Equivalence Strategies In Translating Slang In The Novel “Akeelah And The Bee” By Sapardi Djoko Damono

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EQUIVALENCE STRATEGIES IN TRANSLATING SLANG IN THE NOVEL “AKEELAH AND THE BEE” BY SAPARDI DJOKO DAMONO

A THESIS

RINA SARI NAINGGOLAN REG. NO. 080705042

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2012

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ABSTRACT

Skripsi berjudul “Equivalence strategies in translating slang in the novel Akeelah and The Bee by Sapardi Djoko Damono” ini merupakan suatu analisis tentang penggunaan strategi penerjemahan dalam upaya penyepadanan kata dan frasa pada penerjemahan teks slang bahasa sumber (English) dari sebuah novel “akeelah and the Bee” kedalam teks bahasa sasaran (Bahasa Indonesia) “Akeelah” oleh Sapardi Djoko Damono. Skripsi ini dilatarbelakangi fenomena penggunaan slang yang semakin sering terdapat tidak hanya pada subtitle sebuah film saja, tapi juga ada pada novel novel bahasa sumber yang diterjemahkan ke bahasa sasaran. Selain keberhasilan penyampaian pesan dari bahasa sumber, hal yang perlu diperhatikan adalah suatu terjemahan harus senatural mungkin sehingga pembaca tidak menyadari bahwa ia sedang membaca novel terjemahan. Hal ini menjadi tugas yang cukup sulit bagi penerjemah dikarenakan slang punya makna ekspresif tersendiri yg hanya diketahui oleh komunitas tertentu dan terkadang makna slang tersebut meluas bahkan menghilang. Bagaimana si penerjemah menerjemahkan slang tanpa mengurangi nilai ekspresif dari slang itu sendiri ke bahasa sasaran yaitu bahasa Indonesia merupakan tujuan dari pembuatan skripsi ini. Landasan teori yang digunakan adalah teori Mona Baker (1992) mengenai strategi strategi penyepadanan dalam penerjemahan dari dua level yg berbeda yaitu pada tingkat kata dan tingkat diatas kata. Ada tujuh strategi yang diberikan Baker (1992) untuk mengatasi ketidaksepadanan yang terdapat pada tingkat kata yaitu: menerjemahkan dengan kata yg lebih umum, menerjemahkan dengan kata yg lebih netral atau kurang ekspresif, menerjemahkan dengan kata yang berhubungan dengan kebudayaan, menerjemahkan dengan kata pinjaman (loan words), menerjemahkan dengan kata atau frasa yang ada kaitannya, menerjemahkan dengan kata atau frasa yang tidak ada berkaitan, dan menerjemahkan bahasa sumber dengan menghilangkan kata tersebut atau tidak menerjemahkannya. Pada tingkat diatas kata, empat strategi tersedia untuk mengatasi ketidaksepadanan yang terdapat pada frasa, kolokasi atau idiom. Strategi strategi itu adalah: menerjemahkan dengan frasa atau idiom yg makna dan bentuknya sama, menerjemahkan dengan frasa atau idiom yg makna sama tapi bentuk yg berbeda, menerjemahkan dengan cara memparafrasakan, dan menerjemahkan dengan menghilangkan frasa atau tidak menerjemahkannya. Metode yg digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kepustakaan untuk mencari berbagai teori yang mendukung. Dalam menganalisis data penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif karena penulis ingin memberi penjabaran yg detail mengenai strategi penerjemahan yg digunakan dalam menerjemahkan slang terutama yg terdapat di novel ”Akeelah and The bee”. Kemudian untuk mencari strategi yang paling sering digunakan baik dalam tingkat tataran kata ataupun tataran diatas kalimat dalam novel ini digunakanlah formula Malo. Hasil yg didapat dari analisis penerjemahan ini menunjukkan semua strategi yg ditawarkan oleh Baker digunakan dalam menerjemahkan slang yg ada. Menerjemahkan kata slang dengan kata yg lebih umum merupakan strategi yg paling dominan digunakan oleh penerjemah (33,33%). Sedangkan dalam menerjemahkan frasa atau idiom slang ke bahasa sasaran, penerjemah dominan menerjemahkan dengan frasa atau idiom yg memiliki makna dan bentuk yg sama (38,17%).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ……… 4

1.2 Problems of the Study ……… 7

1.3 Objectives of the Study ……… 8

1.4 Scope of the Study ……… 8

1.5 Significances of the Study ……… 9

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Translation 2.1.1 Definition ……… 10

2.1.2 Methods of Translation……… 11

2.1.3 Translation as Product and Process ……… 12

2.2 Equivalence 2.2.1 Definition of Equivalence ……… 14

2.2.2 Kinds of Equivalence ……… 15

2.3 Equivalence Translation strategies 2.3.1 Equivalence Translation strategies at word level 18 1. Translation by a more general word ……… 18

2. Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word 18 3. Translation by cultural substitution ……… 19

4. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation ……… 19 5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word 19

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6. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words 20

7. Translation by omission ……… 20

2.3.2 Equivalence Strategies at above word …….. 21

1. Using an Idiom of similar meaning and form …….. 21

2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form ……….. 21

3. Translation of paraphrase ……….. 22

4. Translation by omission ……….…. 22

2.4 Slang 2.4.1 Definition ………..…… 22

2.4.2 Formation of Slang ... 23

1. Slang Words ... 23

2. Slang Phrases ... 24

2.4.3 The Use of Slang ... 25

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Reseach Design ... 26

3.2 Sources of Data ... 26

3.3 Data Collection Procedures ... 26

3.4 Data Analysis ... 27

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS, DESCRIPTION AND FINDING 4.1 Data Analysis ... 29

4.2 Data Description ... 45

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ... 60 5.2 Suggestion ... 61

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Nowadays, people do communication in their life. They use the language and understand their own environment. Sometimes, there are some words or phrases in their language that they use in their daily life which can not be understood by other people. For instance, the people who live in Jakarta know that “kereta” is a train (a lexical meaning). But in Medan, people understand that “kereta” means a motorcycle. This is means there are particular terms in the language which are used in their own environment and are only understood by the members of the community in question. Generally, the term is well known as a nonstandard language named slang (Adams, 2009: 48).

Hornby (2000) states that slang as very informal words and expression that are more common in spoken language, and are used for some particular purposes. Slang sometimes is used to distinguish the people to another. The example in the previous paragraph showed that slang is used to identify members of a group, between Medan people to Jakarta people. Teenagers use slang to create identity in order to be different from adults and Afro-American people use slang to distinguish them from white people. But nowadays, all people generally and especially in United States use slang in every part of their daily life. Slang can spread outside their original area, but also can lose in their area. Slang is usually used extensively in American TV, films, music, literature and in conversations among native English speakers.

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Indonesian people do enjoy music, books and films which contain slang from other countries. Nowadays, it can be seen there are many translated novels are displayed in the books stores in Indonesia. Most of those books sometimes use literary language and slang. Patridge (1937) commented that the reason why non-standard language such slang words may be used by an author is simply to make character speak in a more realistic way. Non-standard language is incorrect not only from a grammatical point of view, but also from an ethical side. This condition puts non-standard language in contrast with standard language.

Schjoldager (2008) states that translating non-standard language such slang words is not a simple task. Even though the skilled translator has understood the original of the source text, the cultural background, and the social level, the problem of translation still remains of how to reproduce the different variety of English and how to transfer it to another language. Thus, it needs some strategies of translation in order to overcome these issues.

Translation itself has several definitions. According to Catford (1965) translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) to another language (target language).” Moreover, Baker (1988) defines that translation as an activity of transferring a text one language to another from but still keeps the equivalence and the relation between the source texts to target text.

