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2.4.2.3 Polysemy
Sameness of meaning is not very easy to deal with but there seems nothing inherently difficult about difference of meaning. Not only different words have
different meanings; it is also the case that the same word may have a set of different
meanings. This is called polysemy Palmer 1976: 65.
For examples: 37
Crane : a. a bird,
b. a type of construction equipment 38
Present a. right now, the current moment
b. a gift c. to show or display e.g. Michael was next to present
d. to be physically somewhere e.g. Stephen was present at the meeting
2.4.2.4 Homonymy
According to Saeed 2003: 64, there is a traditional distinction made in lexicology between Polysemy and homonymy. Both deal with multiple senses of the
same phonological word, but homonymy is not invoked if the senses are judged to be related.
Homonyms are unrelated senses of the same phonological word Saeed 2003: 63. Palmer 1976: 67 states that homonymy is when there are several words with
same shape.
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Homonymy can be divides into two, homophone and homograph. Homophone is word that have the same pronunciation but different in spelling and
meaning. For examples:
39 Flour flaυər means used for making bread or cake.
40 Flower flaυər means the part of plant.
2.4.2.5 Hyponymy
Saeed 2003: 68, ”Hyponymy is relation of inclusion. A hyponym includes
the meaning of more general word. Palmer 1976: 76 states that “hyponym involves
us in the nation of inclusion in the sense”. For examples:
41 Butterfly and dragonfly are hyponyms of animal.
42 Sister and daughter are hyponyms of woman.
The more general term is called superordinate or hypernym. It is the opposite of hyponym. Hypernym is a linguistic term for a word whose meaning includes the
meanings of other words.
2.4.2.6 Meronymy
Meronymy is a part-whole relationship between lexical items. Meronymy reflects hierarchical classifications in the lexicon somewhat like taxonomic.
Meronymy differs from hyponym in transitivity. Hyponymy is always transitive, but meronymy is not always transitive.
For examples: 43
Hole is a meronym of button and button of shirt,
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44 but hole is not a meronym of shirt
2.4.2.7 Member-collection
This is a relationship between the word for a unit and the usual word for a collection of the units.
For examples: 45
ship 46
tree 47
fish 48
book
2.4.2.8 Portion-mass
This is a relation between a mass noun and the usual unit of measurement or division.
For examples: 49
drop of liquid
50 sheet of
paper 51
strand of hair
2.5 Related studies
In doing this thesis, the writer has consulted and read some information from some researches done before. They are some thesis which are relevant to the topic
and support the idea of the analysis. Some of them, are as following:
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