the ke y a re a s inc lusio n, p a rtic ip a tio n, a nd mo nito ring ha ve hig hlig hte d a re a s o f
ne e d tha t c a n b e a d d re sse d b y a ll sta ke ho ld e rs.
Conclusion
The Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e ha s suc c e e d e d in se ve ra l imp o rta nt
a re a s. Firstly, the issue s, ne e d s, a nd re c o mme nd a tio ns o f the Afric a re g io n ha ve
b e e n c la rifie d . Se c o nd ly, a se nse o f Afric a re g io na l unity a nd sup p o rt fo r the
o utc o me s ha s b e e n a c hie ve d . Third ly, the ne e d fo r a ll sta ke ho ld e rs to wo rk to g e the r
ha s b e e n a c kno wle d g e d a nd sig nific a nt ne two rking to this e nd ha s b e e n fa c ilita te d .
Tho ug h no t a ll q ue stio ns o r unc e rta intie s ha ve b e e n e limina te d , e sp e c ia lly in the
a re a o f info rma tio n p ro visio n, the e ffo rts o f the Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry
c o nfe re nc e ha ve g e ne ra te d the mo me ntum a nd unity ne c e ssa ry fo r a suc c e ssful
g lo b a l c o nfe re nc e this Ma y in Bra zil.
The Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e ra ise d a wa re ne ss o f se ve ra l a re a s o f
ne e d : p o lic y fo rmula tio n, a llo c a tio n o f fund s, inc lusio n, a nd c o o rd ina tio n o f ALE
sta ke ho ld e rs/ imp le me nte rs. The Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e fo r
C O NFINTEA VI ha s p ro vid e d g o o d re a so n fo r a ll p a rtic ip a nts to b e lie ve tha t the y
ha ve b e e n we ll re p re se nte d in the o utc o me s. The inc lusive a ttitud e s o n the p a rt o f
the UIL sta ff a nd the ir e ffo rts to b uild c o nse nsus a nd e nsure full p a rtic ip a tio n re sulte d
in a se nse o f o wne rship a nd sha re d re sp o nsib ility o n the p a rt o f a ll tha t we re p re se nt.
As sta te d in the d ra ft summa ry o f the c o untry re p o rts a nd in the Fina l O utc o me
Do c ume nt, it is c ruc ia l tha t a ll sta ke ho ld e rs c o o p e ra te a nd c o ntrib ute the ir stre ng ths
if ALE g o a ls a re to b e re a lize d .
A re ma ining c o nc e rn is tha t o f info rma tio n a nd re se a rc h, whic h a re c ruc ia l to b o th
re c o mme nd a tio ns a nd imp le me nta tio n. The la c k o f d a ta a nd insig hts in so me
c o untry re p o rts, a s we ll a s the o missio n o f so me re le va nt re se a rc h, ha s a n a d ve rse
imp a c t o n e ffe c tive p la nning a nd imp le me nta tio n. Fo r tha t re a so n, e ffo rts sho uld b e
inc re a se d to a ssure tha t the se e sse ntia l inp uts a re ma d e a va ila b le .
In the e nd , ho we ve r, g o o d p o lic y a nd we ll e a rne d e nthusia sm a re p o we rle ss witho ut
suffic ie nt p o litic a l will a nd the re so urc e s ne c e ssa ry to a ssure the ir imp le me nta tio n.
C O NFINTEA V d id no t ha ve the e ffe c t ho p e d fo r. As sta te d b y UIL, “ the re c o g nitio n
a nd stro ng c o mmitme nt e xp re sse d in 1997 (C O NFINTEA V) d id no t le a d to the
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c o rre sp o nd ing , inte g ra tio n, p o lic y p rio ritiza tio n a nd a llo c a tio n o f re so urc e s fo r a d ult
le a rning a nd e d uc a tio n, e ithe r na tio na lly o r inte rna tio na lly” (UIL 2007b :1). DVV
Inte rna tio na l furthe r sta te s tha t “ Sinc e the la st C O NFINTEA me e ting in 1997, the re ha s
b e e n little o r no inve stme nt in a d ult e d uc a tio n a c ro ss Afric a , Asia a nd La tin
Ame ric a ” (DVV Inte rna tio na l 2008:99). If, ind e e d , the re ha s b e e n so little p ro g re ss
sinc e the la st C O NFINTEA me e ting a p p a re ntly d ue to la c k o f will o n the p a rt o f so me
ma jo r sta ke ho ld e rs, d o we no w ha ve re a so n to b e lie ve tha t the ne xt d e c a d e will b e
a ny mo re p ro mising ? Ha s the re b e e n suffic ie nt c ha ng e o f he a rt o r e c o no mic
c irc umsta nc e to a ssure tha t a ny re c o mme nd a tio ns re sulting fro m C O NFINTEA VI will
like ly b e imp le me nte d ? Suc h a re the limita tio ns tha t c o uld re stric t p ro g re ss d e sp ite
the p ro mising p re p a ra tio ns ma d e a t the Afric a re g io na l me e ting .
Abbreviations
ALE
- Ad ult le a rning a nd e d uc a tio n
C BO
- C o mmunity b a se d o rg a niza tio n
DESD - De c a d e o f Ed uc a tio n fo r Susta ina b le De ve lo p me nt
EFA
- Ed uc a tio n fo r All
FBO
- Fa ith b a se d o rg a niza tio n
G RALE- G lo b a l Re p o rt o n Ad ult Le a rning a nd Ed uc a tio n
IC T
- Info rma tio n a nd c o mmunic a tio n te c hno lo g y
MDG - Mille nnium De ve lo p me nt G o a ls
NG O - No n g o ve rnme nt o rg a niza tio n
NQ F
- Na tio na l Q ua lific a tio ns Fra me wo rk
UNLD - Unite d Na tio ns Lite ra c y De c a d e
LIFE
- Lite ra c y Initia tive fo r Emp o we rme nt
15
References
Aitc hiso n, J., Alid o u, H. (2008) The De ve lo p me nt a nd Sta te o f Art o f Adult Le a rning
a nd Educ a tio n (ALE), Sub -Sa ha ra n Afric a . Na iro b i, UNESC O .
http ://www.e duc a tio n.na iro b iune sc o .o rg /PDFs/C O NFINTEA_Summa ry_SSA_O c to b e r%202008.p df [Ac c e sse d 20
O c to b e r 2008].
ANC EFA (2008) Afric a Re g io na l Educ a tio n Wa tc h Re p o rt, mo nito ring EFA
imp le me nta tio n in Afric a .
Arc he r, D. (2008) Fina nc ing Ad ult Lite ra c y. Adult Educ a tio n a nd De ve lo p me nt, no .
71, p p . 99–102.
DVV Inte rna tio na l (2008) Adult Educ a tio n a nd De ve lo p me nt, no . 71.
KNBS (2007) Ke nya Na tio na l Adult Lite ra c y Surve y Re p o rt. Na iro b i, Ke nya Na tio na l
Bure a u o f Sta tistic s.