In order to achieve the equivalence in translating slang words and phrases, the translators face several matters which do not only deal with the equivalence of the form in text, but also with some problems. There will be a lot of different words, phrases, and etc that do not have a very similar meaning in target language because of varieties of language communities. One of the varieties of language community is

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slang. In some films or novels, the author use slang words which can not be recognized in by the reader of target language (Baker, 1992)

The matters of equivalence at word level and above word level such phrases often occur in translation. The problem occurred at word level has no direct equivalent words or phrases in target language. The common problems of non equivalence at this level are stuck at culture – specific concepts, the source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language, the complexity of source language word and etc. The strategies that commonly used in solving this problem are also given. For example:

“… “Derick-T’s new ride is tight” (SL) “… “mobil baru Derick-T keren” (TL)

According to Merriam - Webster (2011) Tight means having elements close together. But according to 1990 Slang’s Dictionary (2006) tight means great, the best. The translator used cultural substitution where he reproduced the meaning of tight - great, the best- and translated into “keren”. “Keren” in Indonesia means good looking (for person), or very good in appearance (for things). This word is usually used by the Indonesians in showing a thing which is really good.

Based on Baker’s equivalence’s theory, the slang words and phrases in the novel “Akeelah and The Bee” will be analyzed in this thesis. The writer will analyze both words and phrases of the slang that appear in the novel of “Akeelah and The Bee”. The source language is English and the target language is Indonesian

This novel is entitled “Akeelah and the Bee” is a novel written by James W. Ellison which talks about a life of a little girl who joined a spelling bee competition, which has become the United States tradition more than one century. This novel is straightly based on the process of the Spelling competition. The novel is based on the

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screenplay of the film entitled “Akeelah and the bee” that was written by Doug Atchison. This novel was published by Yayasan Obor Indonesia in 2007 (Ellison: 2007).

The explanation about slang and the strategies for equivalence at word level and above word level is the base of the writer’s interest in determining slang in connection to translation as the topic of this thesis. The reason why the writer decided to take slang as the matter of the analysis because slang many times occurs in conversations or similar communicative situations that most people easily recognize as soon as it is uttered. It means this matter has a close relation to the social life of the society. From a translation studies point of view, slang is interesting because of its connotations in its source culture. Slang seems to be connected to the culture in which it is created, so how slang words and expressions transferred into another language and culture will be discussed in this thesis.

In addition, the writer has found out that slang translation is quite rarely to be analyzed by any researcher in English Department University of Sumatera Utara. Those are the reasons why the writer chose ‘Equivalence Strategies in Translating Slang Words and Phrases in the “Akeelah and The Bee” By Sapardi Djoko Damono” as the title of this thesis.

1.2 Problem of the Study

The problems of this analysis are:

1. How are the slang words in the novel “Akeelah and the Bee” translated into Bahasa Indonesia?

2. How are the slang phrases in the novel “Akeelah and the Bee” translated into Bahasa Indonesia?

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3. What are the strategies used in translating the slang words into Bahasa Indonesia?

4. What are the strategies used in translating the slang phrases into Bahasa Indonesia?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the analysis in this thesis are concern with the problem of the analysis. They are:

1. To figure out the most dominant strategies used in translating slang words the novel “Akeelah and The Bee”.

2. To figure out the most dominant strategies used in translating slang phrases the novel “Akeelah and The Bee”.

3. To analyze the strategies which were used in translating slang words in the novel “Akeelah and The bee”.

4. To analyze the strategies which were used in translating slang phrases in the novel “Akeelah and The bee”.

1.4 Scope of the Study

In order to make a clear and systemic analysis, the writer will limit the matters discussed in this thesis. The analysis will focus on the strategies used in translating slang. The writer will analyze the slang formed only in words and phrases used in the novel of “Akeelah and The Bee”.

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1.5 Significances of The Study

This analysis has several significances involve theoretical and practical significances. The significance of this research may include:

1. Theoretically, the writer hopes that this research can give contribution in developing of the knowledge in translation study.

2. Practically, the result of this research can give useful addition information for lecturers, especially in teaching translation of message equivalence. For the students, the result of this research can be used as additional knowledge to improve their knowledge and ability of the translation, especially in message equivalence of translation with regard to in the strategies in translating slang.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 TRANSLATION

2.1.1 Definition

There are several definitions of translation described scholars. According to Catford (1965) translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). This definition is supported by Nida and Taber as quoted in (Suryawinata 1988:3) state translating consists of reproducing in the TL the closest natural equivalence of the SL message, first in the terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

Indonesian translation scholar, Simatupang (2000:2) says “menerjemahkan adalah mengalihkan makna yang terdapat dalam bahasa sumber kedalam bahasa sasaran dan mewujudkannya kembali di dalam bahasa sasaran dengan bentuk bentuk yang sewajar mungkin menurut aturan - aturan yang berlaku dalam bahasa sasaran”. This statement is totally supported by the Larson’s statement (1984:3) about translation. He states that translation is basically a change of form, translation consist of transferring the meaning of SL into TL. It means that the act of translation involves the change of the form SL to the form of TL; but the meaning is not changed.

Larson (1984:6) states that a best translation is the one which a) uses the normal language forms of the TL, b) communicates, as much as possible, to the TL speakers the same meaning that was understood by the speaker of SL, and c) maintain the dynamics of the original SL text. Maintaining the “dynamics” of the original source text means that the translation is presented in such a way that it will, hopefully, evoke the same response as the source text attempted to evoke.

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Based on those definitions about translation, translation is a process of transferring the meaning of a text into another language then recreating it back with the most proper forms based on the structure of the TL. The object that was transferred is the meaning of the text. The main aim of translation is transferring the meaning as natural as it could in TL.

2.1.2 Methods of Translation

Methods of translation have a very close relationship with kinds of translation. Different kinds of translation occur because there are different methods used in translation. Even some of translation scholars consider that kinds of translation and the methods of translation are the same. Furthermore, the word “methods” will be used to represent the kinds or the methods of translation in this analysis.

In doing translation, a translator has to apply the methods of translation. Nababan (2003:29) states there are four factors why the method of translation should be applied. First is the different system between SL and TL. Second factor is there is difference material or translated text. Third, the appearance of paradigm stated that is a mean of communication. The last factor is the different function or goal of translation. It can be promotion, suggestion, persuasion, argumentation and etc.

According to Larson (1984:15) there are two kind of translation. They are: 1. Form based translation attempt to follow the form of the source language

and are known as literal translation. If two languages are related, the literal translation can often be understood, since the general grammatical form may be similar. However, the literal choices of lexical items make the translation sound foreign.

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2. Meaning based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in natural form of TL that was famous by name

idiomatic translation. Idiomatic translation uses the natural form of the TL, both in the grammatical construction and in the choice of lexical items. A truly translation does not sound like translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the TL.

Nida and Taber as cited by Simatupang (2000:9) support and agree with Larson, but they have their own name for their concept. Nida and Taber divide translation into two kinds of translation; they are literal translation and dynamic translation. Literal translation has a same concept with the form based translation by Larson. The other kind of translation that Nida and Taber proposed is dynamic translation. Dynamic translation is a translation that makes meaning more important than the form. The target of dynamic translation is to produce the dynamic equivalence in TL.

Based on the explanation above, there are two translation methods should be applied by the translator in order to achieve a good translation. They are meaning based translation, proposed by Larson, and dynamic translation that was stated by Nida and Taber. Those methods are considered as the naturalness meaning of translation that should be achieved in doing translation.

2.1.3 Translation as Product and Process

Based on the definition of translation that some scholars have defined above, translation has two roles, as a product and as a process. Translation as a product means a text which is the result of transferring the content, the message, and

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the meaning of a text in SL in to TL by considering the linguistic and non-linguistic elements (Muchtar 2011: 10).

