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element will influence other elements because they are interdependent. Developing an instructional system Kemp’s model begins with the objective as a
starting point and evaluation as the end. The writer considered that this model is appropriate for designing reading
material. The model is more flexible to be applied and the material is selectively chosen based on the learners’ needs and interest.
B. Yalden’s Model
In Yalden’s model, the syllabus emphasizes the communicative function. This means that it is important to ensure that learners acquire the ability to
communicate in a more appropriate way. According to Yalden 1987: 89, there are eight stages offered in language program development.
1 Needs Survey
The purpose of this step is to find the learners’ need and the objectives that are suitable for the learner.
2 Description of the Purpose
The information gathered from the first step was used to determine and to describe the purpose of the program.
3 Selection of Syllabus Types
In this step, a syllabus designer should choose a syllabus that will be used in the language program. The syllabus which is used is the functional syllabus. It
means that objective of learning is described in terms of communicative function.
4 Production of Proto-syllabus
In this step, the syllabus designer will determine the description of the content of a syllabus. The selection and combination of the content should fit with the
type of the syllabus. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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5 Production of Pedagogical Syllabus
According to Yalden, this step develops the teaching materials, the learning and testing approaches, testing sequence and decisions on testing instruments.
6 Development and Implementation of Classroom Procedure
The communicative syllabus has changed the teacher’s role. In class, the teacher should consider himself as a facilitator than a leader. Therefore,
the teaching learning process should emphasize the learner’s activities rather than the teacher.
7 Evaluation
In this stage, the syllabus designer should assess all competence in a language program. According to Yalden, evaluation describes three things: the learners,
the teaching, and overall design.
8 Recycling
Recycling is the last step in the process syllabus design. This step is done to match the goals and students’ performance. If the goals and students’
performance do not match the syllabus, designer should revise the content, materials, and teaching methodology.
Figure 2.3 Yalden’s Instructional Design Model
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B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
