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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
In this chapter the writer discusses the research methodology that was used to answer the problems presented in Chapter I. There are six points discussed in
this chapter. They are: 1 method of the study; 2 respondents; 3 instruments; 4 data gathering techniques; 5 data analysis techniques; 6 procedures.
A. METHOD OF THE STUDY
As it has been stated in the problem formulation in chapter one, this research attempted to solve two major problems. Firstly, it was conducted to find
out how a set of English reading material using CTL approach for students of Pangudi Luhur I Junior High School was designed. Secondly, it was aimed to
present the designed materials for students of Pangudi Luhur I Junior High School.
In this study, the writer applied Research and Development method RD. According to Borg and Gall 1983: 772 RD can be defined “as a
process used to develop and validate educational products” such as teaching materials, teaching methods and method for organizing instruction. In addition,
RD tries to develop research knowledge and incorporate it into a product by becoming a bridge so that the gap between educational research and educational
practice can disappear Borg and Gall1983: 771. Research and Development method RD consists of a cycle where the product is developed, field-tested and
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revised based on the field-test data. Borg and Gall stated that there are ten major steps that are used in the Research and Development method RD cycle to
develop the products 1983: 775. They are research and information collecting, planning, development of preliminary form of product, product evaluation, main
product revision, main field testing, operational product revision, operational field testing, final product revision, dissemination and implementation.
In order to answer the two major problems mentioned above, the writer employed step one until step five. The steps are explained as follows:
1. Research and Information Collecting
Research and information collecting included review of literature, classroom observation, and preparation of report of state of the art Borg and Gall,
1983: 775. In this step, describing the designed material as specific as possible became the important thing. Thus, the writer distributed questionnaires to the
seventh grade students of Pangudi Luhur I Junior High School and conducted an informal interview for the teachers, and checked the curriculum in order to obtain
the data. The data were used as a source to obtain the students’ needs and information and opinion from the teacher about the topics which were suitable for
the seventh grade students of Pangudi Luhur I Junior High School.
2. Planning
In this study, planning included defining skills, stating objectives and determining sequence. Those aspects would be applied to develop a suitable
syllabus and lesson plans to teach English reading for the seventh grade students of Pangudi Luhur I Junior high School. The statement of the specific objectives to
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be achieved by the designed material became the important aspect in this step Borg Gall 1983: 779. Objective is the best basis to develop the instructional
materials. Instructional materials can be tested and revised until it was suitable with the objectives.
3. Development of Preliminary Form of Product
After completing the planning step, the next step was to develop the preliminary form of product. This step included preparation of instructional
materials, handbooks, and evaluation devices. In this step, designer had to organize the designed materials so as to permit obtaining as much feedback as
possible. The materials were developed using the model proposed by Hutchinson and Waters.
4. Product Evaluation
This step is applied to obtain the evaluation for the instructional materials. In this study, the writer used questionnaires to gain the feedback. The feedback
would be useful to revise and improve the designed material so that the designed material would work properly. The evaluation was obtained from the seventh
grade teachers of Pangudi Luhur I Junior High School and English lecturers of Sanata Dharma University.
5. Main Product Revision
After obtaining the evaluation from the product evaluation, the writer applied the result or suggestions to revise the materials as recommended by the
teachers and lecturers. Thus, the data collected from the product evaluation would be used as the basis to obtain the final designed material.
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B. RESPONDENTS
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