Translation as a process means there are some steps should be done by the translator to transfer the meaning of the text correctly and as natural as possible. In addition, Levy in Venuti (2000:148) states that translation as a decision process. He states that translation as a series of a certain number of consecutive situation – moves, as in a game – situation imposing on the translator the necessity of choosing among a certain (and very often exactly definable) number of alternatives. Nida and Taber in Munday (2001:40) divide the process of translating into three stages system: 1) analysis of message in the SL; 2) transfer, and; 3) reconstruction of the transferred message in the TL. This process is described in the following figure:

According to the figure above, the process of translation is starts from analyzing the original text. In this step, the translator should be able to understand the content and the meaning of the text. In the next step, the translator intents to transfer the meaning of the original text (SL) into target text (TL). The next step is restructuring where the translator rewrites or re-expresses the materials in such a way that the translation product is readable and acceptable in terms of rules and styles in the TL.

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EQUIVALENCE 2.2.1 Definition

Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation. The notion of equivalence is undoubtedly one of the most problematic and controversial areas in the field of translation theory. A translator must look for the equivalence between ST and TT, so that there is no missing information when he transfers the message from ST to TT (Venuti 2000:133).

Baker (1998:77) defines equivalence as the relationship between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT) that has allowed the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST in the first place.

This is in accordance with what Catford states that “equivalence is the central concept of translation which shifted the focus of translation theory away from the traditional dichotomy of ‘faithful’ or ‘free’ to a presupposed inter-lingual tertium comparison.” (Snell – Hornby, 1988:15). He further points out that “the central problem of translation practice is that of finding TL equivalents. A central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence.” ( Snell – Hornby, 1988: 15)

Larson (1984:57) suggests that a translator will often find that there is no exact equivalent between the words of one language and the words of another. There will be overlap in translation product, and there is seldom a complete match between languages. Because of this, it is often necessary to translate one word of the source language by several words in the receptor language in order to give the same meaning.

Baker (1998: 77) claims that uses the notion of equivalence for the sake of convenience because most translators use it rather than because it has any theoretical

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statements. Thus equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition for translations, an obstacle to a progress in translation studies, or a useful category for describing translation. She also added that proponent of equivalence as the relationship between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT). That’s allowed the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST in the first place.

2.1.3 Kinds of Equivalence

Equivalence is classified become several kinds depend on some theory of several translation scholars. Kinds of equivalence according to Nida which are stated in Munday (2001: 41) which are: (1) formal equivalence and (2) Dynamic equivalence. Nida defined these as follows:

1. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. Viewed from this formal orientation, one is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. This means, for example, that the message in the target culture is constantly compared with the message in the source culture to determine standards of accuracy and correctness (Venuti 2000:129)

A formal equivalence attempts to reproduce several formal elements, including: 1) grammatical units, 2) consistency in word usage, and 3) meaning in terms of source context. Nida also calls this kinds of equivalence as ‘gloss translation’, which aims to allow the reader to understand as much as the ST context as possible.

2. Dynamic equivalence is based on what Nida calls ‘the principle of equivalent effect’, where ‘the relation between receptor and message should be

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substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message’. One way of defining a dynamic equivalence translation is to describe it as “the closest natural equivalent to the SL message.” This kind of definition contains three essential items: 1) equivalent, which points toward the SL message, 2) natural, which points towards the TL, and 3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.

A translation of dynamic equivalence aims at complete naturalness of expression, and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture; it does not insist that he understand the cultural patterns of SL context in order to comprehend the message.

Baker (1992) explains a more detail list of condition upon which the concepts of equivalence can be defined. She explores the notion of equivalence at different levels, in relation to translation process, including all different aspects of translation and hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She divided equivalence into four groups, they are:

1. Equivalence that can occurred at word level and above word level while doing translation from SL to TL. Baker acknowledges that, in a bottom up approach to translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be taken into consideration by translator. In fact, when the translator starts analyzing the ST, the translator looks at the words as single units in order to find a direct ‘equivalence’ term in the TT

2. Grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages. She notes that grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose some problems in terms of finding a

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direct correspondence in the ST. in fact, she claims that different grammatical structures in the ST and TT may cause remarkable changes in the way the information or message is carried across. These changes may include the translator either to add or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of particular grammatical devices in the TT itself.

3. Textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a ST and a TT in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the ST which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a cohesive and coherent text for the TL audience in a specific context. Translator can decide to maintain or not the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of the ST. his or her decision will be guided by three main factors, they are; the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type.

4. Pragmatic equivalence, when referring to implicatures and strategies of avoidance during the translation process. Implicature is not about what is explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meanings in translation in order to get the ST message across. The role of the translator is to recreate the author’s intention in another culture in such a way that enables the TT reader to understand it clearly.

2.3 Equivalence Translation strategies

2.3.1 Equivalence Translation strategies at word level

There are seven strategies was offered by Baker in order to overcome the problems of non equivalence in doing translation. They are:

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1. Translation by a more general word

This is one of the commonest strategies with many types of non-equivalence, particular in the area of propositional meaning. It works equally well in most, if not all, languages, since the hierarchal structure of semantic fields is not language – specific. For example:

SL: I will go back to Chicago two days later (English) TL: Saya akan kembali ke Amerika

2. Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word

dua hari lagi. (Bahasa Indonesia) The above example illustrate the use of a general word (superordinate) to overcome to a relative lack of specificity in TL compared to the SL. What the translators of the above extracts have done is go up a level in a given semantic field to find a more general word that covers the core propositional meaning of the missing hyponym in the target language.

To make a clear comprehension notice the example below:

SL: The panda is something of a zoological mystery (English) TL: Kemunculan panda dalam dunia hewan adalah sebuah teka teki

3. Translation by cultural substitution.

(B.Indonesia) There is an equivalent for mystery in Bahasa Indonesia, but it mostly associated with religion. The translator felt that it would be wrong to use it in a zoological context.

One of the strategies to achieve “equivalent effect” used in the latter situation is translation by cultural substitution. This strategy is called “cultural equivalent” (Newmark, 1988:82-83). It involves “replacing a culture-specific item or expression

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with a target language item which does not have the same propositional meaning” (Baker, 1992: 30). The main advantage of using this strategy is that it gives the reader a concept with which s/he can identify something familiar and appealing.

4. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation

This strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific items modern concepts, and buzz words. As with the strategy of cultural substitution, the freedom with which translator use loan words will often depend on the norms of translation prevailing in their societies. Example:

SL: She is completely narcissistic (English) TL: Pendeknya, kakaku itu benar-benar narcissistic

5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word.

(Bahasa Indonesia)

This strategy tends to be used when the concept expressed by the source item is lexicalized in the TL, but in a different form, and when the frequency with which a certain form is used in the ST is significantly higher than would be natural in the TL. SL: He really love it (English)

TL: Ia girang bukan main

6. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words

(Bahasa Indonesia)

If the concept expressed by the source item is not lexicalized at all in the TL, the paraphrase strategy still used in some contexts. Instead of related word, the paraphrase may be based on modifying a superordinate or simply on unpacking the meaning of the source item, particularly if the item in question is semantically complex. The main advantage of this strategy is that it achieves a high level of

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precision in specifying propositional meaning. The disadvantage using this strategy is paraphrase does not have the status of a lexical item and therefore cannot convey expressive, evoked, or any kind of associative meaning. For instance, look at the example:

SL: Andy looked pleased as the Rocky Road finally engulfed the tip of his nose (English)

TL: Andy kelihatan senang. Hidungnya sudah hampir

7. Translation by omission

tertutup es krim (Bahasa Indonesia)

This strategy may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translation a word or expression in some context. If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader with lengthy explanation, translator can and often do simply omit translating the word or the expression in question.

