Meaning Properties And Meaning Relations Found In Amiri Baraka’s Essay ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’

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MEANING PROPERTIES AND MEANING RELATIONS FOUND IN AMIRI BARAKA’S ESSAY “ I WILL NOT APOLOGIZE, I WILL NOT RESIGN”

A THESIS

ANDI ARYANTO

REG. NO : 080705006

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2012

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT who has given me all of the blessing, mercy, talent and time, so that I can finish my thesis entitled “Meaning Properties and Meaning Relations found in Amiri Baraka’s Essay ‘I Will not Apologize, I Will not Resign’”.

I would like to thank to Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, the Dean of Faculty of Letters, also to Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, as the Head of English Department, and MS and Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum as Secretary of, and to Bang Amran as the Administration Staff of English Department, for all of opportunities and facilities that he has done to me and all my friends.

I would like to express my best thanks to my Supervisor, Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP and my Co-supervisor Drs. Umar Mono, Dip. Trans. M. Hum. for having shared their valuable ideas, times, guidance and patience. My gratitude is also expressed to all of my lectures in English Department who taught me much and contributed the knowledge during the academic years.

My lovely thanks to my beloved family, my father Wagito, my mother Wahini, my sister Desi Ariani, and my grandma the late, for giving me the good times (and hard times too) so I can stand here as myself today, I love you and I had been living it for you. Special thanks and welcome to the new member of this family, brother in law, Syuhada and to my nephew, M. Aizzril.

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Armansyah (my besties), Budi Parulian Purba, Frandy Marolop Lumbantoruan, Herman Aditya Simbolon, Hengky Laksamana Simaibang, Johan Christian Tobing, Muhammad Jarot, and special to Handani Hutapea, for the ideas, discussions, and don’t forget our struggle of ‘waiting’, and for all the girls in ’08 (sorry I cannot mention your names), let’s remember all those black, white and colorful memories we had in campus. How about our Oral English Practice (OEP)? One more, Keep Being Pembangkang! ^_^

Also a special thank for our sister, Sinta Ayunda Widyaningrum. Thanks for the joy, many things you’ve given us, just wait for what we’ll do for you. To Rillatya Fajrah and Arie Listia for the supports years ago, for making me know how this world really is, I had been admitting that you are a great lady, so great. Also special thanks too for Hayati Putri Melati Ginting for the laugh, strength, motivation and some other things I cannot explain here, and for all of my friends from SMA Negeri 1 Babalan, thank you.

Thanks to my family in KOS BABA, Bang Coy, Bang Siep, Bang Lelek, Dedi, Yasin, Andes, Asek, and Veron. Last but not least, many thanks for the figures who had been being with me in four years my life in campus and in this city, sorry I cannot mention your names, since I cannot forget you too. See you in my better situation. Thank you so much.

Medan, August 2012

Writer,

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AUTHORS’S DECLARATION

I, ANDI ARYANTO, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :………….

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : ANDI ARYANTO

THESIS TITLE : MEANING PROPERTIES AND MEANING

RELATIONS FOUND IN AMIRI BARAKA’S ESSAY ‘I WILL NOT APOLOGIZE, I WILL NOT RESIGN’

QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

THE WRITER IS WILLING THAT THE WRITER’S THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISSERTATION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA, FACULTY OF

LETTERS, ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ON THE

UNDERSTANDING THAT THE USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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ABSTRACT

Skripsi yang berjudul “Meaning Properties and Meaning Relations found in Amiri Baraka’s Essay “I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign” ni mengkaji tentang keseluruhan tipe unsur makna dan hubungan makna yang digunakan oleh Amiri Baraka dalam essay yang ditulisnya yang berjudul ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini menerapkan kajian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Adapaun teori yang digunakan untuk menemukan jenis atau tipe makna yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini mengacu pada teori Leech (1981) yang menklasifikasikan unsur makna menjadi meaningfulness, anomaly, contradictory, ambiguity, dan redundancy; dan Saeed (2003) yang mengklasifikasikan hubungan makna menjadi synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, hyponymy, homonymy, meronymy, member-collection, dan portion mass. Dalam essay yang berjudul ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’ ini, penulis menemukan 189 data unsur makna dengan rincian 161 data meaningfulness (85.2%), 15 data anomaly (7.9%), 1 data contradictory (0.5%), 11 data ambiguity (5.9%), dan 1 data redundancy (0.5%). Sedangkan untuk hubungan makna, penulis menemukan 38 data dengan rincian 4 data synonymy (10.5%), 1 data antonymy (2.6%), 9 data polysemy (23.7%), 3 data homonymy (7.9%), 15 data hyponymy (39.4%), 0 data Meronymy dan Member-collection (0%), dan 6 data portion mass (15.8%).

Kata Kunci : unsur makna (meaning properties) hubungan makna (meaning relations)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

AUTHOR DECLARATION

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the analysis………...1

1.2 Problem of the analysis………...5

1.3 Objective of the analysis……….5

1.4 Scope of the analysis………...5

1.5 Significances of the analysis………...6

1.6 Review of related literature……….6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 What is Semantics?...7

2.2 Scope of Semantics………...8

2.2.1 Meaning………..10

2.2.2 Sense and Reference………..10

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2.3.1 Conceptual or Denotative meaning………...11

2.3.2 Connotative meaning……….12

2.3.3 Social meaning………...13

2.3.4 Affective or Emotive meaning………..14

2.3.5 Reflected meaning……….15

2.3.6 Collocative meaning………...16

2.3.7 Thematic meaning………..16

2.4 Meaning properties and Meaning relations……...17

2.4.1 Meaning Properties………...18

2.4.1.1 Meaningfulness………..18

2.4.1.2 Anomaly……….19

2.4.1.3 Contradictory………..19

2.4.1.4 Ambiguity………..20

2.4.1.5 Redundancy………...22

2.4.2 Meaning Relations……….23

2.4.2.1 Synonymy………..23

2.4.2.2 Antonymy………...24

2.4.2.3 Polysemy………....25

2.4.2.4 Homonymy………...25

2.4.2.5 Hyponymy………..26

2.4.2.6 Meronymy………..26

2.4.2.7 Member Collection………...…..27

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2.5 Related Studies……….27

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Design………....30

3.2 Source of data………...30

3.3 Data collecting Procedures………...30

3.4 Data analysis……….31

CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION AND FINDING 4.1 Data Description………...33

4.1.1 Meaning Properties………....33

4.1.1.1Meaningfulness………..33

4.1.1.2Anomaly……….82

4.1.1.3Contradictory………..86

4.1.1.4Ambiguity………..86

4.1.1.5Redundancy…………..………..90

4.1.2 Meaning Relations……….91

4.1.2.1 Synonymy……….……….91

4.1.2.2 Antonymy………..……….92

4.1.2.3 Polysemy……….………...93

4.1.2.4 Homonymy…………..………...96

4.1.2.5 Hyponymy…………..………....99

4.1.2.6 Meronymy………….………...102

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4.1.2.8Portion-mass..………...103