Ric hmo nd , M. Ro b inso n, C . Sa c hs-Isra e l, M.(2008) The G lo b a l Lite ra c y C ha lle ng e , A
p ro file o f yo uth a nd a dult lite ra c y a t the mid-p o int o f the Unite d Na tio ns Lite ra c y
De c a de 2003–2012. Pa ris, UNESC O .
UIL. (2007a ) Se le c tio n o f Effe c tive Adult Lite ra c y a nd Nume ra c y Pro g ra mme s.
Ha mb urg , UIL. http :/ / www.une sc o .o rg / uil/ lite ra c yp ro g ra mme s/ 11_e n.html
[Ac c e sse d 27 No ve mb e r 2008].
UIL. (2007b ) UIL Ne xus, Sp e c ia l issue o f the e le c tro nic ne wsle tte r o f the UNESC O
Institute fo r Life lo ng Le a rning (UIL). Ha mb urg , UIL.
http :/ / www.fe fle a rning .hu/ hun/ d o c / uil_hirle ve l.p d f [Ac c e sse d 27 No ve mb e r 2008].
UIL. (2008a ) Pro c e ss a nd Me tho do lo g y o f G RALE. Ha mb urg , UIL.
http :/ / g ra le c o nfinte a 6.ne t/ g lo b a lre p o rt.htm [Ac c e sse d 27 No ve mb e r 2008].
UIL. (2008b ) Pro c e ss a nd Me tho do lo g y o f G RALE. Ha mb urg , UIL.
http :/ / g ra le c o nfinte a 6.ne t/ na tio na lre p o rt.htm [Ac c e sse d 27 No ve mb e r 2008].
Report and analysis of the preparatory meeting for Africa
CONFINTEA VI
Rudy Klaas and Agatha Van Ginkel
SIL International
2009
SIL Forum for Language Fieldwork 2009-001, June 2009
Copyright © 2009 Rudy Klaas, Agatha Van Ginkel, and SIL International
All rights reserved
2
Abstract
This re p o rt a na lyze s the Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e fo r C O NFINTEA V1 in
te rms o f p ro c e sse s, o utc o me s, a nd issue s. The c o nfe re nc e is p a rt o f a g lo b a l p ro c e ss
a d d re ssing issue s re la te d to a d ult le a rning . The fina l o utc o me d o c ume nt p ro d uc e d
b y the c o nfe re nc e inc lud e s re c o mme nd a tio ns a nd a c tio ns in five ke y a re a s: p o lic y,
tra ining , inc lusio n, p a rtic ip a tio n, a nd mo nito ring to o ls. This re p o rt is me a nt to info rm
p e o p le a nd o rg a niza tio ns tha t ha ve a n inte re st in a d ult e d uc a tio n, b ut who d id no t
a tte nd the c o nfe re nc e . It sho uld g ive a c le a r o ve rvie w o f wha t the c o nfe re nc e wa s
a b o ut, ho w info rma tio n wa s p ro c e sse d , a nd wha t the o utc o me s a nd issue s a re .
3
Contents
Intro d uc tio n
Pro c e ss
The g lo b a l p ro c e ss
The Afric a re g io na l c o nfe re nc e p ro c e ss
The c o untry re p o rts a nd d ra ft summa ry re p o rt
Fro m summa ry re p o rt to Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt
Ana lysis o f the p ro c e ss
O utc o me s a nd issue s
Po lic ie s
Fina nc ing
Inc lusio n
Pa rtic ip a tio n
Mo nito ring to o ls
O the r issue s
C o nc lusio n
Ab b re via tio ns
Re fe re nc e s
4
Introduction
The p re p a ra to ry me e ting fo r Afric a C O NFINTEA VI wa s p a rt o f a se rie s o f re g io na l
me e ting s o rg a nize d a ro und the wo rld to p re p a re fo r the Sixth Inte rna tio na l
C o nfe re nc e o n Ad ult Ed uc a tio n (C O NFINTEA VI), whic h will ta ke p la c e Ma y 2009 in
Bra zil. The c o nfe re nc e in Bra zil will fo c us o n thre e ma jo r o b je c tive s:
1. To p ush fo rwa rd the re c o g nitio n o f a d ult le a rning a nd e d uc a tio n a s a n
imp o rta nt e le me nt o f a nd fa c to r c o nd uc ive to life lo ng le a rning , o f whic h
lite ra c y is the fo und a tio n;
2. To hig hlig ht the c ruc ia l ro le o f a d ult le a rning a nd e d uc a tio n fo r the
re a liza tio n o f c urre nt inte rna tio na l e d uc a tio n a nd d e ve lo p me nt a g e nd a s
(EFA, MDG s, UNLD, LIFE, a nd DESD);
3. To re ne w p o litic a l mo me ntum a nd c o mmitme nt a nd to d e ve lo p the to o ls
fo r imp le me nta tio n in o rd e r to mo ve fro m rhe to ric to a c tio n. (C O NFINTEA
VI C o nfe re nc e p ro g ra m , p . 2).
The re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e s fo c us o n the ir re g io na l sp e c ific issue s in a d ult
le a rning . The the me o f the Afric a n re g io na l me e ting wa s ‘ The p o we r o f Yo uth a nd
Ad ult le a rning fo r Afric a ’ s d e ve lo p me nt’ .
This re p o rt a na lyze s the Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e fo r C O NFINTEA VI in
te rms o f p ro c e sse s, o utc o me s, a nd issue s. It is me a nt to info rm p e o p le a nd
o rg a niza tio ns tha t ha ve a n inte re st in a d ult e d uc a tio n, b ut who d id no t a tte nd the
c o nfe re nc e . It sho uld g ive a c le a r o ve rvie w o f wha t the c o nfe re nc e wa s a b o ut, ho w
info rma tio n wa s p ro c e sse d , a nd wha t the o utc o me s a nd issue s a re . Mo st o f the
info rma tio n use d in this p a p e r c o me s fro m d o c ume nts ha nd e d o ut d uring the
c o nfe re nc e in Na iro b i. O the r so urc e s a re se p a ra te ly a c kno wle d g e d .
Process
The global process
The Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e is the mo st re c e nt ste p in the p ro c e ss o f
c o lla b o ra tive c o nfe re nc e s, the ma tic me e ting s, re vie ws, re se a rc h-b a se d e vid e nc e
c o lle c tio n, a nd ne two rking . This p ro c e ss inc lud e s the e ffo rts o f ma ny sta ke ho ld e rs
(UNESC O Me mb e r Sta te s, Unite d Na tio ns a g e nc ie s a nd inte rna tio na l d e ve lo p me nt
p a rtne rs, c ivil so c ie ty, re se a rc h institutio ns, a nd the p riva te se c to r) a nd will c ulmina te
in a g lo b a l c o nfe re nc e , C O NFINTEA VI in Bra zil, Ma y 2009.
The Afric a re g io na l c o nfe re nc e p ro d uc e d a ‘ Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt’ whic h
inc lud e d re c o mme nd a tio ns fo r a c tio n. This d o c ume nt will fe e d into the g lo b a l
C O NFINTEA VI wo rking d o c ume nt o r G lo b a l Re p o rt o n Ad ult Le a rning a nd Ed uc a tio n
(G RALE). Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nts fro m the fo ur o the r re g io na l c o nfe re nc e s will
like wise fe e d into the C O NFINTEA VI wo rking d o c ume nt a s sho w in Fig ure 1.