Example:

SL: That's not exactly

The non – equivalence problems of translation are not only occurred on the word level. In fact, words are combined with other words and make a new meaning. This combining words generally known as idioms, phrase, and fixed expression. Baker (1992: 65) mentions that there are two main problems of idiomatic and fixed expressions pose in translation. They are: the ability to recognize and interpret an

appropriate for Luigi's (English)

TL: Tak cocok dipakai ke Luigi's (Bahasa Indonesia)

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idiom correctly; and the difficulties involved in rendering the various aspect of meaning that an idiom or fixed expression conveys into the TL. To overcome the problems above, Baker mention several strategies which are working on these combining words such idiom, phrase and fixed expression. There are several strategies that Baker has stated, they are:

1. Using an Idiom of similar meaning and

form

This strategy involve using an idiom in the TL which roughly the same meaning as that the SL idiom and in addition consist of equivalent lexical item. This kind of match can only occasionally be achieved. Example:

SL: Perhaps Granamyr wanted to show us that things aren’t always what they seem. (English)

TL: Mungkin Granamyr ingin menunjukkan kepada kita bahwa sesuatu hal tidak lah selalu sama dengan apa yang kita lihat

2. Using an idiom of similar meaning but

dissimilar form

. (Bahasa Indonesia)

It is often possible to find idiom or fixed expression in the TL which has a meaning similar to that of source idiom or expression, but which consist of different lexical item. Example:

SL: “Those idiots are letting her get into her stride.” said George (English) TL: “para idiot itu membiarkan dy menumpahkan kemarahannya.” kata George

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3. Translation of paraphrase

This strategy has the same concept with the paraphrase strategy at word level, but the difference lied on the way it translated. At the word level, paraphrase strategy translates a word in to unrelated words, but in this paraphrase at this level, the idiom was translated into related idiom. This strategy is the most common way of translating idiom (Baker 1992:75). It possible for the translator find inaccurate paraphrase. Example:

SL: “It was the first week after term ended” said Ron (English) TL: “terjadinya pada minggu pertama liburan kita

4. Translation by omission:

” kata Ron (Bahasa Indonesia)

An idiom may sometimes be omitted altogether in the TT because it has no close match in the TL, its meaning cannot be easily paraphrased, or for stylistic reason.

2.4 SLANG 2.4.1 Definition

There are many definitions of slang offered by many linguists. According to Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia slang can be described as informal, nonstandard words or phrases which tend to originate in subcultures within a society. Thorne (2007) defines that “slang is language deliberately selected for its striking informality and is consciously used in preference to ‘proper’ speech (or, more rarely, writing).” It usually originates in small social groups. slang is expressions that do not belong to

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Standard English. For example: “what’s up?” is an example of term for asking about people or greeting a person.

For some groups, slang is a private code connecting their particular values and behavior and reinforcing their exclusivity. Slang may escape from the original group and become more widely used, and although slang draws much of its effect from its novelty, some terms (booze, punk, cool) may stay in the language for many years (Thorne, 2007).

Slang consists of the words and expressions that have different from the cant,

jargon and argot (and to a lesser extent from dialectal, nonstandard, and taboo speech) of specific subgroups of society so that they are known and used by some of the general population, even though the words and expressions often retain some associations with the subgroups that originally used and popularized them. Thus, slang is a middle ground for words and expressions that have become too popular to be any longer considered as part of the more restricted categories, but that are not yet (and may never become) acceptable or popular enough to be considered informal or standard.

2.4.2 Slang Form

1. Slang Word

Slang words beside specific vocabulary are also formed by a variety of processes (Matillo, 2003) they are the main ones:

• Established words used in extended or special meanings: flash and juice

in the previous paragraph, awesome = excellent, hooter = nose.

• Words made by abbreviation or shortening: fab from fabulous, pro from

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• Rhyming slang: Adam and Eve = believe, butcher's (hook) = look.

• Loanwords from other languages: gazump, nosh, shemozzle from Yiddish,

kaput from German, bimbo from Italian (= little child).

• Backslang, in which the spelling or sound of other words are reversed:

yob from boy, slop from police.

2. Slang Phrase

Slang phrases are characterized by some features in sound realization such as intonation, rhythm, stress underlined by purposely lax way of speaking, inaccurate or omitted pronunciation of some sounds or even group of sounds. The words are usually produced in a shortened, easier and more relax way (Matillo, 2003). The processes described below:

• Words formed by compounding: airhead = stupid person, couch potato = person who lazes around watching television, snail mail = ordinary mail as opposed to email.

• Merging of two words: 'portmanteau' words such as ditsy = dotty + dizzy,

ginormous = gigantic + enormous.

• Reduplications and fanciful formations: heebie-jeebies, okey-doke. Words based on phrases or idioms: bad-mouth = to abuse, feel-good as in feel-good factor, in-your-face = aggressive, drop-dead = extremely (beautiful etc.), must-have = essential, one-night stand = brief sexual encounter. • Slang phrases also use inaccurate pronoucation; What´m I going t´do

now? Ah'm over here. Consonant gemination: innit? (isn´t it?), wunnit

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The Use of Slang

Slang is used for many purposes. But there are six main purposes why people used it in their spoken activity (Eriksen, 2010), they are:

• Establish group relations and identity • Separate one group of people from another

• Rebel against standard language through the use of words and expressions that are not defined in standard language

• Lead a conversation towards informality

• Suggest ‘insider-knowledge’ with the people to whom you are speaking • Show the speaker’s attitude through the use of words and expressions that

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CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Method

In writing the thesis, the research method of doing the analysis is library research by consulting some books and dictionaries to collect the theories. The writer used the method to find out some theories and relevant information that support the ideas stated in this analysis. In this case, books, novels, dictionaries that dealing with translation, equivalence, and slang were used as references. Some information is also found form the website to support or complete the collected theories.

3.2 Sources of Data

The main source of the data was a novel entitled “Akeelah and the Bee” written by James W. Ellison which is published by NewMarket Press in the year 2006 as the source text and its translation in Bahasa Indonesia “Akeelah” translated by Sapardi Djoko Damono which is published by Yayasan Obor Indonesia in Jakarta in the year 2007 as the target text.

3.3 Data collection Procedures

In collecting the data, the writer observed the English novel and its translation into Indonesian and documented them as the data. Along with the English text, the Indonesian translation text was also observed in order to compare it with the source text. There are some steps in collecting the data, those are:

1 Reading the novel in English as the source text (ST) and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia as the target text (TT).

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2 Identifying words and phrases those are included as slang in source text. 3 Selecting some data in the source text which are strongly related to the

slang

4 Listing the words and phrases, which are considered as slang, occurred as the data findings

3.4 Data Analysis

In analyzing the data, the writer applies qualitative method. It is a procedure of solving problems by describing and explaining the data towards the facts. Qualitative method focuses the analysis on deductive and inductive conclusion and solving of problems by using the way thinking formally and argumentatively (Azwar 2004:5) In this case, the writer does the analysis by using some steps. They are:

1. Identifying the equivalence translation of slang between ST and TT. 2. Contrasting the words and phrases of slang in ST and its translation TT in

order to figure out the strategies of translation used.