4.2 Finding……..………...104

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusion………..……..107

5.2 Suggestion………..……..107

REFERENCES

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Data of Meaning Properties………..104 Table 2 Data of Meaning Relations………...105

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ABSTRACT

Kata Kunci : unsur makna (meaning properties) hubungan makna (meaning relations)

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

I personally believe we developed language because of our deep inner need to complain. ~Jane Wagner

Language is by its very nature a communal thing; that is, it expresses never the exact thing but a compromise - that which is common to you, me, and everybody. ~Thomas Earnest Hulme, Speculations, 1923

Language can be defined as means of communication for human in life. Language is important. When people want to communicate, to make a real social life with the other human beings, making a friend, they use language. When people want to say something to others, they use language. When people want to be supposed by others, they use language. When people want to show our existence in the world, they use language. When people want to express whatever in our mind, they use language. But, it is not just done well when someone has uttered his language. Though it looks, it is not that simple, language is good when someone as a speaker can make others as listener understand what he means.

Whatever people speak, it must have meaning. Meaning is what is referred to or indicated by sounds, words, or signals. The last three terms mentioned before can be named language. So, language and meaning seems cannot be separated, whenever a language is spoken, it must have meaning. Certainly there is science that studies about language and meaning. The study about language is called Linguistics. Linguistics has many branches; they are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatics, discourse analysis, and semantics.

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Semantics is the branch of linguistics dealing with the meaning of words and sentences. Semantics is concerned with the study of meaning, and the relationship between meaning and language as phenomena, or in the other words, meaning is the main object in Semantics. As others, Semantics has also some parts in it, two of them are meaning properties and meaning relations. In this thesis, the writer will try to explain about both meaning properties and meaning relations.

Study about meaning properties and meaning relation will give us some advantages, especially in understanding about words, sentences, and meaning. Meaning properties is one of several features or components which together can be said to make up the meaning. Meaning properties is like analyzing what the speaker intends by his/ her utterance. It is useful when it requires us to know about the background of the speaker’s intends in his/ her utterance, possibly the speaker’s background of education.

Meaning relations is the relationships of meaning or sense that may be set up between two individual and groups of lexical items. In meaning relations, we may know that one word possibly may have two meanings or more, so we can use it in appropriate to the condition we are within. It can be useful such in this condition, when we are in a condition that requires us to speak politely, we can change the word we want to speak with the other word that has similar meaning but more polite in pronouncing, in order to not insult our listener.

Factually there are many ways to express what in mind about our surroundings, whether it is a critic, or an argument. One of that many ways is literary work. Literary works can be divided into poem, novel, articles, prose, play and essay. For examples, a man makes an essay as a way to criticize the reigning government

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disagreement about the economic policy in his country. in America, Amiri Baraka has written an essay about the September 11th 2001 tragedy, titled I will not apologize, I will not resign.

The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, “to try” or “to attempt”. In English essay first meant “a trial” or “an attempt”, and this is still an alternative meaning. An essay is a piece of writing which is often from an author’s personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. An essay has been defined in a variety of ways. One definition is a “prose composition with a focused subject of discussion” or a “long, systematic discourse”. One of many authors that have ever written essay is Amiri Baraka.

Amiri Baraka who was born in 1934, in Newark, New Jersey, United States of America, is the author of over 40 books of essays, poems, drama, music, history, and criticism, a poet icon and revolutionary political activist who has recited poetry and lectured on cultural and political issues extensively in the USA, Africa, and the Europe.

His writings have become controversy over the years, particularly his advocacy of rape and violence towards white people, and Jews. Critics of his work have alternately described such usage as ranging from being vernacular expressions of Black oppression to outright examples of racism, sexism, homophobia, and that they perceive in his work.

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The essay titled ”I Will not Apologize, I Will not Resign” talked about; when Amiri Baraka wrote a poem titled "Somebody Blew Up America" which is about the September 11, 2001 attacks. The poem was controversial and full of critical for racism in America, and includes angry depictions of public figures such as Trent Lott, Clarence Thomas, and Condoleezza Rice. The poem also contains lines claiming Israel's involvement in the World Trade Center attacks:

Who knew the World Trade Center was gonna get bombed Who told 4000 Israeli workers at the Twin Towers

To stay home that day Why did Sharon stay away? ...

Who know why Five Israelis was filming the explosion And cracking they sides at the notion

Baraka stated that he believed that Israelis and President (George W. Bush) were involved in the September 11th attacks, telling what he described as information that had been reported in the American and Israeli press and on Jordanian television. He denies that the poem is anti-Semitic, but points to its accusation which is directed against Israelis, rather than Jews as a people. The Anti-Defamation League denounced the poem as anti-Semitic, though Baraka and his defenders defined his position as Anti-Zionism.

So that is why the writer is interested in analyzing meaning properties and meaning relations in Amiri Baraka’s essay “I will not apologize, I will not resign”. The writer wants to know what Amiri Baraka feels when he wrote this essay that time, and to whom he wants to show his feeling and arguments; and how he wrote it,

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1.2Problems of the Study

According to background above, the problems of the analysis are formulated as follows:

a. What types of meaning properties and meaning relations found in Amiri Baraka’s Essay “I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign”?

b. Which is the most dominant type of both meaning properties and meaning relations used in Amiri Baraka’s Essay “I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign”?

1.3Objectives of the Study

By concerning to the problems of the analysis as mentioned above, the writer does expect to be able to achieve the objectives below:

a. To find out each type of both meaning properties and meaning relations found in Amiri Baraka’s Essay “I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign”. b. To find out the most dominant types of both each meaning properties and

meaning relations found in Amiri Baraka’s Essay “I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign”.

1.4Scope of the Study

In any literary works, there are so many types of both meaning properties and meaning relations can be found out. In the process of analyzing the problems of this thesis, it is just limited on the analysis only in the essay titled “I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign” by Amiri Baraka.

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This analysis is focused on meaning properties based on Leech (1981: 29), is divided into meaningfulness, ambiguity, redundancy, anomaly, and contradictory. And meaning relations based on the theory from Saeed (2003: 63) are antonymy, synonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, meronymy, and polysemy; found in Amiri Baraka’s Essay “I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign”.

1.5Significances of the Study

Theoretically, this thesis can explore and add knowledge for students of language in terms of semantics, especially in both terms of meaning properties and meaning relations. The reader of this thesis can understand how to describe the semantic component of a word or how to define the semantic field of a word. This thesis can also improve increase the vocabulary of students by knowing about meaning relations.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1What is Semantics?

Semantics is a branch of linguistics study. As general terms, it has many agreements about the way to describe meaning of a word of a language. By studying Semantic, we will be able not only to hear a word told by everyone, but also to know the real meaning of the word he/ she has told us. The term Semantic is known since 1984 by American Philological Association in an article named “Reflected Meanings: A point in Semantics”. The history of Semantic can be read in an Article named “An Account of the Word Semantic.

