Efek Antidiare Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Lengkuas (Alpinia galanga pada Mencit Swiss Webster yang Diinduksi Oleum Ricini.
ABSTRAK
EFEK ANTIDIARE EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG
LENGKUAS (Apinia galanga) PADA MENCIT Swiss-Webster
JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI Oleum ricini
Raymond Oswari,2012; Pembimbing I : Dr.,Sugiarto Puradisastra, dr.,M.Kes
Pembimbing II : Harijadi Pramono, dr., M.Kes
Diare merupakan masalah kesehatan yang utama di daerah tropis seperti
Indonesia dan di seluruh dunia yang memerlukan penanganan serius. Masyarakat
pedesaan sering menggunakan tanaman herbal untuk mengobati diare, contohnya
rimpang lengkuas. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui efek antidiare ekstrak
etanol rimpang lengkuas (EERL) pada mencit Swiss Webster Jantan.
Desain penelitian adalah eksperimental laboratoris menggunakan metode
proteksi terhadap diare yang diinduksi oleh Oleum ricini. Hewan coba (25 ekor
mencit) dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok acak (n=5). Kelompok I, II, III masingmasing diberi EERL 300mg/KgBB, 600mg/KgBB, 1200mg/KgBB. Kelompok IV
kontrol, dan kelompok V pembanding berturut-turut diberi Carboxy Metyl
Cellulosa 1% dan Loperamid 0,52 mg/KgBB. Data yang diukur adalah frekuensi
defekasi, berat feses (mg), dan konsistensi feses. Analisis data frekuensi defekasi
dan konsistensi feses menggunakan Kruskal-Wallis H dilanjutkan uji MannWhitney (α=0,05), untuk berat feses menggunakan uji one way ANOVA
dilanjutkan dengan uji HSD (α=0,05). Hasil penelitian, frekuensi defekasi
kelompok I, II, III terhadap kontrol menunjukkan perbedaan yang sangat
bermakna (p < 0,01), serta terhadap pembanding tidak memiliki perbedaan
bermakna (p > 0,05). Berat feses kelompok EERL dosis I, II, dan III terhadap
kelompok kontrol berbeda sangat bermakna (p < 0,01), serta terhadap pembanding
tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p > 0,05). Konsistensi feses semua
kelompok terhadap kontrol menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p < 0,01).
Kelompok I, dan II terhadap pembanding memiliki perbedaan sangat bermakna (p
< 0,01), sedangkan kelompok perlakuan III terhadap pembanding tidak memiliki
perbedaan yang bermakna (p > 0,05).
Simpulan Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan mengurangi frekuensi defekasi, berefek mengurangi berat feses, dan
memadatkan konsistensi feses.
Kata kunci: antidiare, Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga),
metode proteksi diare, Oleum ricini
iv
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
ABSTRACT
ANTIDIARRHEAL EFFECT OF GALANGAL (Apinia galanga)
RHIZOME ETHANOL EXTRACT ON MALE Swiss-Webster
MICE INDUCED WITH Oleum ricini
Raymond Oswari,2012; Tutor 1 : Dr.,Sugiarto Puradisastra, dr.,M.Kes
Tutor 2 : Harijadi Pramono, dr., M.Kes
Diarrhea is a primary health issue in tropical regions such as Indonesia and
all around the world that needs serious management. Countryside people often
use herbal plants to cure diarrhea, for example galangal rhizome. The purpose of
this research was to determine the antidiarrheal effect of galangal rhizome
ethanol extract on male Swiss-Webster mice.
This study was laboratoy experiment with protection against diarrhea induced
with Oleum ricini method. Trial animal (twenty-five mice)were divided into five
randomized groups (n=5). Group I, II, III each was given GREE 300 mg/kgBW,
600 mg/KgBW, 1200 mg/KgBW. Group IV was control and V was compered
group were given 1% Carboxy Methyl Cellulosa and 0.52 mg/KgBW Loperamide
respectively. Data measured were defecating frequencies, fecal weight (in mg),
and fecal consistency using Kruskal-Wallis H continued with Mann-Whitney Test
(α = 0.05), fecal weight data was measured with one way ANOVA continued with
HSD test (α = 0.05). The results were, defecating frequency for group I, II, and III
compared to control group showed highly significant differences (p < 0,01), but
no significant difference compared to control (p > 0,05). Fecal weight of GREE
dose I, II, and III compared to control group showed highly significant differences
(p < 0,01), but no significant difference compared to control (p > 0,05). Fecal
consistency on all group compared to control showed highly significant
differences (p < 0,01). Group I and II compared to comparator had highly
significant differences (p < 0,01), while treatment III group compared with
comparator showed no significant difference (p > 0,05).
