direct correspondence in the ST. in fact, she claims that different grammatical structures in the ST and TT may cause remarkable changes in the way the
information or message is carried across. These changes may include the translator either to add or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of
particular grammatical devices in the TT itself. 3.
Textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a ST and a TT in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature
in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the ST which can help the translator in his or her attempt to
produce a cohesive and coherent text for the TL audience in a specific context. Translator can decide to maintain or not the cohesive ties as well as
the coherence of the ST. his or her decision will be guided by three main factors, they are; the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the
text type. 4.
Pragmatic equivalence, when referring to implicatures and strategies of avoidance during the translation process. Implicature is not about what is
explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meanings in translation in order to get the ST message across. The
role of the translator is to recreate the author’s intention in another culture in such a way that enables the TT reader to understand it clearly.
2.3 Equivalence Translation strategies
2.3.1 Equivalence Translation strategies at word level
There are seven strategies was offered by Baker in order to overcome the problems of non equivalence in doing translation. They are:
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1. Translation by a more general word
This is one of the commonest strategies with many types of non-equivalence, particular in the area of propositional meaning. It works equally well in most,
if not all, languages, since the hierarchal structure of semantic fields is not language – specific. For example:
SL: I will go back to Chicago two days later
English TL:
Saya akan kembali ke Amerika
2. Translation by a more neutralless expressive word
dua hari lagi. Bahasa Indonesia
The above example illustrate the use of a general word superordinate to overcome to a relative lack of specificity in TL compared to the SL. What the
translators of the above extracts have done is go up a level in a given semantic field to find a more general word that covers the core propositional meaning of the
missing hyponym in the target language.
To make a clear comprehension notice the example below: SL: The panda is something of a zoological mystery
English TL: Kemunculan panda dalam dunia hewan adalah sebuah teka teki
3. Translation by cultural substitution.
B.Indonesia There is an equivalent for mystery in Bahasa Indonesia, but it mostly
associated with religion. The translator felt that it would be wrong to use it in a zoological context.
One of the strategies to achieve “equivalent effect” used in the latter situation is translation by cultural substitution. This strategy is called “cultural equivalent”
Newmark, 1988:82-83. It involves “replacing a culture-specific item or expression
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with a target language item which does not have the same propositional meaning” Baker, 1992: 30. The main advantage of using this strategy is that it gives the
reader a concept with which she can identify something familiar and appealing.
4. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation
This strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items modern concepts, and buzz words. As with the strategy of cultural substitution, the
freedom with which translator use loan words will often depend on the norms of translation prevailing in their societies. Example:
SL: She is completely narcissistic
English TL:
Pendeknya, kakaku itu benar-benar narcissistic
5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word.
Bahasa Indonesia
This strategy tends to be used when the concept expressed by the source item is lexicalized in the TL, but in a different form, and when the frequency with which a
certain form is used in the ST is significantly higher than would be natural in the TL. SL:
He really love it English
TL: Ia girang bukan main
6. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words
Bahasa Indonesia
If the concept expressed by the source item is not lexicalized at all in the TL, the paraphrase strategy still used in some contexts. Instead of related word, the
paraphrase may be based on modifying a superordinate or simply on unpacking the meaning of the source item, particularly if the item in question is semantically
complex. The main advantage of this strategy is that it achieves a high level of
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precision in specifying propositional meaning. The disadvantage using this strategy is paraphrase does not have the status of a lexical item and therefore cannot convey
expressive, evoked, or any kind of associative meaning. For instance, look at the example:
SL: Andy looked pleased as the Rocky Road finally engulfed the tip of his nose
English TL:
Andy kelihatan senang. Hidungnya sudah hampir
7. Translation by omission
tertutup es krim Bahasa Indonesia
This strategy may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translation a word or expression in some context. If the meaning conveyed by a
particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy explanation, translator can and often do
simply omit translating the word or the expression in question. Example:
SL: Thats not exactly
The non – equivalence problems of translation are not only occurred on the word level. In fact, words are combined with other words and make a new meaning.
This combining words generally known as idioms, phrase, and fixed expression. Baker 1992: 65 mentions that there are two main problems of idiomatic and fixed
expressions pose in translation. They are: the ability to recognize and interpret an appropriate for Luigis
English TL:
Tak cocok dipakai ke Luigis Bahasa Indonesia
2.3.2 Equivalence Strategies at above word level