These are some definitions of Semantic referred by different Linguists:

 Saeed (2003: 1) states, “Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language”.

 Hurford (1983: 1), “Semantic is the study of meaning in language”.

 Palmer (1976: 1), Semantics is the technical terms used to refer to the study of meaning.

 Lyons (1977: 1), “Semantics is generally designed as the study of meaning”.

 Katz (1972: 1), “Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning”.

 Leech (1974: 9) states, “Semantics is the study of meaning which is central to the study of communication, and as communication becomes more and more crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing”.

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 Oxford Dictionary, Semantics is the branch of linguistics dealing with the meaning of words and sentences.

From definitions above, it could be concluded that Semantic is a study of meaning of a word and sentence.

2.2Scope of Semantics

Based on the definitions above, everybody would agree that Semantic is a study of meaning, and the main point of Semantic is meaning itself.

There are at least two major approaches to know how the way meaning in a language is studied. The first is linguistic approach. The second is philosophical approach. Philosophers have investigated the relation between linguistic expression, such as the words of language and the persons, things and events in the world to which these words refer.

There are three basic terms of semantics, i.e (1) meaning, (2) sense, and (3) reference.

2.2.1 Meaning

This word ‘meaning’ is derived from the word ‘mean’. In the Advanced English learners’ Dictionary, meaning is defined as the thing or idea that a sound, word, sign, etc, represents.

There are many theories about meaning in semantics created by linguists. Basically, the linguists and philosophers discuss meaning in related between language (utterance), thought, and reality. Generally, theory of meaning is divided

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into referential or corespondencial theory, contextual theory, mentalism theory, and formalism theory. They will be explained below :

 Referential theory

Ogden and Richards (in Parera 1990: 16) state that meaning is the relation between reference and referent which is uttered in language sound symbol, words or phrase or sentence. This theory concerns with the direct relation between reference and referent in the real life.

 Mentalism theory

This theory is contrasted to referential theory. Glucksberg and Danks (in Parera 1990: 17) state “the set of possible meaning in any given word is the set of possible feelings, images, ideas, concepts, thoughts, and inferences that a person might produce when that word in heard and processed.” Usually the proponents of this theory are the psycholinguists.

 Contextual theory

This theory is collaterally with relativism theory in semantic inter-language comparison. The meaning of a word is related to cultural and ecology environment the language user from. So, if the word has separated with the context, it will be meaningless.

 ‘Meaning in use’ theory

This theory in found by Wittgenstein (1830-1858). He assumes that word is impossibly meaningful for all context because context changes everytime.

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“Jangan menanyakan makna sebuah kata, tanyakanlah pemakaiannya” ( “don’t ask for the meaning of a word, ask for the use” )

One of the lacks of this theory is how to decide the concept of “use” well, it is like this theory is the beginning of Pragmatics theory.

2.2.2 Sense and Reference

Sense and reference are two, though related, but they are very different terms that talks about aspects of meaning. Frank R. Palmer defines sense and reference as following:

“Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc, and the non-linguistic world of experience. Sense refers to the complex system of relationship iothat holds between the linguistics elements themselves (mostly the words); it is concerned only with the intra-linguistic relations” (Palmer 1976:30)

(1)The woman who is my mother (2)The woman who married my father

Phrases, like words, normally both have sense and can be used to refer. The example (1) refers to a certain individual and has a certain sense which could be different from example (2), although both expressions usually have the same reference.

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2.3 Types of meaning

According to Leech in his book Semantic (1974: 23), there are seven types of meaning, they are as followings:

2.3.1 Conceptual or Denotative meaning

Conceptual meaning is also called logical or cognitive meaning. It is the basic propositional meaning which corresponds to the primary dictionary definition. Such a meaning is stylistically neutral and objective as opposed to other kinds of associative meanings. Conceptual meanings are the essential or core meaning while other six types are the peripheral. It is peripheral in as sense that it is non-essential.

For examples:

(3)Father = (+) human (+) male (+) adult. (4)Son = (+) human (+) male (-) adult (5)Mother = (+) human (+) female (+) adult (6)Daughter = (+) human (+) female (-) adult

The aim of conceptual meaning is to provide an appropriate semantic representation to a sentence or statement. A sentence is made of abstract symbols. Conceptual meaning helps us to distinguish one meaning from the meaning of other sentences. Thus, conceptual meaning is an essential part of language. A language essentially depends on conceptual meaning for communication. The conceptual meaning is the base for all the other types of meaning.

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2.3.2 Connotative Meaning

Connotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression over and above its purely conceptual content. It is something that goes beyond mere referent of a word and hints at its attributes in the real world. It is something more than the dictionary meaning. Still further connotative meaning can embrace putative properties of a referent due to viewpoint adopted by individual, group, and society as a whole. So in the past woman was supposed to have attributes like frail, prone to tears, emotional, irrigational, inconstant , cowardly etc. as well as more positive qualities such gentle, sensitive, compassionate, hardworking etc. Connotations vary age to age and society to society.

For examples:

Conceptual meaning:

(7)Woman = (+) human (+) female (+) adult

Connotative meaning:

(8)Woman = (+) human (+) female (+) adult (+) wearing Kebaya ‘in Java society’.

(9)Woman = (+) human (+) female (+) adult (+) wearing Kebaya ‘in Western society’.

The boundary between conceptual and connotative seems to be analogous. Connotative meaning is regarded as incidental, comparatively unstable, in

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determinant, open ended, variable according to age, culture and individual, whereas conceptual meaning is not like that . It can be codified in terms of limited symbols.

2.3.3 Social Meaning

Social meaning is the meaning conveyed by the piece of language about the social context of its use. The decoding of a text is dependent on our knowledge of stylistics and other variations of language. We recognize some words or pronunciation as being dialectical i.e. as telling us something about the regional or social origin of the speaker. Social meaning is related to the situation in which an utterance is used.

It is concerned with the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression. For example, some dialectic words inform us about the regional and social background of the speaker. In the same way, some stylistic usages let us know something of the social relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Through utterances we come to know about the social facts, social situation, class, region, and speaker-listener relations by its style and dialect used in sentences.

For examples:

(10) “I ain’t done nothing”

In sentence (10), it tells us about the speaker and that is the speaker is probably a black American, underprivileged and uneducated.

Another example can be,

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In sentence (11), the social meaning can be interpreted that it is uttered by Indian young close friends.

2.3.4 Affective or Emotive Meaning

For some linguists it refers to emotive association or effects of words evoked in the reader, listener. It is what is conveyed about the personal feelings or attitude towards the listener. In affective meaning, language is used to express personal feelings or attitude to the listener or to the subject matter of his discourse.

For Leech (1974: 25) affective meaning refers to what is convey about the feeling and attitude of the speaking through use of language (attitude to listener as well as attitude to what he is saying). Affective meaning is often conveyed through conceptual, connotative content of the words used.