5
Fig ure 1 O ve rvie w o f the info rm a tio n tha t will fe e d into the G RA LE (UIL, 2008a )
The re c o mme nd a tio ns o f the re g io na l c o nfe re nc e s sho uld b e tra nsla te d into
na tio na l stra te g ie s a nd se rve a s a b a sis to e nsure the fo llo w-up to the re g io na l
c o nfe re nc e a nd imp le me nta tio n a t b o th na tio na l a nd re g io na l le ve ls.
The ma jo r o utp ut o f C O NFINTEA VI will b e a g lo b a l ‘ Fra me wo rk fo r Ac tio n’ , inc lud ing
ke y stra te g ie s/ re c o mme nd a tio ns a nd b e nc hma rks. It sho uld , ho we ve r, b e ke p t in
p e rsp e c tive tha t the re sult o f this c o nfe re nc e is a d viso ry to a nd no t b ind ing up o n
g o ve rnme nts. Po litic a l will a nd re so urc e a va ila b ility re ma in imp o rta nt issue s fo r the
imp le me nta tio n o f the se re c o mme nd a tio ns, a s will b e sho wn in this p a p e r.
The Africa regional conference process
The country reports and draft summary report
The c o untry re p o rts a re a ma jo r so urc e o f inp ut fo r the g lo b a l a nd re g io na l
c o nfe re nc e s. The y will a lso sup p ly c ritic a l d a ta fo r the G RALE (UIL 2008b ). It is
the re fo re imp o rta nt tha t the c o untry re p o rts ha ve a c c ura te a nd re le va nt
info rma tio n. In o rd e r to g a in the ne c e ssa ry d a ta a b o ut Ad ult Le a rning a nd
Ed uc a tio n (ALE) fro m the c o untry re p o rts, the UNESC O Institute fo r Life lo ng Le a rning
(UIL) sup p lie d a fra me wo rk fo r the c o untry re p o rts:
1) Po litic s, le g isla tio n a nd fina nc ing ;
2) Q ua lity o f Ad ult Le a rning a nd Ed uc a tio n: Pro visio n, Pa rtic ip a tio n a nd
Ac hie ve me nt;
3) Re se a rc h, Inno va tio n a nd G o o d Pra c tic e ;
4) Ad ult Lite ra c y;
5) Exp e c ta tio ns o f C O NFINTEA VI a nd future p e rsp e c tive s fo r ALE.
De sp ite the g uid e line s p ro vid e d , no t a ll c o untry re p o rts p ro vid e d d a ta , o r c o uld
p ro vid e o nly limite d d a ta , o n the to p ic s re q ue ste d . The p a uc ity o f d a ta in so me
re p o rts a s c o mp a re d to o the rs is re fle c te d b y the sig nific a nt va ria tio n in the le ng th o f
the re p o rts. Le ng th va rie d fro m five p a g e s (G uine a -Bissa u) a nd se ve n p a g e s (C ô te
d ’ Ivo ire ) to 52 p a g e s (Se ne g a l) a nd 97 p a g e s (Nig e ria ). So me c o untrie s, suc h a s
C e ntra l Afric a n Re p ub lic , Ma li, a nd C ô te d ’ Ivo ire , re p o rte d tha t c e rta in info rma tio n
wa s no t a va ila b le o r sta te d tha t the y d id no t ha ve a c c e ss to c e rta in info rma tio n
6
p e rta ining to the a c tivitie s o f NG O s a nd / o r the p riva te se c to r. Ano the r c ha lle ng e
re p o rte d wa s tha t ALE e ffo rts we re d isp e rse d thro ug ho ut se ve ra l d iffe re nt
g o ve rnme nt ministrie s, whic h ma d e it d iffic ult to c o mp ile the info rma tio n ne e d e d .
The q ua lity o f c o untry re p o rts wa s a lso influe nc e d b y the a mo unt o f a na lysis o r
c ritic ism p ro vid e d a s the re p o rte rs re fle c te d o n the ir o wn d a ta . So me c o untry re p o rts
p ro vid e d insig htful c o mme nta ry o n the e ffe c tive ne ss o f the ir o wn situa tio ns, while
mo st o the rs re p o rte d o nly fa c ts, le a ving the a na lysis to tho se who summa rize d the
c o untry re p o rts. The Se ne g a l c o untry re p o rt, fo r e xa mp le , o ffe re d q ua lita tive a na lysis
a nd sta te d the imp lic a tio ns o f ALE’ s c urre nt sta b ility, within the p o litic a l struc ture s
tha t o ve rse e ALE. The C a me ro o n c o untry re p o rt me ntio ns the la c k o f syne rg y
re sulta nt fro m the iso la te d ma nne r in whic h the d e p a rtme nts o f a p a rtic ula r ministry
func tio n d e sp ite the e xiste nc e o f a c o o rd ina ting c o mmitte e . Suc h insig hts he lp in
g e ne ra liza tio n, while the ir a b se nc e re q uire s o the rs to ma ke the ir o wn g e ne ra liza tio ns
b a se d o n limite d insig ht.
A va ria b le tha t influe nc e d the a b ility to g e ne ra lize fro m the c o untry re p o rts wa s the
la c k o f sta nd a rd iza tio n o f te rmino lo g y a nd c o nc e p ts. The te rm ‘ a d ult’ , fo r e xa mp le ,
wa s q ue rie d , a s the re a p p e a re d to b e a va ria tio n in the a g e c rite ria use d whe n
g a the ring info rma tio n p e rta ining to a d ults. A p ub lic a tio n o f UNESC O me ntio ns tha t
“ Fo r mo st c o untrie s, a dult lite ra c y re fe rs to p ro g ra ms fo r the 15+ a g e g ro up ; within
tha t, yo uth lite ra c y mo st fre q ue ntly re fe rs to the 15–24 a g e g ro up ” (Ric hmo nd e t a l.
2008:10). Ho we ve r, d uring the c o nfe re nc e so me p e o p le re fe rre d to yo uth a s b e ing in
the a g e g ro up b e twe e n 15 a nd 30 ye a rs o ld . In a d d itio n, the c o nc e p t o f ‘ a d ult
e d uc a tio n’ wa s a lso q ue rie d a s the re we re d iffe re nt vie ws e xp re sse d b y so me in
p le na ry a s to the sc o p e o f tho se inc lud e d in a d ult e d uc a tio n p ro g ra ms a s we ll a s
the c o nte nt o r c urric ulum o f a d ult e d uc a tio n p ro g ra ms.
Ne ve rthe le ss, a d ra ft summa ry o f the c o untry re p o rts wa s p ro d uc e d b y Dr. Jo hn
Aitc hiso n a nd Dr. Ha ssa na Alid o u. In p re se nting the re p o rt Aitc hiso n sta te d tha t the
va ria nc e in the a mo unt o f d a ta p ro vid e d ma d e g e ne ra liza tio n d iffic ult. He
c o mp a re d the a mo unt o f info rma tio n a va ila b le o n so me to p ic s to a ‘ d e se rt’ .
