Definition of CALL Computer-Assisted Language Learning CALL

should be presented in the CALL. The teacher should carefully select which material that will be representative to be shown in the CALL. So, teaching learning activity based on CALL will carefully consider the content of what will be shown to the students. Second, it is visualization. In CALL, the material that will be learnt should be visualized by using or combining text with video, animation, sound, or etc. It is used to facilitate students to learn material quickly. In addition, it can empower faculties of students‘ retention. Third, it is using interesting color and high graphic resolution. Usually, CALL uses interesting template equipped with various images and objects which are suitable to the learning demand. The aim of using such template is merely to attract students‘ attention, avoid students‘ boredom, and to make students enjoy learning the material. Fourth, it is the use of various learning strategies. In CALL, there are four learning strategies. They are drill and practice, tutorial, stimulation, and educational game. Such learning strategies should exist in CALL. They can be designed separately or collaboratively. It depends on the learning needs and requests. Fifth, it is feedback and reinforcement. One of CALL characteristics is providing students with feedback and reinforcement. Students must be shown whether their answers are correct or not. They also must be given reinforcement or explanation about the answers . It aims to guide and evaluate students‘ understanding, as well as to give students‘ retention. Sixth, it is self-evaluation. CALL also provides students with learning practice in which the students can automatically be shown their scores after they have answered all questions. If the scores are not maximally achieved by the students, the students are allowed to learn the material again. In other word, CALL should permit students to do self-evaluation. Last, it is individual or classical use. Teaching learning activity using CALL should allow students to use the program individually or classically. In addition, it should permit the students to use it not only in the classroom but also in their home. Therefore, the students can repeat the learning material again as much as they need. In brief, teaching learning activity by using computer can be called as CALL if it has seven characteristics of CALL such as it can present and visualize the material. It uses interesting color and high graphic resolution. It uses various learning strategies. It provides students with feedback and reinforcement. It allows students to do self-evaluation. And, it can be used individually or classically.

3. Criteria of Good CALL

Not all CALL can produce positive results in improving students‘ learning progress. It is because some of the tools may have poor quality to be used. Sue and James stated that a CALL can be said as the best one if it has six criteria as follows. 38 First, it is suitability. Good CALL must permit teachers to meet the needs of their own students, syllabi, methodologies, and principles. It must be suitable to such needs in order the intended objectives can be achieved effectively. Second, it is interactivity. Good CALL must give teachers a way to create interactivity which provides students with a good classroom practice. It should facilitate teachers to create activities that motivate students, fit effectively to the syllabus, and give helpful support as well as feed back to the students. Third, it is media. Good CALL must be equipped by additional media support. This addition will allow students to come into authentic materials and direct contact with the target cultures. It also permits teachers to improve not only students‘ receptive skills but also productive skills. Moreover, it can be used as students‘ aids to learn glossaries and grammar. Fourth, it is record keeping. Good CALL must allow teachers to track students‘ progress and give feedback on students‘ performance. It should record and keep students‘ works so that it helps teachers provide appropriate help or remediation for students. 38 Sue E. K. Otto and James P. Pusack, Computer-Assisted Language Learning Authoring Issues, The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 93, p. 786 Fifth, it is ease of use. Good CALL must be easy to use. It means, in practice, the tool should not be more difficult than a word processor. In addition, it will be helpful for students and teacher, if the tool also provides good documentation, training videos, and examples of the best practices. Last, it is accessibility. Good CALL must provide students access to the learning materials via web. It will enable students to learn the material when they are in their home. So, the learning process will not be restricted only in the classroom. To summarize, the good CALL that can be used to improve stu dents‘ learning progress is the one which can fulfill the six criteria of a good CALL. It should be suitable, interactive, easy to use, and accessible. In addition, it should possess media support and can record the students‘ learning progress.

4. Power Point Macro-Enabled Show

Power point macro-enabled show is one of power point product which enables the teacher inserts macro code in the slides and also makes the power point view become like a flash or slide show at the first time it is opened. It is used in this study as a CALL because it is considered as having the seven criteria of what is called as a CALL and also has the six criteria of what is called as a good CALL. As a CALL, power point macro-enabled show can fulfill the seven criteria of what is called as a CALL. 39 First, it can be used to present learning material in a representative way. It is because it provides teacher with various features such as video, audio, animation, and etc. Therefore, in power point macro-enabled show, the teacher can freely select which feature that is regarded to be representative for presenting the material. 39 Rusman. loc. cit.