For examples:

(12) “I hate you, you idiot!”

In sentence (12), speaker seems to have a very negative attitude towards his listener. This is called affective meaning.

(13) “I am terribly sorry but if you would be so kind as to make lower your voice a little”

In sentence (13), speaker uses a sentence in politeness. Intonation and voice quality are also important here.

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Richards (in Leech 1974:25) argued that emotive meaning distinguishes literature or poetic language from factual meaning of science. Finally it must be noted that affective meaning is largely a parasitic category. It overlaps heavily with style, connotation and conceptual content.

2.3.5 Reflected Meaning

Reflected meaning and collocative meaning involve interconnection. At the lexical level of language, Reflected meaning arises when a word has more than one conceptual meaning or multiple conceptual meaning. In such cases while responding to one sense of the word we partly respond to another sense of the word too.

Reflected meaning is also found in taboo words. Thus we can see that reflected meaning has great importance in the study of semantics.

For examples:

(14) Daffodils by William Wordsworth

“The could not but be gay

In such jocund company”

The word ‘gay’in example (14) was frequently used in the time of William Wordsworth but the word now is used for ‘homosexuality’.

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2.3.6 Collocative Meaning

Collocative meaning is the meaning which a word acquires in the company of certain words. Collocative meaning refers to associations of a word because of its usual or habitual co-occurrence with certain types of words.

For examples:

(15) Beautiful

(16) Handsome

The examples (15) and (16) indicate ‘good looking’. ‘Beautiful’ collocates with girl, woman, garden, or flower, etc. ‘handsome’ collocates with boys and men.

2.3.7 Thematic meaning

Thematic meaning refers to what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or a writer organizes the message in terms of ordering focus and emphasis. Thus active is different from passive though its conceptual meaning is the same. Thematic meaning helps us to understand the message and its implications properly.

For examples:

(17) Mr. Andi donated the car. (18) The car is donated by Mr. Andi

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In sentence (17), “who gave away the car “is more important, but in sentence (18) “what did Mr. Andi gave is important”. Thus the change of focus changes the meaning also.

2.4 Meaning properties and meaning relations

The definition of meaning properties and meaning relations in semantic theory can be thought as a formal explications of our ordinary notions about semantic concepts. For example, our ordinary notions of semantic similarity, ambiguity, meaningfulness, and synonymy are, roughly, that semantically similar expressions are ones whose senses share a feature, that an ambiguous expression is one that has more one sense, that a meaningful expression is one that has a senses, and that two expressions are synonymous in case they have a common sense.

Thus, since semantic properties and relations are aspects of the structure of the senses formed in the compositional determination of meaning, there is no problem in coalescing the two conceptions of semantic theory into one coherent whole. (Katz, 1972: 34)

Since meaning properties and relations of an expression are determined by its meaning and since its meaning is given by semantic representations, it follows that the definitions of meaning properties and relations must be stated in terms of formal features of semantic representations. If it is done, there will be an explanation of how the meaning of one expression makes it synonymous with another, or analytic, semantically ambiguous, and semantically anomalous.

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2.4.1 Meaning Properties

Lyons (1977: 57) states “Meaning properties is one of several features or components which together can be said to make up the meaning”. We can say that the analysis of meaning properties is almost the same with componential analysis. We analyze the conceptual meaning of a word or utterances. In the componential analysis of meaning, the analyzed word is written in small letters, and the component is written in capital letters and put in square bracket. There are five kinds of meaning properties, they are meaningfulness, anomaly, contradictory, ambiguity, and redundancy (Leech 1981: 29).

2.4.1.1Meaningfulness

The word ‘meaningful’ means having meaning and significances. Any expression of language is meaningful. In order to be meaningful, an expression must obey the Semantic rules of the language as obeying only the syntactic rule cannot end up with meaningful expression and must represent their meaning. So, from this, it can be said that meaningful expression is the word or expression which has meaning and it is not strange or contradiction, and also must obey the grammatical rules. Semantic theory must be able to distinguish and describe about both meaningful and meaningfulness, and must be able to say which expression is meaningful or meaningless.

For examples:

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Sentences (19) and (20) are meaningful. The speaker and listener can easily get the meaning of each sentence, and the meaning is not strange.

2.4.1.2Anomaly

If there is term meaningfulness, there must be term meaninglessness. Jerold J. Katz proposes the term anomaly as substitution of term meaninglessness. A constituent is semantically anomalous just in case it is assigned no readings (the set of readings assigned to its null) -Katz (1972: 49)-

Katz uses term reading to represent morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Anomaly happens when the selected features of one member of the construction with it or the selected features are not familiar in the world every day.

For example:

(21) I heard trees whispering.

Sentence (21) is anomalous because tree is not kind of human, so it has no mouth and when it has no mouth, it will not possibly do a whispering.

2.4.1.3Contradictory

A sentence is contradictory when there is a contradiction of meaning between the constituent expressions. It is impossible for the constituent expression to be true at the same time in the same circumstances.

For example:

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In sentence (22), there is a contradiction. Usually, we hate what we dislike.

2.4.1.4Ambiguity

Ambiguity, as ordinarily understood, is a case where there is a problem telling one thing from another, and accordingly, a semantic ambiguity is a case where there are (at least) the two senses required to pose this problem. According to Hurford and Heasley (1983: 121), a word or sentence is ambiguous when it has more than one sense.

Ullman (in Pateda 2001: 202) divides ambiguity into 3 (three) main forms, they are:

a. Phonetical ambiguity

This ambiguity exist because of the mixing of language sound uttered. It is because the words that are formed to be a sentence uttered quickly, so that it becomes an ambiguity for people about the meaning of the sentence.

For examples,

(23) Love her

(24) Lover.

In both examples (23) and (24), if people say it quickly, it will be ambiguous for which one is used.

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This kind of ambiguity usually comes in unit of language named sentence group of sentences or words. Grammatical ambiguity can be seen from 3 (three) sides:

 First possibility, is the ambiguity which is caused by word forming grammatically, such as prefix and suffix that can make a word have two or more meanings, so that it can be confusing.

For example,

(25) Suffix –able In desirable, readable (adjectives), eatable, knowable, and debatable just happens in the same form.

In English does not always the same meaning. In desirable, readable (adjectives), eatable, knowable, and debatable just happens in the same form.

 Second possibility, is like Ullman’s equivocal phrasing and amphiboly (Pateda 2001: 204). Every words form a phrase, but the combination can have more than one meaning.

For example:

(26) I met a number of old friends and acquaintance,

In sentence (26), the word old here can be related to the old friends or acquaintance.

 Third possibility, is the ambiguity that comes in context, individual context or situation context.

For example:

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The word (27) can have more than one meaning. It can be where do you go? Or why do you go? To avoid this kind of ambiguity, people have to know the context of conversation.

c. Lexical ambiguity

Words in sentences have several meaning, and lexical ambiguity is resulted from polysemous word, or word has more than one meaning. Palmer (1976: 67) states that “polysemy is one word with several meanings”. It can be disambiguated by giving further information.