De sp ite the se limita tio ns, the p le na ry se ssio n a p p la ud e d the e ffo rt a nd c o ntrib utio n
ma d e .
From summary report to Final Outcome Document
Ea c h p a rt o f the d ra ft summa ry re p o rt wa s the n syste ma tic a lly d isc usse d in p le na ry
a nd / o r p a ra lle l se ssio ns. Ea c h se ssio n a d d re sse d a se c tio n o f the summa ry re p o rt,
g a the ring fe e d b a c k a nd inc o rp o ra ting c o ntrib utio ns. The p le na ry se ssio ns a lso
inc lud e d p re se nta tio ns a nd d isc ussio n o n the fo llo wing to p ic s: the p o lic ie s,
g o ve rna nc e struc ture s a nd fina nc ing o f yo uth a nd a d ult le a rning , a nd yo uth a nd
a d ult le a rning a s a re so urc e fo r a p a rtic ip a tive a nd inc lusive so c ie ty.
The c o nte xtua l issue s, c ha lle ng e s, a nd imp lic a tio ns in the d ra ft summa ry we re
d isc usse d in p a ra lle l se ssio ns, re sulting in a c o nc ise se t o f issue s, tre nd s, a nd
c ha lle ng e s (se e se c tio n O utc o me s a nd Issue s). Disc ussio ns re c o g nize d se ve ra l
7
limita tio ns a ffe c ting the d ra ft Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt. O ne suc h limita tio n w a s the
va ria tio ns in the c o untry re p o rts a s me ntio ne d a b o ve a nd the re fo re the va ria b le s
intro d uc e d into the summa riza tio n a nd g e ne ra liza tio n p ro c e sse s.
The la st d a y wa s d e d ic a te d to the d isc ussio n a nd fina liza tio n o f the Fina l O utc o me
Do c ume nt. Imp o rta ntly, a ll p a rtic ip a nts we re a b le to c o ntrib ute in p le na ry, whic h
fa c ilita te d a se nse o f g ro up o wne rship o f the fina l p ro d uc t. The Fina l O utc o me
Do c ume nt wa s a p p ro ve d tha t e ve ning .
Analysis of the process
The b e st me a sure o f the suc c e ss o f the p ro c e ss is p e rha p s in the b ro a d se nse o f
o wne rship a nd c o nse nsus o n the p a rt o f p a rtic ip a nts tha t c ha ra c te rize d the fina l
p ro d uc t. An imp o rta nt ste p in a tta ining o wne rship a nd c o nse nsus d uring the
c o nfe re nc e wa s the c re a tio n o f a n e nviro nme nt in whic h a ll fe lt fre e to c o ntrib ute ,
kno wing tha t the ir c o ntrib utio n wo uld b e re sp e c te d a nd c o nsid e re d . This sa fe
e nviro nme nt wa s fa c ilita te d b y se ve ra l e ve nts a nd a ttitud e s suc h a s a sinc e re
we lc o me o n the p a rt o f the c o nfe re nc e o rg a nize rs, ve rb a lly e nc o ura g ing inp ut fro m
p a rtic ip a nts, a nd the e ve ntua l p ro visio n o f mic ro p ho ne s to tho se who o rig ina lly ha d
limite d a c c e ss. The fa c t tha t p le na ry a nd p a ra lle l se ssio n fa c ilita to rs d id no t
ne g a tive ly c ritiq ue p a rtic ip a nts’ inp ut e nc o ura g e d furthe r c o ntrib utio ns. Tha t this
inp ut wa s o fte n the n re fle c te d in sub se q ue nt d ra fts o f d o c ume nts d e mo nstra te d to
p a rtic ip a nts tha t the ir c o ntrib utio ns ha d b e e n c o nsid e re d , the re b y fo ste ring a se nse
o f g ro up o wne rship o f the re sulta nt d o c ume nt.
The re we re se ve ra l c ha lle ng e s tha t influe nc e d the p ro c e ss a t d iffe re nt sta g e s. The
c ha lle ng e o f the va ria nc e in the c o untry re p o rts ha s a lre a d y b e e n me ntio ne d .
Lo g istic a l d iffic ultie s suc h a s the limite d a c c e ss to mic ro p ho ne s b y whic h no ng o ve rnme nt p a rtic ip a nts c o uld ma ke c o ntrib utio ns a lso influe nc e d tha t p ro c e ss.
Tha t the no n-g o ve rnme nt p a rtic ip a nts ha d limite d a c c e ss to mic ro p ho ne s ma y ha ve
le d to so me frustra tio n o n the ir p a rt. The c o nfe re nc e o rg a nize rs we re se nsitive to this
a nd so sup p lie d a mo b ile mic ro p ho ne whic h wa s q uic kly p ro vid e d whe n a
p a rtic ip a nt in the b a c k o f the ro o m wishe d to b e re c o g nize d . Ano the r lo g istic a l
d iffic ulty wa s the time a va ila b le fo r d isc ussio n b o th in p le na ry se ssio n a nd p a ra lle l
se ssio n. O n o c c a sio n, the time a va ila b le fo r d isc ussio ns d id no t se e m suffic ie nt to
tho ro ug hly d isc uss the issue s. Tho ug h this mig ht ha ve a g a in le d to so me frustra tio n,
the c re a tio n o f a sa fe e nviro nme nt a nd the inc o rp o ra tio n o f a wid e va rie ty o f
p a rtic ip a nt c o ntrib utio n into the sub se q ue nt d ra fts mo re tha n ma d e up fo r this.
It wa s inte re sting to o b se rve tha t whe n the d ra ft Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt wa s
p re se nte d so me p a rtic ip a nts re a c te d to the wa y the ALE situa tio n o n the c o ntine nt
wa s re p re se nte d . The y e xp re sse d tha t the y tho ug ht the p ic ture p a inte d in the
‘ g e ne ra l c o nte xt’ o f the d o c ume nt wa s to o b le a k a nd se ve ra l a d va nc e s ha d b e e n
ma d e , whic h d id no t c o me thro ug h in this first d ra ft. As a re sult o f this e xp re sse d
re a c tio n c ha ng e s we re ma d e in the Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt. Ho we ve r, this
se e me d to re sult in a d isc re p a nc y b e twe e n the p re se nta tio n o f the situa tio n in the
summa ry re p o rt writte n b e fo re the c o nfe re nc e a nd the Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt
8
tha t wa s p ro d uc e d in d uring the c o nfe re nc e . The Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt se e ms
to p re se nt so me e xa mp le s o f suc c e ssful ALE p ro g ra ms a nd / o r stra te g ie s a s
no rma tive , while the y we re o nly e xa mp le s, if no t e xc e p tio ns. The imp re ssio n fro m the
c o untry re p o rts, a s re p o rte d in the summa ry re p o rt is “ tha t the c ha lle ng e s fa c ing
a d ult le a rning a nd e d uc a tio n a re ma ssive , wid e ra ng ing a nd syste mic ” (Aitc hiso n
a nd Alid o u 2008:2). It ha s to b e sa id , ho we ve r, tha t the Fina l O utc o me Do c ume nt
a lso sta te s the c ha lle ng e s tha t a re the re in ALE a s re fle c te d in the c o untry re p o rts.