3. Identifying the strategies of translation occurred both in words and phrases.

4. Classifying the strategies of translation occurred both in words and phrases.

5. Explain the strategies in translating the slang systematically and argumentively based on Mona Baker equivalence translation strategies. 6. Finding out the most dominant procedures of translation occurred in the

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In order to figure out the most dominant strategies of translation occurred in the translation, this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to Malo’s method of social research (1986:200). Following is the formula of calculating the percentage of the strategies used:

N X

Y X

% 100

X : Number of the subcategory of the procedures of translation Y : Number of all data

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS, DESCRIPTION AND FINDING

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS

After reading both the original text that is written in English (SL) and the translation in Bahasa Indonesia (TL), it is figured out that there are 54 words and 62 phrases considered as slang found in source text. One of the aims of this research is to find some strategies dominantly used by the translator in translating slang both in words and phrases form in James. W. Ellison’s novel “Akeelah and the Bee”.

The strategies suggested by Mona Baker to overcome the problem in doing translation of slang at word level (1992:28-42) are: (1) Translation by a more general word. (2) Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word. (3) Translation by cultural substitution. (4) Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation. (5) Translation by paraphrase using a related word. (6) Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words. (7) Translation by omission.

Baker also offers several different strategies in solving the problem of non equivalence translation in doing translation of slang in level of phrases (above word level). The strategies suggested by Mona Baker (1992:72-77) are: (1) Translation by using idiom/collocation of similar meaning. (2) Translation by changing meaning. (3) Translation by paraphrase (4) Translation by omission. The tables below would show the identification of data from each strategy based on level of semantic; at word level and at above word level (phrases).

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DATA SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

EQUIVALENCE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

1 Nope – they’re all wrong. (Page 7 line 9)

Bukan – semua itu keliru (Page 9 line 9)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Nope: (interjection) No; now become colloquial. (Lighter, 1994)

“you’re crazy, girl, plain loco, talking to your self this way (page 7 line 12)

kau cewek gila, asli edan, bicara pada dirimu sendiri seperti ini. (page 9 line 12)

Translation by cultural substitution

Explanation of slang term: Loco: (adj) mad, crazy. (Thorn, 2007)

…, but why would she put herself I the position of being he school nerd - a freak

for other to stick pins it (page 14 line 16)

…, tapi kenapa ia menempatkan dirinya sebagai anak brengsek disekolah – yang menyebabkannya suka diganggu – ganggu oleh teman temannya? (page 17 line 6)

Translation by omission

Explanation of slang term: Freak: (n) an enthusiast, devotee. A freak also refers to a person who is markedly or offensively eccentric in address or behavior. (Lighter, 1994)

This neighborhood is

Wack (page15 line 11)

Tempat ini gila. (page 18 line 1)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Wack: (adj) inferior, worthless, unpleasant. (Thorn, 2007) 5

Girl, you always

trippin. (page 15 line 15)

Nak, kamu selalu

tersandung ya (page 18 line 4)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

Explanation of slang term: Trippin: (vb) When someone is overreacting of something/nothing small. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

6 ”dang” Georgia said (page 15 line 21)

”Memuakkan” kata Georgia. (page 18 line 9)

Translation by paraphrase using a related word

Explanation of slang term: Dang: A variation of the ever-popular used to show great frustration or annoyance or to reinforce/exclaim a point. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

7 Derick T new ride is tight (page 15 line 22)

Mobil baru Derrick T keren (page 18 line 9)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Ride: (n) A vehicle or mode of transportation. Usually belongs to someone else. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

8 Derick T new ride is

tight (page 15 line 22)

Mobil baru Derrick T keren

(page 18 line 9)

Translation by paraphrase using a

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Explanation of slang term: Tight: (adj) describes something particularly enjoyable or awesome. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

9 He’s always trippin (page 16 line 4)

Dia selalu keren. (page 18 line 14)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

Explanation of slang term: Trippin: (vb) When someone is overreacting of something/nothing small. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

10 What did cross face want? (page 16 line 8)

Apa yang dimauin bu cross

dengan wajah yang seperti itu darimu? (page 18 line 17)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

Explanation of slang term: Face: An awesome word that can be substituted for any other word in the English language. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Just a whole rap

about some stupid spelling bee. (page 16 line 9)

Hanya bicara soal lomba eja bodoh itu. (page 18 line 20)

Translation by paraphrase using a related word

Explanation of slang term: Rap: 1. a conversation, especially an earnest and/or lengthy discussion. 2. a rhythmic spoken chant, often to a musical background. 3. An accusation or charge, blame or punishment. (Thorn, 2007)

12.

Like I’m some

freakin’ spelling genius (page 16 line 10)

Kayak aku ini super jago

ngeja aja. (page 18 line 20)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

Explanation of slang term: Freaking:adj an intensifying adjective, a euphemism for

fucking (Thorn, 2007)

13 Nah… (page 16 line

12) Gak lah. (page 19 line 2)

Translation by paraphrase using a related word

Explanation of slang term: Nah: the way to say "No". (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

14 You ace those tests. (page 16 line 13)

Kamu bisa mengerjakan

semua test (page 19 line 4)

Translation by more neutral/less

expressive word. Explanation of slang term: Ace: Ace: quite satisfactory; fine; tops. 2. in a position of friendship and influent. (Lighter, 1994)

15. It makes you a pest (page 18 line 4)

Kamu memang pengacau

(page 21 line 7)

Translation by more neutral/less

expressive word. Explanation of slang term: Pest: abbreviation of pesterous (adj) Caribbean irritating, troublesome. (Thorn, 2007)

16 Well, whoop – de –

doo (page 18 line 9)

Memangnya kenapa? (page 21 line 11)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word.

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Explanation of slang term: whoop – de – doo: noisy celebration; fully fuss (Lighter, 1994)

17 Give me some sugar (page 20 line 6)

Kasi aku gula (page 23 line 13)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word.

Explanation of slang term: Sugar: another word for "kiss". 2. An expression of love. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Dang, that’s a lot of money (page 22 line 11)

Ampun! Itu kan uang banyak banget (page 25 line 16)

Translation by more general word.

Explanation of slang term: Dang: A variation of the ever-popular used to show great frustration or annoyance or to reinforce/exclaim a point. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

19 Naw, Mr. Welch (page 29 line 15)

Tidak Pak Welch. (page 34 line 1)

Translation by more general word.

Explanation of slang term: Naw: the way to say "No". (Source: Urbandictionary.com) 20

I aint down for no spelling bee (page 29 line 16)

Saya tidak mungkin ikut

lomba mengeja. (page 34 line 2)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word.

Explanation of slang term: Down: 1.To be 'With It or in 'the know how', knowledgeable about something, or to give respect/recognition to something. 2. To be keen for something. 3. To be friends with someone or to spend time with them. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Every body’s gonna look at me, the weirdo who spells words (page 37 line 26)

Semua orang akan menatapku, orang aneh

yang mengeja kata kata (page 42 line 7)

Translation by paraphrase using a related word

Explanation of slang term: weirdo (n) a strange, non-conformist, eccentric, repellent person. (Thorn, 2007)

22 Crummy education (page 38 line 12)

Pendidikan yg tak memadai

(page 42 line 19)

Translation by more general word.

Explanation of slang term: crummy, crumby (adj) dilapidated, dirty, worthless. (Thorn, 2007)

“Man…” Akeelah said aloud (page 42 line 21)

”Ampun..!” teriak akeelah (page 47 line 6)

Translation by more neutral/less

expressive word. Explanation of slang term: Man: 1. one’s very good male friend; a man that the speaker respect highly. 2. an authoritative or controlling person or group. 3. use as an interjection to indicate amazement, excitement, anger, disappointment, frustration, and etc. (Lighter, 1994)

24 She need to chill (page 43 line 8)

Ibu perlu tenang. (page 47 line 16)

Translation by more general word.