For example, (28) Glasses

In example (28), it can be a thing useful to see clearly, or a container for drinking.

2.4.1.5Redundancy

In linguistics, redundancy is the construction of a phrase that presents some idea using more information, often via multiple means, than is necessary for one to be able to understand the idea. Often, redundancies occur in speech unintentionally, but redundant phrases can also be deliberately constructed for emphasis, to reduce the chance that a phrase will be misinterpreted. Redundancy typically takes the form of tautology: phrases that repeat a meaning with different though semantically similar words.

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In sentence (29), the word variety has meant a difference in kind.

2.4.2 Meaning relations

Meaning relations is also called sense or semantics relations. It is the relationships of meaning or sense that may be set up between two individual and groups of lexical items. Semantic or meaning relations have eight terms (Saeed 2003: 63) and that will be discussed in this thesis. They are synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, hyponymy, homonymy, meronymy, member-collection, and portion mass.

2.4.2.1Synonymy

The term ‘synonymy’ is derived from Greek word synonymy syn which means with together and onoma means name. So, synonymy means name together. Two words or more (together) name the same object, action, event or quality.

Saeed (2003: 65) states that synonyms are different phonological words which have the same or very similar meaning. Moreover, synonymy is used to mean ‘sameness of meaning’ (Palmer 1976: 59). So, we can say that synonym is when two or more words have similar meaning though they have different phonological and morphological aspects.

For examples:

(30) Beautiful = Lovely

(31) Fair = Objective

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The example (14), (15), and (16) are synonymy because the meaning of each word in each example is similar, although the word is different.

2.4.2.2Antonymy

In the traditional terminology, antonyms are words which are opposites in meaning. Palmer (1976: 78) in his book states that “Words that are opposite is called Antonymy”.

Antonymy is often thought of as opposite of synonymy, but the status of the two are very different. For language has no real need of true synonyms, and, as we have seen, it is doubtful whether any true synonyms exist. But antonymy is a regular and very natural feature of language and can be defined fairly precisely.

Saeed (2003: 66) divides antonym into two, they are:

 Simple Antonym

This is a relation between words such that the negative of one implies the positive of the other.

For examples: (33) Dead >< Alive (34) Pass >< Fail

 Gradable Antonym

This is the relationship between opposites where the positive of one term does not necessarily imply the negative of the other.

For examples:

(35) The big ant is likely smaller than the small elephant. (36) The thick pencil is likely thinner that the thin boy.

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2.4.2.3Polysemy

Sameness of meaning is not very easy to deal with but there seems nothing inherently difficult about difference of meaning. Not only different words have different meanings; it is also the case that the same word may have a set of different meanings. This is called polysemy (Palmer 1976: 65).

For examples:

(37) Crane :

a. a bird,

b. a type of construction equipment

(38) Present

a. right now, the current moment b. a gift

c. to show or display (e.g. "Michael was next to present")

d. to be physically somewhere (e.g. "Stephen was present at the meeting"

2.4.2.4Homonymy

According to Saeed (2003: 64), there is a traditional distinction made in lexicology between Polysemy and homonymy. Both deal with multiple senses of the same phonological word, but homonymy is not invoked if the senses are judged to be related.

Homonyms are unrelated senses of the same phonological word (Saeed 2003: 63). Palmer (1976: 67) states that homonymy is when there are several words with same shape.

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Homonymy can be divides into two, homophone and homograph. Homophone is word that have the same pronunciation but different in spelling and meaning.

For examples:

(39) Flour /flaυə(r)/ means used for making bread or cake. (40) Flower /flaυə(r)/ means the part of plant.

2.4.2.5Hyponymy

Saeed (2003: 68), ”Hyponymy is relation of inclusion. A hyponym includes the meaning of more general word. Palmer (1976: 76) states that “hyponym involves us in the nation of inclusion in the sense”.

For examples:

(41) Butterfly and dragonfly are hyponyms of animal. (42) Sister and daughter are hyponyms of woman.

The more general term is called superordinate or hypernym. It is the opposite of hyponym. Hypernym is a linguistic term for a word whose meaning includes the meanings of other words.

2.4.2.6Meronymy

Meronymy is a part-whole relationship between lexical items. Meronymy reflects hierarchical classifications in the lexicon somewhat like taxonomic. Meronymy differs from hyponym in transitivity. Hyponymy is always transitive, but meronymy is not always transitive.

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(44) but hole is not a meronym of shirt

2.4.2.7Member-collection

This is a relationship between the word for a unit and the usual word for a collection of the units.

For examples:

(45) ship

(46) tree

(47) fish

(48) book

2.4.2.8Portion-mass

This is a relation between a mass noun and the usual unit of measurement or division.

For examples:

(49) drop of liquid

(50) sheet of paper

(51) strand of hair

2.5 Related studies

In doing this thesis, the writer has consulted and read some information from some researches done before. They are some thesis which are relevant to the topic and support the idea of the analysis. Some of them, are as following:

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Margaretha (2003) in her thesis entitled “An Analysis of meaning properties and meaning relations used in Sidney Sheldon’s novel ‘Nothing Last Forever” found and concluded that there are 5 (five) kinds of meaning properties, they are 20 meaningfulness (39.21%), 7 anomaly (13.72%), 6 contradictory (11.76%), 6 ambiguity (11.76%), and 6 redundancy (11.76%). Meaning relations found are 16 homonymy (16.32%), 39 synonymy (39.79%), and 42 antonymy that is divided into 3 (three), 21 complementary pairs (21.42%), 16 gradable pairs (16.32%), and 6 relational pairs (6.15%).

Sofyana (2008) in her thesis entitled “Meaning properties and meaning relations in Saul Bellow’s Looking for Mr.Green” found and concluded that there are 5 (five) kinds of meaning properties, they are 112 meaningfulness (82.3%), 6 anomaly (4.4%), 4 contradictory (2.9%), 12 ambiguity (8.8%), and 2 redundancy (1.4%). Meaning relations found are 11 homonymy (32.3%), 10 synonymy (29.4%), and 13 antonymy (38.2%).

Gultom (2009) in her thesis “An analysis of meaning properties and lexical relations in ‘the Rainbow’ by D.H. Lawrence”, found and concluded that there are 4 (four) kinds of meaning properties, they are 14 anomaly (19.71%), 4 contradictory (5.63%), 10 ambiguity (14.08%), and 43 redundancy (60.56%). Meaning relations found are 7 homonymy (5.51%), 57 synonymy (44.88%), 50 antonymy (39.37%), and 13 hyponymy (10.23%).