Outcomes and issues
The o utc o me s a nd issue s fro m the c o nfe re nc e c a n b e g ro up e d a ro und five ke y
a re a s:
1. Po lic ie s;
2. Fina nc ing ;
3. Inc lusio n (ho w to e nsure c o nd itio ns tha t e na b le the inc lusio n o f
ma rg ina lize d g ro up s in le a rning );
4. Pa rtic ip a tio n (ho w to mo b ilize a nd mo tiva te yo uth a nd a d ults to ta ke
p a rt in le a rning );
5. Mo nito ring to o ls (suc h a s re p o rting me c ha nisms a nd b e nc hma rks).
The se ke y a re a s a re use d b e lo w to re p o rt o n the o utc o me s a nd issue s d isc usse d
d uring the c o nfe re nc e .
Policies
The c o untry re p o rts sta te d tha t the re a re se ve ra l c ha lle ng e s in the a re a o f p o lic y
a nd g o ve rna nc e . Ve ry fe w c o untrie s ha ve c o mp re he nsive p o lic ie s a nd stra te g ic
p la ns tha t a d d re ss ALE. As the se c ha lle ng e s we re d isc usse d d uring the se ssio ns it wa s
o b se rve d tha t the la c k o f c o mp re he nsive p o lic ie s a nd stra te g ic p la ns c a n b e
a ttrib ute d to the fa c t tha t ALE is o fte n se e n a s a n e xp e nd iture ra the r tha n a n
inve stme nt whic h c o uld p ro d uc e imp o rta nt re turns. The se re turns c o uld e ve ntua lly
o ffse t a nd surp a ss the c o st o f inve stme nt.
Ano the r c ha lle ng e in the a re a o f p o lic y a nd g o ve rna nc e is tha t the d e ve lo p me nt o f
p o lic ie s is o fte n no t e vid e nc e b a se d , while “ So und p o lic ie s a nd p la nning ne e d
so und d a ta – re lia b le a nd time ly d a ta o n lite ra c y le ve ls o f p o p ula tio n g ro up s, o n
p a tte rns o f lite ra c y a nd illite ra c y, a nd o n the typ e s, q ua lity a nd o utc o me s o f lite ra c y
p ro g ra ms” (Ric hmo nd e t a l. 2008:44). The re se e m to b e se ve ra l re a so ns fo r the la c k
o f e vid e nc e -b a se d p o lic ie s, o ne o f the m b e ing tha t little re se a rc h is c a rrie d o ut in
the a re a o f ALE. Tho ug h unive rsitie s a re institutio ns tha t sho uld p ro vid e e vid e nc e b a se d info rma tio n a b o ut ALE a nd the re b y info rm the p o lic y ma ke rs a nd
p ra c titio ne rs a b o ut ALE, the ir ro le in this p ro c e ss is no t we ll re c o g nize d . So me
c o untrie s re p o rte d tha t unive rsitie s ha ve no t b e e n fle xib le a nd re sp o nsive e no ug h in
the ir ro le to sup p o rt ALE. At the sa me time , fund ing institutio na l d e ve lo p me nt a nd
re se a rc h a t hig he r e d uc a tio na l le ve ls ha s b e e n a b se nt, ina d e q ua te , o r p o o rly
susta ine d .
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Furthe rmo re , ALE fa c e s the c ha lle ng e o f la c k o f multi-se c to r c o lla b o ra tio n in tha t its
d e live ry is o fte n d ivid e d b e twe e n d iffe re nt ministrie s a nd o rg a niza tio ns in the
a b se nc e o f suffic ie nt c o o rd ina tio n.
La stly, ALE fa c e s a c ha lle ng e b e c a use the re a re fe w if a ny links o r c o mp a ra b le
sta nd a rd s b e twe e n fo rma l a nd no n-fo rma l e d uc a tio n. Suc h sta nd a rd s c o uld
p ro vid e re c o g nitio n o f no n-fo rma l a c hie ve me nt in the fo rma l syste m. It is re c o g nize d
b y se ve ra l c o untrie s tha t Na tio na l Q ua lific a tio n Fra me wo rks (NQ F) c o uld p ro vid e
suc h sta nd a rd s.
Ne ve rthe le ss, the re a re so me a d va nc e s to re p o rt in this a re a . C ivil so c ie ty a nd the
inte rna tio na l c o mmunity ha ve b e e n a b le to p ro mo te se ve ra l inno va tive p ra c tic e s
a nd p ro g ra ms whic h ha ve ha d a p o sitive imp a c t o n ALE. Two e xa mp le s a re REFLEC T
a p p ro a c h to a d ult lite ra c y a nd so c ia l c ha ng e , a nd the fa ire -fa ire stra te g y, whic h is
a mo d e l fo r d e c e ntra lizing the ma na g e me nt o f e d uc a tio n.
The re c o mme nd a tio ns in this ke y a re a a re :
1. Ea c h c o untry sho uld ha ve a c o mp re he nsive na tio na l yo uth a nd a d ult
le a rning e d uc a tio n p o lic y, inc lud ing a c o mp re he nsive la ng ua g e p o lic y a nd
sup p o rt fo r c re a ting a lite ra te e nviro nme nt;
2. The p o lic y sho uld b e b a c ke d b y le g isla tio n a nd p ro visio n o f c a p a c ity to
imp le me nt the p o lic y;
3. The p o lic y sho uld ta ke into a c c o unt stra te g ie s fo r p o ve rty a lle via tio n.
Financing
While Ed uc a tio n fo r All (EFA) ha s inc re a se d the e xp e nd iture o f e d uc a tio n in
p ro p o rtio n to the g ro ss d o me stic p ro d uc t o f c o untrie s (ANC EFA, 2008), ALE re ma ins
p o o rly fina nc e d . Mo st o f the fina nc e s fo r e d uc a tio n a re inve ste d in p rima ry
e d uc a tio n, no t in ALE. The re se e m to b e se ve ra l re a so ns fo r this:
1. ALE is o fte n se e n a s a n e xp e nd iture ra the r tha n a n inve stme nt;
2. ALE is o fte n no t c a rrie d o ut b y the ministry o f e d uc a tio n, b ut b y ma ny o the r
ministrie s a nd o the r sta ke ho ld e rs while la c king multi-se c to r c o lla b o ra tio n;
3. The re a re ve ry fe w c o mp re he nsive p o lic ie s tha t a d d re ss ALE.
The fund ing o f ALE is se ld o m b a se d o n a n a d e q ua te ne e d s a sse ssme nt, re se a rc h
d a ta a nd a d e q ua te c o sting a nd b ud g e ting . Ho we ve r, a n e xa mp le o f g o o d
p ra c tic e in this a re a c o me s fro m Ke nya , whe re a lite ra c y surve y wa s c a rrie d o ut
(KNBS, 2007). Ba se d o n the d a ta o f tha t surve y the g o ve rnme nt wa s c o nvinc e d o f
the ne e d fo r ALE a nd c ha ng e d p o lic y, g o ve rna nc e , a nd fina nc e s fo r ALE.