Explanation of slang term: Chill: relax, and stop doing something. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

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25 Derrick t is the man

(page 43 line 24)

Derrick t itu top. (page 48 line 10)

Translation by more neutral/less

expressive word Explanation of slang term: Man: 1. one’s very good male friend; a man that the speaker respect highly. 2. An authoritative or controlling person or group. 3. use as an interjection to indicate amazement, excitement, anger, disappointment, frustration, and etc. (Lighter, 1994)

26 Don’t be rankin on him (page 43 line 25)

Jangan nyalah nyalahin dia deh. (page 48 line 11)

Translation by paraphrase using a related word

Explanation of slang term: Rankin: rankon (someone)vb to insult, taunt or provoke. (Thorn, 2007)

27 Yup (page 52 line 18) Ya dong. (page 57 line 22)

Translation by paraphrase using a related word

Explanation of slang term: Yup: affirmation = Yes. (Lighter, 1994) 28 That’d be cool (page

55 line 6)

Boleh boleh. (page 60 line 12)

Translation by more general word.

Explanation of slang term: Cool: means 1. Awesome, popular, nice; like in a social hierarchy. 2. Wicked (new England style, NOT evil= wicked) 3. Good or great. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

I second that, ” Mr. Welch said (page 63 line 16)

“Saya setuju untuk hal itu.” Ujar pak Welch (page 70 line 1)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

Explanation of slang term: Second: A length of time that is very-under-exaggerated. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

30 He’s jerk (page 68 line 25)

Dia itu brengsek. (page 75 line 2)

Translation by more general word.

Explanation of slang term: Jerk: a foolish, despicable or obnoxious person.(Thorn, 2007)

”That really sucks,” Polly said (page 69 line 22)

”Brengsek banget,” kata Polly. (page 76 line 1)

Translation by paraphrase using a related word

Explanation of slang term: suck vb to be repellent, inferior or worthless. An extremely common term of strong disparagement or denigration in American English. (Thorn, 2007)

32 Don’t kid yourself (page 70 line 14)

Jangan meledek diri sendiri. (page 76 line 21)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Kid: 1. joke, fool, and tease. 2. An online games term that often used to insult another's skill or playing style. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Nah (page 70 line 21) Gak. (page 77 line 4)

Translation by more neutral/less

expressive word. 34 Nine a.m sharp (page

80 line 2)

Pukul sembilan tepat. (page 87 line 16)

Translation by more general word

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Explanation of slang term: Sharp: on the exact minute in reference to meeting at a specific point in time. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Mama’d trip if she knew I borrowed the car from Maurice (page 80 line 10)

Ibu akan murka kalau tau aku meminjam mobil dari Maurice. (page 87 line 24)

Translation by more neutral/less

expressive word Explanation of slang term: Trip: used figuratively in a way that is very often used to describe things those are crazy. 2. To overreact or to lose your control. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

36 That’s some crib girl (page 80 line 22)

Asik banget tuh rumah. (page 88 line 10)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Crib: A person's place of residence. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

For a whooping… eighty two big ones (page 85 line 16)

Untuk nilai delapan puluh dua. (page 93 line 10)

Translation by omission

Explanation of slang term: Whooping: an exclamation of joy and approval; Hurray (Lighter, 1994)

38 Shazam…! (page 86 line 4)

Simsalabim..! (page 94 line 2)

Translation by cultural substitution

Explanation of slang term: Shazam: an exclamation to put emphasis on an extraordinary action. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

39 Yowza (page 87 line

9) Kereen! (page 95 line 4)

Translation by more neutral/less

expressive word Explanation of slang term: Yowza: An exclamation of surprise or sudden pleasure. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

40 Hoo ya (page 87 line

22) Hebat. (page 95 line 18)

Translation by more neutral/less

expressive word Explanation of slang term: Hoo Yaa: used after a good expression; to agree with someone. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Forever trippin,’ that’s you (page 88 line 19)

Selalu keren, itulah kamu. (page 96 line 16)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

Explanation of slang term: Trippin: (vb) When someone is overreacting of something / nothing small. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Y’know I’ve been

buggin… (page 117 line 7)

Begini, saya selama ini

memohon mohon... (page 135 line 13)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

Explanation of slang term: bug vb to irritate or annoy. (Thorn, 2007) 43 Girl, you are trippin.

(page 117 line 12)

Hei... ga salah tuh. (page 135 line 18)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

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Explanation of slang term: Trippin: (vb) When someone is overreacting of something/nothing small. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

44 Whatevah (page 135 line 11)

Tersuueerahh. (page 153 line 13)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Whatevah: comes from word “whatever” means any or every; anything or everything. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

45 You was very pro (page 135 line 19)

Kamu pro banget. (page 153 line 22)

Translation by a loan word or loan word plus explanation. Explanation of slang term: Pro: abbreviation of Professional. 2. Awesome. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

46 Shut up, Dawg! (page 136 line 3)

Diam kamu. (page 154 line 10)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Dawg: n.1. Slang for "my close acquaintance of an African-American ethnic background"/ a friend. 2. Word to be used in place of a name, or other personal noun or pronoun to be used in place of a name. 3. Another meaningless piece of that hideous massacre of the English language they call ebonics. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

You are nerd

Akeelah.(page 137 line 18)

Kamu itu kuno, Akeela. (page 156 line 3)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Nerd n a gormless, vacuous, tedious and/or ineffectual person. (Thorn, 2007)

48 “You cool with that?” (page 139 line 13)

Kamu setuju aja kan? (page 157 line 23)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Cool: means 1. Awesome, popular, nice, good or great 2. Okay with each other, not mean to each other. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

If only she could get Steve off the Booze

and Derrick T off from drugs… (page 139 line19)

Kalau saja ia dapat membebaskan steve dari

minuman dan Derrick T dari narkoba… (page 157 line 29)

Translation by more general word

Explanation of slang term: Booze: An alcoholic beverage, specifically any type of beer. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

… I can always get a license to drive one of these babies (page152 line1)

Aku bisa tetap mendapat surat ijin mengemudi salah satu mobil hebat ini. (page 170 line 5)

Translation by paraphrase using unrelated word

Explanation of slang term: Babies: babe, babes, baby n a. a sweetheart, and lover. b.

in the form a ‘babe’, an attractive female. (Thorn, 2007) 51 “Yuck,” Javier said

(page 154 line 21) Yak! (page 173 line 2)

Translation by a loan word or loan word plus explanation. Explanation of slang term: Yuck: 1. something or someone disgusting 2. an

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Table 1.2 Table of Data Identification – Slang in Phrase Form

DATA SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

EQUIVALENCE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES

…, but why would she put herself I the position of being he school nerd - a freak for other to stick pins it (page 14 line 16)

…, tapi kenapa ia menempatkan dirinya sebagai anak brengsek disekolah – yang menyebabkannya suka diganggu – ganggu oleh teman temannya? (page 17 line 6)

Translation by omission

Explanation of slang term: School nerd n a gormless, vacuous, tedious and/or ineffectual Person in the school. (Thorn, 2007)

“All that hush hush stuff.” (Page 16 Line 10)

Semua bisik bisik rahasia itu. (page 18 line 18)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: hush hush stuff:

Urbandictionary.com)

3 Shake it (Page 18

Line 12) Ayo makan. (page 21 line 14)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: shake it: To Bounce or leave to go somewhere. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

4 Apple of her eye (Page 18 Line 19)

Jantung hatinya. . (page 21 line 21)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but alternative spelling of yuk. (Thorn, 2007)

52 They are in a groove (page 177 line 13)

Mereka sudah terbiasa. (page 197 line 6)

Translation by more neutral/less

expressive word Explanation of slang term: Groove: (v) 1. To enjoy oneself inten (Lighter, 1994) 53

Is your dad as Goofy

– funny as you are?” she said. (page 82 line 25)

Apakah ayahmu sama lucunya denganmu?” tanyanya. (Page 90 line 11)

Translation by omission

Explanation of slang term: Goofy: (adj) stupid or crazy; silly; infatuated; (hence) Gazed. (Lighter, 1994)

Military chow does not cut it.” (page 19 line 12)

Makanan militer ga enak. (page 22 line 16)

Translation by more general word

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dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: apple of my eye: a person much adored or doted on, loved, held dearly, and central to the admirer's affections and sensitivities (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Military chow

does not cut it.”