Aginta, Windy (2009) in her thesis “An analysis of Lexical relations and meaning properties in articles in The Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper”, found and concluded that there are 3 kinds of meaning properties, they are 321 meaningfulness (99.37%), 1 contradictory (0.31%), 1 anomaly (0.31%), and no ambiguity and

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redundancy. Lexical relations found are 8 antonyms (44.44%), 8 synonyms (44.44%), 2 hyponyms (11.1%), and no homonym and meronym.\

Simbolon, Sherly Kristina (2003) in her thesis “An analysis of meaning properties and meaning relations on Westlife’s songs”, found and concluded that there are 5 kinds of meaning properties, they are 24 meaningfulness (47.05 %), 8 anomaly (15.6%), 4 contradictory (7.84%), 10 ambiguity which is divided into two, 7 lexical ambiguity (13.7%), 3 structural ambiguity (5.88%), and 5 redundancy (9.8%). Meaning relations found are 13 synonymy (30.23%), 7 homonymy (16.27%), and 23 antonymy which is divided into 3, they are 8 complementary pairs (18.60%), 10 gradable pairs (23.25%), and 5 relational opposites (11.62%.)

Those thesis’s above only analyze only meaning properties and meaning relations in Novel, Short story, Song, and Articles from newspaper, and they found some of meaning properties and meaning relations but in this thesis, the writer focuses to find out meaning properties and meaning relations in essay.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Azwar (1997: 1) says “Penelitian merupakan rangkaian kegiatan ilmiah dalam rangka pemecahan suatu permasalahan. It means that research is a set of scientific activities in order to solve a problem.

3.1Research Design

In this analysis, library research is used. Library research is applied by consulting the relevant theories to support the analysis from text books, dictionary and thesis. Nawawi (1991: 30) states “Penelitian kepustakaan dilakukan dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur, baik di perpustakaan maupun tempat lain” (The library research is carried out by accumulating all the data from many various literature, whether in the library or any other places).

3.2Source of Data

The data of this analysis is taken from Amiri Baraka’s essay titled “I will not apologize, I will not resign”. The supporting data is taken from related books and websites.

3.3Data Collecting Procedures

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“Data penelitian dikumpulkan baik lewat instrumen pengumpulan data, observasi, maupun lewat data dokumentasi”. Data yang dikumpulkan mungkin berupa data primer, data sekunder, atau keduanya.”

It means that the data for research can be collected from both research instruments, observation, and documents. Data which is collected can be primary, secondary, or both of them. In analyzing data, written method is used. In this analysis, the data is secondary data, they are kinds of meaning properties and meaning relations found in the source of data, which is a document, essay by Amiri Baraka titled “I will not apologize, I will not resign”.

3.4Data Analysis

In this analysis, qualitative descriptive research method is used. In descriptive research, the data tabulation is based on analyzing percentage and trend analysis.

These are the procedure of analyzing the source of data :

a. Reading the text of essay from Amiri Baraka titled “I will not apologize, I will not resign”

b. Identifying the meaning properties based on Leech theory and meaning relations based on Saeed theory found in the source of data.

c. Collecting the data d. Classifying the data

e. Analyzing the data by the rules of analyzing itself.

f. Calculating the data to find the dominant kind of meaning properties and meaning relations found in the source of data by this formula

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∑ X 100%

n = number of each kind of both meaning properties/ relations

∑n = number of all both meaning properties/ relations found

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CHAPTER IV

DESCRIPTION AND FINDING

4.1Data description

4.1.1 Meaning Properties 4.1.1.1Meaningfulness

In order to be meaningful, an expression must obey the Semantic rules of the language as obeying only the syntactic rule cannot end up with meaningful expression and must represent their meaning.

1. The recent dishonest, consciously distorted and insulting non- interpretation of my poem, "Som ebody Blew Up Am erica" by the "Anti-Defamation" League, is fundamentally an attempt to defame me. (Sentence 1)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of this sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It has no characteristics of anomaly and ambiguity. The existence of this expression is to state that there is an effort to defame Amiri by using his poem. The type of sentence is compound sentence.

2. This trashy propaganda is characteristic of right-wing zealots who are interested only in slander and character assassination of those whose views or philosophies differ from or are in contradiction to theirs. (Sentence 3)

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expression is to state that there is a propaganda to people who are different in philosophies with them. The type of sentence is compound complex sentence.

3. First, the poem underlying theme focuses on how Black Americans have suffered from domestic terrorism since being kidnapped into US chattel slavery, e.g., by Slave Owners, US & State Laws, Klan, Skin Heads, Domestic Nazis, Lynching, denial of rights, national oppression, racism, character assassination, historically, and at this very minute throughout the US. (Sentence 4)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of this sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It has no characteristics of anomaly and ambiguity. The existence of this expression is to state about the theme of that poem. The type of sentence is simple sentence.

4. This is said to us, even as this counterfeit president has legalized the Confederate Flag in Mississippi. (Sentence 6)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of this sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It has no characteristics of anomaly and ambiguity. The existence of this expression is to state that Bush that time has legalized the Confederate Flag in Mississippi. The type of sentence is simple sentence.

5. So we cannot, in good conscience, celebrate what seems to us an international crusade to set up a military dictatorship over the world, legitimatized at base, by white supremacy, carried out, no matter the crude lies, as the most terrifying form of Imperialism and its attendant national oppression. (sentence 8)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of this sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It

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expression is to state that US cannot set up a military dictatorship over the world. The type of sentence is compound complex sentence.

6. For all the frantic condemnations of Terror by Bush etc., as the single International Super Power, they are the most dangerous terrorists in the world! (sentence 10)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of this sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It has no characteristics of anomaly and ambiguity. The existence of this expression is to state that there is a terror by Bush which is the most dangerous in the world. The type of sentence is simple sentence.

7. Nor do these ADL purveyors of falsehood mention the poem's listing of some of the Jews across the world, oppressed, imprisoned, murdered by actual Anti- Semitic forces, open or disguised. (sentence 12)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of this sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It has no characteristics of anomaly and ambiguity. The existence of this expression is to state that there is information that Jews are murdered by Anti-Semitic Forces. The type of sentence is compound complex sentence.

8. The ADL apparently is not outraged by McCarthy era frame-up and execution of the Rosenbergs, nor the assassination of German Jewish Communist leaders like Liebnecht, Luxembourg. (sentence 14)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of the sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It has no characteristics of anomaly and ambiguity. The existence of this expression is to state the ADL is not outraged by McCharty era, nor the

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assassination of German Communist leaders. The type of sentence is simple sentence.

9. Happily the Star Ledger published the entire poem, though including in a box, supposedly identifying the offending phrases, my question, "Who Blew Up The Reichstag?" as if the ADL had also claimed that the poem was inferring that Jews did it. (sentence 16)

10. When it was Hitler's destruction of the Reichstag, that provided the pretext for the general imprisonment of Jews, after incarcerating Communists, Social Democrats and Trade Unionists. (sentence 17)

11. Why this was done one can only speculate, but this is the kind of sloppy or intentionally slanderous journalism one can often find in the media. (sentence 18)

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12. It also reflects the kind of unprincipled attack that characterizes ADL press release. (sentence 19)

13. Of course the actual arsonists of the Reichstag terror were never found, though most scholars are certain it was the Nazis themselves. (sentence 21)

14. Of the other lines of the poem, which the ADL termed an example of the Hitlerian "Big Lie", and the poet's "spewing Anti-Semitic venom". (sentence 22)

15. The lines, "Who knew the World Trade Center was gonna get/bombed?" (sentence 23)

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The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of the sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It has no characteristics of anomaly and ambiguity. The existence of this expression is a question . The type of sentence is simple sentence.