The re c o mme nd a tio ns in this ke y a re a a re :
1. A ne w c o mmitme nt b y the d iffe re nt sta ke ho ld e rs, g o ve rnme nt a nd no ng o ve rnme nt, to wa rd s susta ina b le fund ing ;
2. A minimum fund ing b e nc hma rk a s a p e rc e nta g e o f the na tio na l e d uc a tio n
b ud g e t;
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3. The d e ve lo p me nt o f stra te g ie s fo r the mo b iliza tio n o f fund s a nd fo r the ir
a c c o unta b le a nd tra nsp a re nt utiliza tio n the re o f.
A fe w c o mme nts ha ve to b e ma d e . Firstly, the re a so n fo r la c k o f fina nc e s in the a re a
o f ALE is c lo se ly inte rtwine d with p o lic y c ho ic e s. Se c o nd ly, it wa s no te d tha t the
Ab uja C a ll fo r Ac tio n re c o mme nd e d a minimum b e nc hma rk o f 3% o f the na tio na l
e d uc a tio n b ud g e t fo r fina nc ing ALE. “ This re c o mme nd a tio n wa s b a se d o n the id e a
tha t g o ve rnme nts sho uld sp e nd 6% o f the ir e d uc a tio n b ud g e ts o n a d ult e d uc a tio n
a nd ha lf o f tha t sho uld g o to b a sic lite ra c y” (Arc he r 2008:100). Ho we ve r, mo st
g o ve rnme nts se e m to ha ve no t ta ke n this b e nc hma rk into a c c o unt whe n d istrib uting
the fina nc e s fo r e d uc a tio n. This illustra te s ho w re c o mme nd a tio ns sug g e ste d b y
c o nfe re nc e s like this a re sub je c t to p o litic a l will.
Inclusion
This ke y a re a fo c use d o n g ro up s o f p e o p le who a re e xc lud e d fo r d iffe re nt re a so ns.
During the d isc ussio ns it b e c a me c le a r tha t so me g ro up s o f p e o p le ha ve b e e n
e xc lud e d b e c a use the y ha ve p hysic a l o r p syc ho lo g ic a l d isa b ilitie s. Ho we ve r, la rg e
g ro up s o f p e o p le ha ve b e e n e xc lud e d b e c a use the y a re mino rity (la ng ua g e )
g ro up s. The ma in re a so n the y a re e xc lud e d is tha t e d uc a tio n is no t p ro vid e d in a
la ng ua g e the y und e rsta nd . It wa s no te d b y so me p a rtic ip a nts o f the c o nfe re nc e
tha t o fte n e d uc a tio n p ro g ra ms a re d e live re d thro ug h la ng ua g e s o f wid e r
c o mmunic a tio n whic h a re p o o rly o r no t a t a ll und e rsto o d b y the se g ro up s. At the
sa me time the c o nte nt o f the e d uc a tio n p ro g ra m is to o c lo se ly re la te d to the
ma instre a m c ulture , whic h ha s little o r no re la tio nship with the ir o wn c ulture . Eve n
tho se e nte ring a le a rning p ro g ra m mig ht no t c o mp le te it, d ue to the fa c t tha t the
c o nte nt o f the p ro g ra m d o e s no t ha ve a ny re le va nc e to the ir live s.
A c ha lle ng e in this a re a is tha t while in mo st Afric a n c o untrie s the ro le o f mo the r
to ng ue a s a n e ffe c tive me a ns o f c o mmunic a tio n, a d ministra tio n a nd le a rning is
re c o g nize d , it is no ne the le ss no t we ll e xp lo ite d a nd o fte n ne g le c te d . The fina l re p o rt
o f the c o nfe re nc e sta te s tha t “ The re is limite d e ffo rt to use a ll the writing syste ms
a va ila b le to the c o mmunitie s” (Arc he r 2008:4).
An a re a whe re so me a d va nc e s ha ve b e e n ma d e with re g a rd to g ro up s with sp e c ia l
ne e d s is e d uc a tio n fo r wo me n. In lite ra c y a nd o the r a d ult e d uc a tio n p ro g ra ms the
issue o f g e nd e r ha s to so me e xte nt b e e n ma instre a me d a nd this ha s ha d so me
imp a c t o n wo me n’ s le a d e rship a nd p a rtic ip a tio n in d e c isio n ma king . In the who le o f
Afric a , the lite ra c y ra te a mo ng wo me n ha s rise n fro m 45% to 53%, b ut the p ro p o rtio n
o f illite ra te wo me n within the to ta l illite ra te p o p ula tio n ha s inc re a se d slig htly fro m
61% to 62% (Ric hmo nd e t a l. 2008).
An e xa mp le o f a n inc lusive ALE p ro g ra m whic h wa s p re se nte d d uring the
c o nfe re nc e is the ALE p ro g ra m fo r no ma d ic p e o p le in Nig e ria . This ALE p ro g ra m
ma ke s use o f mo b ile c la ssro o ms a nd ra d io b ro a d c a st to e d uc a te p e o p le . The y ha ve
b e e n a b le to p ro vid e e d uc a tio n fo r 10% o f the no ma d ic p o p ula tio n, whe re o nly le ss
tha n 1% ha d p a rtic ip a te d in e d uc a tio n b e fo re (UIL 2007a ).
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The re c o mme nd a tio n fo r this ke y a re a is:
1. Pro mo te inc lusio n thro ug h ALE p ro g ra ms tha t ta ke into c o nsid e ra tio n the
sp e c ific ne e d s o f the mino ritie s, vulne ra b le a nd ma rg ina lize d g ro up s, a nd
g ro up s with sp e c ia l ne e d s.
Participation
The c o nc e p t o f p a rtic ip a tio n re fe rre d to c o lla b o ra tio n o f sta ke ho ld e rs p ro vid ing ALE.
The c o untry re p o rts sho we d tha t the re a re ma ny mo re sta ke ho ld e rs b e sid e the
g o ve rnme nt invo lve d in ALE. Ho we ve r, the re is little c o nsulta tio n a mo ng the d iffe re nt
sta ke ho ld e rs a nd b e twe e n the sta ke ho ld e rs a nd the g o ve rnme nt. At the sa me time
the ro le o f c ivil so c ie ty g ro up s, NG O s a nd FBO s wa s re c o g nize d a s b e ing imp o rta nt.
The y a re the p e o p le who wo rk in the fie ld , a re in to uc h with the ta rg e t g ro up s, a nd
a re a b le to p ro vid e ALE re le va nt to the ta rg e t g ro up .
The c ha lle ng e s fo r the g o ve rnme nt a re a lre a d y me ntio ne d und e r p o lic y a nd
fina nc e . The g o ve rnme nt o fte n d o e s no t ha ve a n a wa re ne ss o f who is p a rtic ip a ting
in d e live ring ALE p ro g ra ms a nd to wha t d e g re e , no r is the re inte r-se c to ra l
c o lla b o ra tio n. The re is o fte n insuffic ie nt c o lla b o ra tio n b e twe e n g o ve rnme nt a nd
o the rs (inc lud ing o the r ministrie s) invo lve d in d e live ring ALE. This re sults in la c k o f
sha re d info rma tio n a nd la c k o f syne rg y.