(page 19 line 12)

Makanan militer ga enak. (page 22 line 16)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: cut it vb to succeed, manage. (Thorn, 2007) 6

Don’t get smart

young lady. (page 19 line 19)

Ga usah sok pandai nak. (page 22 line 25)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: get smart: to become fresh with someone; to talk back to someone. (Spears, 2000)

Somebody to

step’n’ fetch for him (page 19 line 27)

Ia jadi pesuruhnya. (page 23 line 7)

Translation of paraphrase Explanation of slang term: step’n’ fetch: a lame man; one with one leg shorter than the other. (Maitland, 2010)

You’re always

pullin down A’s (page 25 line 19)

Kamu selalu dapat nilai A. (page 30 line 2)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: pullin down (something): to earn a stated amount of things (values, money, and etc.) (Spears, 2000)

“She holdin’s us up,” Myrna said (page 26 line 15)

“Dia menahan kami, ” kata Myrna. (page 30 line 19)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: Holdin’s us up: a person who delay another man, cause somebody to be late. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

The black girls from Crenshaw thinkin she can spell with those rich white brainiacs (page 38 line1)

Gadis kulit hitan dari Crenshaw ini dia pikir bisa mengeja bareng orang orang jenius kulit putih yang kaya itu. (page 42 line 9)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: White brainiacs: a know-it-all or very intelligent person usually dedicated for white people that was designed by black people. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Is this just a foolish, stupid

pipe dream? (page 43 line 5)

Ini hanya sebuah angan – angan bodoh, bego? (page 46 line 14)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

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Explanation of slang term: Pipe Dream: A vain dream that will never happen, given the harsh reality of life. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

I don’t wanna be up onstage lookin like the Patchwork Girl of Oz (page 42 line 13)

Saya ga mau berada diatas panggung sana tampak seperti gadis berpakaian rombeng. (page 46 line 22)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: Patchwork Girl of Oz: an expression to describe discarded waste material, worthless or sell to be reused as parts; junk. (Source: TheFreeDictionary.com)

Sound like a

bunch of show offs

(page 42 line 22)

Kayak orang orang yang suka pamer aja. (page 47 line 7)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: a bunch of show offs: a group of people who behave in an ostentatiously skilled and assured way in order to impress another. (Maitland, 2010)

”Wass at?” he said, nodding his head at the tv. (page 43 line 2)

”Apaan tuh?” ujarnya, menganggukkan kepalanya ke arah TV. (page 47 line 10)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: wassat? : A combination of two words, namely "what's" and "that". A lazy, slang way to ask the question "What's that?" (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

”mama worried out of her mind.” (page 43 line 6)

”Ibu sangat amat khawatir.” (page 47 line 14)

Translation of paraphrase Explanation of slang term: out of mind: not thinking logically, crazy. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

”Watchu lookin at?” (page 43 line 9)

Kamu nonton apa? (page 47 line 16)

Translation of paraphrase Explanation of slang term: watchu lookin at? : an expression for nosy people; come from what are you looking at? (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

You goin up against a bunch rich white kids. (page 43 line12)

Kamu mau bertarung dengan gerombolan anak kulit putih kaya raya. (page 47 line 18)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: go up against: to compete with someone; to face someone in competition. (Spears, 2000)

They gonna tear yo black butt up is

what gonna happen. (page 43 line 13)

Mereka bakal

menghancurkanmu, itulah yang akan kejadian. (page 48 line 1)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

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pieces. 2. To cause someone much grief. (Spears, 2000)

He’s bad news.

(page 43 line 20) Dia itu ga ada bagus bagusnya. (page 48 line 8)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: Bad news: a dangerous or disastrous person, thing, and situation. (Source: Historical dictionary of American Slang)

”In fact, it’s a little smart alecky.” (page 45 line 10)

”Malah, agak sok pandai.” (page 49 line 21)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: smart alecky: is adjective of smart aleck means someone who is saucy and acts cocky. (Spears, 2000)

Do me a favor and leave the ghetto talk on the street. (page 46 line 15)

Tolong ya, jangan bawa bawa

omongan kampungan ke sini. (page 51 line 8)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: Ghetto talk: cheap, of poor quality, in poor taste, old, broken down language. The term is not racist, but is primarily in use among white adolescents. (Thorn, 2007)

”Scuse me?”

(page 47 line 16) “Maap? “ (page 52 line 12)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: 'scuse me: The shorted ill-tempered short-mannered way of saying, "excuse me.” (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

I’m gettin mad lucky. (page 56 line 10)

Aku ini untung banget. (page 61 line 14)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: Mad Lucky: have a great fortune. (Lighter, 1994)

It’s my way or

high way terrence, and you better believe that I’m dead serious.” (page 64 line 14)

Ikut caraku atau cara jalanan

terrence, dan sebaiknya kau percaya bahwa kau serius dengan kata kataku. (page 70 line 15)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: Highway: 1. A place where people and squirrels and lots of other animals get killed. 2. A very fast going road. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

It’s my way or high way terrence, and you better believe that I’m

dead serious.” (page 64 line 14)

Ikut caraku atau cara jalanan terrence, dan sebaiknya kau percaya bahwa kau serius dengan kata kataku. (page 70 line 15)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: Dead Serious: To be completely serious; not joking. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

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26 Chill out, will ya? (page 64 line 17)

Tenang, dong? (page 70 line 18)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: Chill out: Shut up, relax, and calm down. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

The cut,” Akeelah said. (page 65 line 1)

”Tempat kami pergi itu,” ujar akeelah. (page 71 line 3)

Translation of paraphrase Explanation of slang term: the cut: describing the awesomeness of a person, place, event or thing. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

28 Big time. (page 70

line 18) Sangat betul. (page 77 line 1)

Translation of paraphrase Explanation of slang term: Big Time: 1. Usually used at the end of a statement, summing up the subjects extremity. 2. Used to describe something that is definitely going to happen, or has already happened that had a big impact, or even a small impact. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

I can’t be

Traipsing off to no valley on the whim. (page 72 line 18)

Ibu gak bisa keluyuran ke Valley berlagak lagak. (page 78 line 26)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: traipsing off: A type of physical movement similar to walking but involving large amounts of gay. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

So if this spelling thing means

sneakin off to the

suburb by yourself, then you

can forget about it. (page 72 line 28)

Jadi jika soal mengeja ini artinya menyelinap sendirian ke pinggir kota, kamu harus melupakan itu. (page72 line 8)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: sneaking off: moving around quietly and sneakily. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Not if you Flunk out of school you are not. (page 73 line 9)

Tidak usah aja kalau kau

gagal disekolah. (page 72 line 16)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: Flunk out: student who has failed a course or been expelled for; academic failure. (Lighter, 1994)

I’ve seen It chew kids up and spit them out (page 79 line 18)

Aku sudah menyaksikan bagaimana anak anak itu dihabisi. (page 86 line 29)

By using an Idiom of similar meaning and form

Explanation of slang term: chew up and spit out: to treat savagely, destroy utterly. (Lighter, 1994)

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be filthy rich (page 80 line 23)

banget. (page 88 line 12) an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: filthy rich: to have an abundance of money and wealth. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

We want to make sure this game’s on the up and up. (page 84 line 17)