16. Well now, certainly, even the Democratic Party has affirmed that the Bush Administration knew. (sentence 24)

17. I agree with this, and it is everywhere on the Internet that not only was the US warned repeatedly by Germany, France, Russia, England but also Israel. (sentence 25)

18. Michael Ruppert of the Green Party has issued a video stating clearly, "Israeli security issued urgent warnings to the CIA of large-scale terror attacks. (sentence 26)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of the sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It

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expression is to state that Michael Ruppert has issued a video about Israel’s warning to CIA. The type of sentence is complex sentence.

19. And that the Israeli Mossad knew that the attacks were going to take place they knew that the World Trade Center were the targets. (sentence 27)

20. This is from British newspaper the "Telegraph". (sentence 28)

21. In addition there are articles in all forms of media and of course the Internet confirming or suggesting that the entire Imperialist world knew and had warned the US CIA in advance, but no action was taken. (sentence 29)

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22. WHY. (sentence 30)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of the sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It has no characteristics of anomaly and ambiguity. The existence of this expression is a question. The type of sentence is simple sentence.

23. They say they "couldn't connect the dots". (sentence 31)

The sentence above it meaningfulness because the main idea of the sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It has no characteristics of anomaly and ambiguity. The existence of this expression is to state that CIA could not connect to the warning. The type of sentence is simple sentence.

24. The FBI agents in Minnesota and Arizona who said that FBI received a report in 1998 that a terrorist organization planned to bring people to the US to enroll in flight schools. (sentence 32)

25. And in a prepared statement by a Minnesota FBI agent, he blamed legal restrictions but principally FBI headquarters for impeding a more aggressive investigation of this man. (sentence 34)

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26. As for the other agent's attempt to warn the FBI HQ of these attacks, he was rebuffed when he made the report, but now FBI HQ says it has not record of such warning. (sentence 35)

27. There are other incredible dots on the media, for instance the stockholders of American Airlines and United, which were the carriers high-jacked to commit the terror began withdrawing stock from these companies in August before the attacks. (sentence 36)

28. The most offensive phrase in the poem to my various attackers is, "Who told 4000 Israeli workers at the Twin Towers / to stay home that day/ Why did Sharon stay away?" (sentence 37)

The sentence above is meaningfulness because the main idea of the sentence can be easily recognized, and it does not reflect another meaning. It

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has no characteristics of anomaly and ambiguity. The existence of this expression is to state about the most offensive phrase in Amiri’s poem . The type of sentence is simple sentence.

29. To infer that I am accusing Israel of committing the atrocity is disingenuous slander and character assassination. (sentence 38)

30. But I do believe, as I stated about England, Germany, France, Russia, that the Israeli government, certainly it's security force, SHABAK knew about the attack in advance. (sentence 39)

31. My sources were, "Ha'aretz" and "Yadiot Ahranot" (two Israeli newspapers) "Al Watan" (a Jordanian newspaper) " Manar" - TV and the website of the Israeli security force SHABAK. (sentence 40)

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32. There are myriad references to this in Reuters, Der Spiegel. (sentence 41)

33. The Israeli newspaper Yadiot Ahranot first revealed that SHABAK had canceled Sharon's appearance in New York City that day, Sept 11, where he was supposed to speak at an "Israel Day" celebration. (sentence 42)

34. This was also mentioned in the Star Ledger, to the effect that Sharon was supposed to visit the US, but no dates were mentioned. (sentence 43)

35. It is the Green Party's Ruppert who makes the most effective case for the 4000 Israeli workers (Not Jewish Workers!) but Israeli nationals. (sentence 44)

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36. He goes on, and this seems true to me, it is "Nonsense" to say the Israelis did it. (sentence 46)

37. They were warning the U.S. hand over fist Ruppert speculates further. (sentence 47)

38. 1. The US did not listen. (sentence 48)

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expression is to state that the US did not listen to the Israeli. The type of sentence is simple sentence.

39. But the most stunning revelation is this, again Ruppert, "We reviewed the list of former tenants of the World Trade Center at the on-line Wall St Journal site. (sentence 50)

40. And there's the website. (sentence 51)

41. It is an alphabetical list of tenants. (sentence 52)

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42. Scroll to the very bottom and notice the moving date for the office of Zim American-Israeli Shipping to Norfolk Virginia. (sentence 53)

43. They were in the World Trade Center. (sentence 54)

44. They must have had Mossad" (or Shabak- AB) input because they vacated one week before September and they broke their lease. (sentence 55)

45. The Israelis didn't pull the attack, but they were smart enough to get their people out of the way. (sentence 56)

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124. Mr. Foxman, what is the Arab World?

125. Alan Dershowitz in his "Chutzpah" says the basis of bigotry is "overgeneralization," so where is the "Arab World"?

126. Is Detroit included? 127. Asscraft thinks so.

128. Earlier the press release mentions "the Muslim World" does that include Lyons Ave., Newark?

129. But then from "Anti-Semitism" the release goes to Israel, not Jews, and Israeli Mossad as those victimized.

130. So they fight Anti Semitism mainly by "defending" Israel.

131. In fact they defend Israel like Joe McCarthy "defended" the US against Communism.

132. Included in my package is a communiqué from an Israeli Peace Organization ": Gush Shalom", "Israeli Peace Block (see Defamation from the Anti Defamation League Answered)

133. This was first published 7/11/2000 as a press release.

134. “In the past 24 hours, an attack is being mounted against Gush Shalom. 135. Knesset Member Collette Avital (Labor) has actually lodge a complaint with

the police, claiming that cartoons presented on our website constitute "incitement".

136. And the powerful American Jewish organization Anti -Defamation League found time, even on election day, over there, to disseminate a message of defamation against "Gush Shalom", which already resulted in hate e mails

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138. The organization defends itself from an ADL press releases "expressing outrage at Gush Shalom's portrayal of Prime Minster Barak as a killer of Palestinian children in a caricature on its web site, stating that the image of Barak standing on the bleeding bullet ridden body of a Palestinian child is abhorrent."

139. Gush Shalom replies, "Still after consulting with my fellow activists I am in a position to make an offer.

140. Should a complete week - seven days pass in which not a single unarmed Palestinian is killed by the Israeli armed forces which are answerable to Mr. Barak, we would remove the above mentioned cartoon from our website. 141. The Gush Shalom statement ends "As for the ADL- an organization which

claims to "counter hatred prejudice and bigotry" can you truly find no other places to search for such, with Israeli society in its present condition, except at our modest website.