The re c o mme nd a tio ns fo r this ke y a re a a re :
1. C o lla b o ra tio n b e twe e n g o ve rnme nt, p riva te se c to r, a nd c ivil so c ie ty
o rg a niza tio ns (NG O s, C BO s, re lig io us a nd o the r o rg a niza tio ns) in d e ve lo p ing
p o lic y a nd p ro g ra m stra te g ie s fo r ALE;
2. Enc o ura g e me nt a nd sup p o rt fo r the ro le o f c ivil so c ie ty;
3. De ve lo p me nt o f a c c o unta b le a nd tra nsp a re nt fra me wo rks fo r c o lla b o ra tio n.
Monitoring tools
The re a re still se ve ra l c ha lle ng e s in the a re a o f mo nito ring . In o rd e r to mo nito r
p ro g ra ms, c le a r o b je c tive s, re lia b le d a ta , a nd a re lia b le ma na g e me nt info rma tio n
syste m must b e in p la c e . Mo st c o untrie s la c k wa ys to c o lle c t re lia b le d a ta . ANC EFA
(2008) no tic e d this in the ir Afric a Re g io na l Ed uc a tio n Wa tc h re p o rt. The y re p o rt tha t:
“ The a b ility o f mo st c o untrie s to ha lve the ir illite ra c y le ve ls b y 2015 is b lurre d b y la c k
o f a c c ura te d a ta o n lite ra c y le ve ls a s ma ny o f the se c o untrie s re ly o n o ld c e nsus
d a ta ” (ANC EFA 2008:18). Ac c ura te d a ta is a n a re a tha t ne e d s a tte ntio n. As w a s
no te d d uring the p re se nta tio n o f the Ke nya n Lite ra c y Surve y, o fte n lite ra c y le ve ls a re
e stima te d b y se lf-re p o rting o r b y a ssuming a c e rta in numb e r o f ye a rs in sc ho o l to b e
e q uiva le nt to ha ving a tta ine d lite ra c y. The se kind s o f d a ta -g a the ring te c hniq ue s d o
no t p ro d uc e re lia b le d a ta , a s the y d o no t sho w ho w we ll so me o ne c a n re a d . The
Ke nya Lite ra c y Surve y sho ws ho w se lf-re p o rting is le ss re lia b le tha n a c tua lly te sting
p e o p le ’ s lite ra c y a b ilitie s. The Surve y use d b o th me tho d s a nd the re sults sho we d tha t
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p e o p le ra te d the mse lve s hig he r in lite ra c y a c hie ve me nts tha n the a c tua l te st
sho we d (KNBS, 2007). Ha ving re lia b le d a ta e na b le s a g o ve rnme nt a nd o the r
sta ke ho ld e rs to d e ve lo p p o lic ie s a nd stra te g ie s tha t a re a p p ro p ria te fo r the c o untry.
In a d d itio n, it wa s no te d tha t the re is the ne e d fo r no n-fo rma l e d uc a tio n to b e linke d
to the fo rma l syste m so tha t le a rne rs re c e ive re c o g nitio n o f kno wle d g e a nd skills
o b ta ine d thro ug h no n-fo rma l e d uc a tio n, a llo wing the m to re c e ive fo rma l c re d it fo r
tho se skills a nd kno wle d g e a c q uire d no n-fo rma lly. A na tio na l q ua lity fra me wo rk
(NQ F) is a to o l tha t c a n mo nito r suc h a c c re d ita tio n a nd a ssist in e sta b lishing links
b e twe e n the two syste ms. So me a d va nc e s ha ve b e e n ma d e in this a re a a s se ve ra l
Afric a n c o untrie s a re d e ve lo p ing NQ Fs.
Re c o mme nd a tio ns fo r this ke y a re a a re :
1. G o ve rnme nts sho uld d e ve lo p q ua lity a sse ssme nt, mo nito ring a nd e va lua tio n
me c ha nisms;
2. G o ve rnme nts sho uld e nsure re se a rc h a nd d a ta c o lle c tio n in o rd e r to
fo rmula te a nd re g ula te p o lic ie s a nd p ro g ra ms a nd to e va lua te the imp a c t o f
ALE;
3. G o ve rnme nts sho uld d e ve lo p Na tio na l Q ua lific a tio n Fra me wo rks;
4. Q ua lity a ssura nc e , mo nito ring a nd e va lua tio n sho uld b e c o nd uc te d a t sub re g io na l a nd re g io na l le ve l;
5. A p e e r e va lua tio n stra te g y tha t invo lve s c ivil so c ie ty sho uld b e d e ve lo p e d .
Other issues
Be sid e the five ke y a re a s o the r a re a s we re id e ntifie d a s b e ing imp o rta nt in
a d d re ssing issue s in ALE. O ne a re a is p ro fe ssio na liza tio n o f ALE p e rso nne l. Ma ny
c o untrie s e xp e rie nc e d iffic ultie s in this a re a . Ma ny a d ult e d uc a tio n p ra c titio ne r
q ua lific a tio ns a re no t re c o g nize d a nd the re is a ne e d fo r b e tte r c o nd itio ns o f se rvic e .
Also , the te rtia ry institutio ns a t the na tio na l a nd re g io na l le ve ls ne e d to b e
stre ng the ne d to e d uc a te a nd tra in p ra c titio ne rs, ma na g e rs, a nd p o lic y d e ve lo p e rs
in a d ult e d uc a tio n.
Ano the r a re a tha t wa s re c o g nize d a s ne e d ing a tte ntio n is the imp le me nta tio n o f
p ro g ra ms. Q ue stio ns p o se d d uring the c o nfe re nc e inc lud e d , “ Wha t is a n e ffe c tive
ALE p ro g ra m? ” , “ Wha t c urric ulum is ne e d e d ? ” It wa s no te d b y so me p a rtic ip a nts
tha t the c urric ulum q ue stio n is c ruc ia l to the suc c e ss o f a n ALE p ro g ra m. Altho ug h
the o p e ning sp e e c h g ive n b y a re p re se nta tive o f c ivil so c ie ty p la c e d lite ra c y a nd
ALE in the c o nte xt o f d e ve lo p me nt, the a re a o f ALE is still se e n a s se p a ra te fro m
d e ve lo p me nt, whic h influe nc e s the re le va nc e o f ALE p ro g ra ms fo r the le a rne rs. No t
o nly the re le va nc e o f a c urric ulum is a n issue in imp le me nta tio ns o f p ro g ra ms, a lso
the e xp a nsio n o f a p ro g ra m is a n imp o rta nt issue . A sma ll suc c e ssful p ilo t p ro g ra m
mig ht ne e d to b e d iffe re ntly o rg a nize d whe n e xp a nd e d . While so me g o o d p ra c tic e s
we re sha re d , the y we re no t d isc usse d , a nd d id no t fe e d into the g e ne ra l issue s.