Kami ingin memastikan permainan ini berhasil. (page 92 line 9)

Translation of paraphrase Explanation of slang term: up and up: Getting better, actively rising above, coming in to your own, living large and getting larger. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

I’m your host, Javier ”the dude” Mendez, a k a the birthday boy. (page 84 line 24)

Saya pembawa acara, Javier “the Ganteng” Mendez, yang merayakan ulang tahun. (page 92 line 14)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: dude: n a man. (Thorn, 2007) 36

”Holy cannoli!” Javier yelled out. (page 85 line 11)

”Gila bener!” teriak Javier. (page 93 line 9)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: holy cannoli: an expression that usually accompanies shock or excitement. (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

A Bingo right off the bat! (page 85 line 12)

Semua huruf disikat habis! (page 93 line 10)

Translation by using an idiom of similar

meaning but dissimilar form

Explanation of slang term: right off the bat: Instantly, immediately. (Source:

38 Them’s the break (page106 line 19)

- Translation by

omission

Explanation of slang term: Them's the breaks: Possibly short for "that is the breakdown". It means "that's just how it is". (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

It must be kinda wild (page 118 line 1)

Pasti gila banget. (page 136 line 9)

Translation of paraphrase Explanation of slang term: wild: out of control; amazingly out of this world; an unrestrainable amount of coolness; an adjective that means "very". (Source: Urbandictionary.com)

Then, if you fail, well, at least you gave it your best shot (page 119 line 7)

Lalu, jika gagal, paling tidak kita sudah memberikan yang terbaik. (page 137 line 14)

Translation of paraphrase

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Table. 2.2: Translation Strategy Percentage of Slang at phrase form

No Equivalence strategies at

above word level No. Data Total Percentage

Translation by using an Idiom of similar meaning and form.

2, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 52, 54, 59.

24 38.71%

Translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form.

3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 29, 33, 35, 36, 37, 46, 47, 51, 55, 58, 60, 62.

21 33.87%

3 Translation of paraphrase. 7, 15, 16, 27, 28, 34, 39,

40, 41, 48, 53, 56, 57. 13 20.97% 4 Translation by omission. 1, 38, 42,61 4 6.45 %

TOTAL 62 100%

In translating the phrases of slang, there are 62 data found as slang in phrases form. From those data, the translator translated 24 phrases by using an Idiom of similar meaning and form (38.71%), 21 phrases translated by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (33.87%), 13 phrases translated by paraphrasing (20.97%), and 4 phrases translated by omission (6.45 %).

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

After analyzing the data, it is clear enough that there are many slang both in words and phrases occurred in the novel “Akeelah and The Bee” by James W. Ellison (ST) and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia by Sapardi Djoko Damono (TT). Totally, there are 54 words and 62 phrases of slang that were translated by using two kinds of different equivalence translation strategies based on the level of linguistic form by Baker (1992). They are: 1) equivalence translation strategies at word level (for slang in word form), and 2) equivalence translation strategies at above word level (for slang in phrase form).

Baker (1992) gives seven strategies in solving the problems of non equivalence at word level. The seven strategies are: translation by a more general word, translation by a more neutral/less expressive word, translation by cultural substitution, translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation, translation by paraphrase using a related word, translation by paraphrase using unrelated words, and translation by omission. To overcome the problem of non equivalence at above word level such phrases, collocation or idiom, Baker offers four strategies. They are: translation by using an Idiom of similar meaning and form, translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation of paraphrase, and translation by omission.

Based on the analysis, the writer found all the strategies in both level, at word level and above word level exist in this analysis. The result of data analysis will be showed by the following table which is presented the number of cases and the percentage of each strategy.

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Table3.1 The percentage of Strategies in translating Slang in Words Form

No Equivalence strategies at word level Total Percentage 1 Translation by a more general word 18 33.33% 2 Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word 9 16.67% 3 Translation by cultural substitution 2 3.7%

Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation

2 3.7%

5 Translation by paraphrase using a related word 8 14.81% 6 Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words 12 22.22%

7 Translation by omission 3 5.57%

Table3.2 The percentage of Strategies in translating Slang in Phrase form.

No Equivalence strategies at above word level Total Percentage

Translation by using an Idiom of similar meaning and form.

24 38.71%

Translation by using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form.

21 33.87%

3 Translation of paraphrase. 13 20.97%

4 Translation by omission. 4

6.45 %

According to the result showed in those tables above, the writer found slang words were translated dominantly by using a more general word with 18 cases

(4)

(33.33%). While slang phrases was dominantly translated by using an Idiom of similar meaning and form since it has 24 cases (38.71%)

Finally, the writer concluded that Sapardi Djoko Damono as the translator of Akeelah and the Bee was translated slang words by using general words. The writer also found that Sapardi Djoko Damono translated most slang phrases with idiom or phrases of similar meaning idiom or phrases

5.2 Suggestion

Slang is an interesting term to translate. Beside it has different meaning in its words, slang is one of the language phenomenon that we usually find in our daily activities. An analysis of slang translation is rarely done by any researcher. In addition slang translation has its own difficulties. Therefore this reasearch could be developed into different aims such as analysing the slang translation from the method or another translation procedures that were offered by several translation linguists.There are other methods or procedures of translation which can be analyzed from the data or another data of slang. Observing other slang in other text is also suggested. For instance, observing the slang occurred in comics and movies. This research also has possibility to be analyzed through the ideology of a translator in doing slang translation

The function of translation is to bridge two different languages, so it is very important for the translator to serve the most communicative translation that is understandable for the readers. Based on the importance, it would be better for translators to translate the original text as natural as possible.

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REFERENCES

Adams, Michael (2009). Slang – the People’s Poetry. Indianapolis, Indiana: Oxford Press.

Baker, M. 1992. In Other Words. London and New York: Routledge

Baker, M. 1988. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London: Routledge. Butkuvien, K, Petrulion, L. 2010. Translation Peculiarities of Slanguage. Studies

About Languages, 16, 39-43. Retrieved from

Crystal, D. 1995. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Catford, J. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay on Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Elison, J W. 2006. Akeelah and The Bee. USA. Newmarket Press

Elison, J W. 2007. Akeelah terj. Sapardi Djoko Damono. Jakarta. Yayasan Obor Indonesia

Hornby, A.S. 1988. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company

Hornby, A S. 2003. Oxford Advance Learner Reference Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lėgaudaitė, J. 2010. “Understanding Slang in Translation”. Filologija, 15, 91-98.

Retrieved fro

(28 December 2011)

Larson, M. 1984. Meaning – Based Translation A Guide To Cross-Language Equivalence. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

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Lighter J.E. 1994. Historical of American Slang. New York: Random House, Inc Machali, R. 2000. Pedoman bagi penerjemahan. Jakarta: Grasindo

Matillo, E. 2003. Difficulty of Slang Translation. Amsterdam: Rodopi

Munday, J., 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Applications. London: Routledge.

Nababan, M. R. 1999. Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta; Pustaka Pelajar

Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York; Prentice Hall

Partridge, E. 1985. Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Macmillan. Schjoldager, Anne (2008). Understanding Translation. Aarhus: Academica.

Simatupang, M. 2000. Pengantar Teori Terjemahan. Jakarta. Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Depertemen Pendidikan Nasional.

Thorne, T. 1990. The Dictionary of Contemporary Slang. New York: Phanteon Book.

________. December 2010. Slang. Retrieved from: slang (December 2011)

________. 1993-1996 “Slang”. Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia CD-ROM Microsoft

________. Urban Dictionary. Retrieved fro

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________. 2006. 1990’s Slang. Retrieved from

Equivalence Strategies In Translating Slang In The Novel “Akeelah And The Bee” By Sapardi Djoko Damono

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