142. Was the ADL attacking these Israelis for being Anti Semitic or criticizing rather forcefully the continuous murder of the Palestinians.

143. So in Israel itself, ADL is still covering for and attacking anyone, even Israeli citizens themselves who oppose the Bush Zionist Plan to de-Palestinianize Palestine!

144. Another communication from Israel ([email protected]): This signed by 95 Israeli Academics Sept 23, 2002 that begins "URGENT WARNING: THE ISRAEL GOVERNMENT MAY BE CONTEMPLATING CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY"

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145. It goes on, "We members of the Israeli academe are horrified by US buildup of aggression towards Iraq and by the Israeli political leadership's enthusiastic support of it.

146. We are deeply worried by indications that the "fog of war" could be exploited by the Israeli government to commit further crimes against the Palestinian people, up to full-fledged ethnic cleansing."

147. One striking description of the Israeli Military by these professors is that in an interview found in Ha'aretz Sept 19, 2002, Israeli Chief of Staff Moshe Ya'alon describe the Palestinians as a "cancerous manifestation" and equated the military actions in the Occupied territories with "chemotherapy".

148. Certainly the ADL will have to go after these "Anti Semites" using the "Big Lie" and "Spewing Anti- Semitic Venom"!

149. And the growing list of progressive democratic people around the world who will have opinions about Israel and Political Zionism independent of the ADL, the ADL will have to attack and slander them as well I challenge the ADL to set up a national television program so that we might debate this issue.

150. We can project the poem on a wall and go down line by new and discuss it. 151. If not that then why not a forum or debate some place like NYC Town Hall or

at Symphony Hall in Newark.

152. Why not take a survey of those who heard the poem at the Dodge Festival? 153. Those who registered and the students brought by schools could be contacted

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convince people that I and my poem are the enemy not US and Israeli Imperialism.

154. I have already gotten a great many communications praising the poem. 155. A great many E-mail letters and phone calls not only praising the poem, and

the poet for writing it, but also opposing the attempt to violate my first amendment rights by this oft repeated ADL skin game of calling critics of imperialism Anti Semites.

156. I have already said, in answer to what Governor McGreevey is quoted as demanding that I apologize and that I resign as NJ Poet Laureate.

157. And I have said repeatedly that I will do neither.

158. It is unfortunate that Governor McGreevey has been stampeded by paid liars, and apologists for ethnic cleansing and white supremacy, bourgeois nationalists and the dangerously ignorant, to be panicked into joining in the ADL's slander, belittling my intelligence, and insulting not only my person, my family, my fellow artists and activists who know all this is just the feces of a very small cow.

159. But they are also attacking my work in the arts and my social political views. 160. By demanding that I apologize to Evil and Submit to some fundamentally

racist and politically motivated call for me to resign as New Jersey's Poet Laureate, he is insulting the broad group of people who know he is incorrect and who have read and celebrated and valued my work.

161. And that is a grave mistake, one I am hoping he will correct. "Somebody Blew Up America!" was written Oct 1, 2001.

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164. In addition, I have read this poem in Spain, Portugal, Africa, Switzerland, Italy, Finland and it was translated into German and read on German radio, at Universities and other venues across this country.

165. It has become one of the most circulated of my poems.

166. Yet it was not until I read the poem at the Dodge Poetry Festival that I got negative response from three people that I know of.

167. The overwhelming response was an almost thunderous applause. 168. I even had to come out and take a second bow at one performance. 169. So why now and Who, as the poem asks, is behind it?

170. Perhaps the forces which have dishonestly tried to characterize the poem as "venom" or merely "a harangue" (just as they called John Coltrane's music "Barbaric Yawps") are simply, the Charlie McCarthy voices for Bush & Sharon's Edgar Bergen's.

171. Empty-headed devilish dummies constructed of wood and painted and costumed to look like it is real people speaking, when all the time it is imperialism is the ventriloquist speaking through their mouths.

172. NO, I WILL NOT APOLOGIZE, I WILL NOT RESIGN.

173. In fact I will continue to do what I have appointed to do but still have not been paid to do.

174. Publicize and Popularize poetry and poets throughout this state.

175. To set up new venues and new networks for poetry reading and workshops, in the state's libraries and schools and other institutions.

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177. Therefore giving more of our citizens access to poetry, involving poets of all nationalities, both male and female, of diverse experience and styles.

178. I have already begun to enlist coordinators of poetry programs throughout the state, so that we can network a tour of poets, hopefully beginning in January, throughout the state.

179. To do this I will be approaching local, county, state, federal and private funding.

180. And expand our budget with the cooperation of these other existing programs.

181. We will ask that poets POET-ON!

182. That they begin to produce at least one poem or publish a poem monthly, in the most modest forms, Kinko style, and give them away if they have to. 183. That they begin to set up readings not only in the places we mentioned but

also in parks and restaurants and in neighborhoods.

184. We say this because we feel that this state and indeed this nation and this world is desperately in need of the deepest and most profound human values that poetry can teach.

185. That is what Keats and Du Bois called for the poet to do, to bring Truth and Beauty.

186. To be like the most ancient paradigmythic image of the poet.

187. To be like Osiris and Orpheus, whose job it was to raise the Sun each morning with song and story.

188. To illuminate the human mind, and bring light into the world. 189. POET ON!

Meaning Properties And Meaning Relations Found In Amiri Baraka’s Essay ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’

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Meaning Properties And Meaning Relations Found In Amiri Baraka’s Essay ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’

Meaning Properties And Meaning Relations Found In Amiri Baraka’s Essay ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’

Meaning Properties And Meaning Relations Found In Amiri Baraka’s Essay ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’

ON THE MEANING OF LIFE BY WILL DURANT

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Meaning Properties And Meaning Relations Found In Amiri Baraka’s Essay ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

INTERPERSONAL MEANING ANALYSIS IN MICHAEL HEARTâS âWE WILL NOT GO DOWNâ (SONG FOR GAZA) AND MICHAEL JACKSONâS âHEAL THE WORLDâ.

Alcohol And Substance Abuse Will Not Take Away Your Fears

All The Money In The World Will Not Take Away Your Fears And Anxieties

Fame Money And Success Will Not Take Away Your Fears

To Will Or Not To Will Do s And Don ts In Making A Will

Concerned You Will Not Retire In Comfort

Meaning Properties And Meaning Relations Found In Amiri Baraka’s Essay ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’

Meaning Properties And Meaning Relations Found In Amiri Baraka’s Essay ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’

Meaning Properties And Meaning Relations Found In Amiri Baraka’s Essay ‘I Will Not Apologize, I Will Not Resign’

ON THE MEANING OF LIFE BY WILL DURANT

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INTERPERSONAL MEANING ANALYSIS IN MICHAEL HEARTâS âWE WILL NOT GO DOWNâ (SONG FOR GAZA) AND MICHAEL JACKSONâS âHEAL THE WORLDâ.