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The a re a o f IC T a nd me d ia wa s a lso se e n a s a n a re a tha t ne e d s to b e d e ve lo p e d to
se rve ALE b e tte r.
In g e ne ra l, the o utc o me s a nd issue s id e ntifie d d uring the c o nfe re nc e se e m to re fle c t
the ne e d s o f ALE o n the c o ntine nt. Ho we ve r, a s ha s b e e n no te d se ve ra l time s d uring
the c o nfe re nc e a nd in this re p o rt, a c o nfe re nc e like this c a nno t d ic ta te p o lic y to
g o ve rnme nts, it c a n o nly g ive re c o mme nd a tio ns. The imp le me nta tio n o f the
re c o mme nd a tio ns re ma ins sub je c t to p o litic a l will. Ha ving sa id this, the re a re se ve ra l
re c o mme nd a tio ns tha t a re re le va nt to a ll sta ke ho ld e rs e ng a g e d in ALE. Fo r e xa mp le
the ke y a re a s inc lusio n, p a rtic ip a tio n, a nd mo nito ring ha ve hig hlig hte d a re a s o f
ne e d tha t c a n b e a d d re sse d b y a ll sta ke ho ld e rs.
Conclusion
The Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e ha s suc c e e d e d in se ve ra l imp o rta nt
a re a s. Firstly, the issue s, ne e d s, a nd re c o mme nd a tio ns o f the Afric a re g io n ha ve
b e e n c la rifie d . Se c o nd ly, a se nse o f Afric a re g io na l unity a nd sup p o rt fo r the
o utc o me s ha s b e e n a c hie ve d . Third ly, the ne e d fo r a ll sta ke ho ld e rs to wo rk to g e the r
ha s b e e n a c kno wle d g e d a nd sig nific a nt ne two rking to this e nd ha s b e e n fa c ilita te d .
Tho ug h no t a ll q ue stio ns o r unc e rta intie s ha ve b e e n e limina te d , e sp e c ia lly in the
a re a o f info rma tio n p ro visio n, the e ffo rts o f the Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry
c o nfe re nc e ha ve g e ne ra te d the mo me ntum a nd unity ne c e ssa ry fo r a suc c e ssful
g lo b a l c o nfe re nc e this Ma y in Bra zil.
The Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e ra ise d a wa re ne ss o f se ve ra l a re a s o f
ne e d : p o lic y fo rmula tio n, a llo c a tio n o f fund s, inc lusio n, a nd c o o rd ina tio n o f ALE
sta ke ho ld e rs/ imp le me nte rs. The Afric a re g io na l p re p a ra to ry c o nfe re nc e fo r
C O NFINTEA VI ha s p ro vid e d g o o d re a so n fo r a ll p a rtic ip a nts to b e lie ve tha t the y
ha ve b e e n we ll re p re se nte d in the o utc o me s. The inc lusive a ttitud e s o n the p a rt o f
the UIL sta ff a nd the ir e ffo rts to b uild c o nse nsus a nd e nsure full p a rtic ip a tio n re sulte d
in a se nse o f o wne rship a nd sha re d re sp o nsib ility o n the p a rt o f a ll tha t we re p re se nt.
As sta te d in the d ra ft summa ry o f the c o untry re p o rts a nd in the Fina l O utc o me
Do c ume nt, it is c ruc ia l tha t a ll sta ke ho ld e rs c o o p e ra te a nd c o ntrib ute the ir stre ng ths
if ALE g o a ls a re to b e re a lize d .
A re ma ining c o nc e rn is tha t o f info rma tio n a nd re se a rc h, whic h a re c ruc ia l to b o th
re c o mme nd a tio ns a nd imp le me nta tio n. The la c k o f d a ta a nd insig hts in so me
c o untry re p o rts, a s we ll a s the o missio n o f so me re le va nt re se a rc h, ha s a n a d ve rse
imp a c t o n e ffe c tive p la nning a nd imp le me nta tio n. Fo r tha t re a so n, e ffo rts sho uld b e
inc re a se d to a ssure tha t the se e sse ntia l inp uts a re ma d e a va ila b le .
In the e nd , ho we ve r, g o o d p o lic y a nd we ll e a rne d e nthusia sm a re p o we rle ss witho ut
suffic ie nt p o litic a l will a nd the re so urc e s ne c e ssa ry to a ssure the ir imp le me nta tio n.
C O NFINTEA V d id no t ha ve the e ffe c t ho p e d fo r. As sta te d b y UIL, “ the re c o g nitio n
a nd stro ng c o mmitme nt e xp re sse d in 1997 (C O NFINTEA V) d id no t le a d to the
14
c o rre sp o nd ing , inte g ra tio n, p o lic y p rio ritiza tio n a nd a llo c a tio n o f re so urc e s fo r a d ult
le a rning a nd e d uc a tio n, e ithe r na tio na lly o r inte rna tio na lly” (UIL 2007b :1). DVV
Inte rna tio na l furthe r sta te s tha t “ Sinc e the la st C O NFINTEA me e ting in 1997, the re ha s
b e e n little o r no inve stme nt in a d ult e d uc a tio n a c ro ss Afric a , Asia a nd La tin
Ame ric a ” (DVV Inte rna tio na l 2008:99). If, ind e e d , the re ha s b e e n so little p ro g re ss
sinc e the la st C O NFINTEA me e ting a p p a re ntly d ue to la c k o f will o n the p a rt o f so me
ma jo r sta ke ho ld e rs, d o we no w ha ve re a so n to b e lie ve tha t the ne xt d e c a d e will b e
a ny mo re p ro mising ? Ha s the re b e e n suffic ie nt c ha ng e o f he a rt o r e c o no mic
c irc umsta nc e to a ssure tha t a ny re c o mme nd a tio ns re sulting fro m C O NFINTEA VI will
like ly b e imp le me nte d ? Suc h a re the limita tio ns tha t c o uld re stric t p ro g re ss d e sp ite
the p ro mising p re p a ra tio ns ma d e a t the Afric a re g io na l me e ting .
Abbreviations
ALE
- Ad ult le a rning a nd e d uc a tio n
C BO
- C o mmunity b a se d o rg a niza tio n
DESD - De c a d e o f Ed uc a tio n fo r Susta ina b le De ve lo p me nt
EFA
- Ed uc a tio n fo r All
FBO
- Fa ith b a se d o rg a niza tio n
G RALE- G lo b a l Re p o rt o n Ad ult Le a rning a nd Ed uc a tio n
IC T
- Info rma tio n a nd c o mmunic a tio n te c hno lo g y
MDG - Mille nnium De ve lo p me nt G o a ls
NG O - No n g o ve rnme nt o rg a niza tio n
NQ F
- Na tio na l Q ua lific a tio ns Fra me wo rk
UNLD - Unite d Na tio ns Lite ra c y De c a d e
LIFE
- Lite ra c y Initia tive fo r Emp o we rme nt
15
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ANC EFA (2008) Afric a Re g io na l Educ a tio n Wa tc h Re p o rt, mo nito ring EFA
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