Conclusion Galangal (Alpinia galanga) rhizome ethanol extract had
antidiarrheal effect by reducing defecating frequency, fecal weight, and solidify
fecal consistency.
Keywords: antidiarrhea, galangal (Alpinia galanga) rhizome ethanol extract,
protection against diarrhea method, Oleum ricini
v
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL .............................................................................................. i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING ..................................................... ii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN MAHASISWA ....................................................... iii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................v
PRAKATA ............................................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xii
DAFTAR DIAGRAM ........................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................... xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang................................................................................................1
1.2 Identifikasi Masalah .......................................................................................3
1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan ........................................................................................3
1.4 Manfaat Karya Tulis Ilmiah ...........................................................................3
1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ...................................................................................3
1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ........................................................................................4
1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis Penelitian ...............................................4
1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran ................................................................................4
1.5.2 Hipotesis Penelitian .................................................................................6
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Anatomi Tractus Digestivus ...........................................................................7
2.1.1 Histologi Tractus Digestivus ................................................................10
2.2 Fisiologi Tractus Digestivus ........................................................................12
2.3 Diare ............................................................................................................18
2.3.1 Definisi ..................................................................................................18
2.3.2 Epidemiologi Diare................................................................................18
viii
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
2.3.3 Etiologi Diare.........................................................................................19
2.3.4 Faktor Risiko Diare................................................................................20
2.3.5 Patogenesis Diare...................................................................................20
2.3.6 Diagnosis Diare .....................................................................................21
2.3.7 Penatalaksanaan Diare ...........................................................................22
2.3.8 Loperamid ..............................................................................................24
2.4 Alpinia galanga ............................................................................................25
2.4.1 Taksonomi Alpinia galanga .................................................................25
2.4.2 Biologi Alpinia galanga .......................................................................25
2.4.3 Kandungan Kimia Alpinia galanga ......................................................27
2.4.4 Efek Biologis Alpinia galanga .............................................................27
2.4.5 Efek antidiare Alpinia galanga .............................................................29
2.5 Oleum Ricini. ................................................................................................30
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Alat dan Bahan .............................................................................................32
3.1.1 Alat ........................................................................................................32
3.1.2 Bahan .....................................................................................................32
3.2 Subjek Penelitian ..........................................................................................32
3.3 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ......................................................................33
3.4 Metode Penelitian .........................................................................................33
3.4.1 Desain Penelitian ...................................................................................33
3.4.2 Variabel Penelitian.................................................................................33
3.4.3 Definisi Operasional Variabel ...............................................................33
3.4.4 Perhitungan Besar Sampel .....................................................................34
3.5 Prosedur Kerja ..............................................................................................35
3.5.1 Persiapan Bahan Uji ..............................................................................35
3.5.2 Persiapan Hewan Coba ..........................................................................35
3.5.3 Cara Kerja ..............................................................................................35
3.5.4 Cara Pemeriksaan ..................................................................................36
3.6 Metode Analisis ............................................................................................36
3.7 Aspek Etik Penelitian ...................................................................................38
ix
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil dan Pembahasan ..................................................................................40
4.1.1 Berat Badan Mencit ...............................................................................40
4.1.2 Frekuensi Defekasi ................................................................................41
4.1.3 Berat Feses .............................................................................................45
4.1.4 Konsistensi Feses ...................................................................................48
4.2 Uji Hipotesis .................................................................................................54
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan .......................................................................................................56
5.2 Saran .............................................................................................................56
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...........................................................................................57
LAMPIRAN ..........................................................................................................61
RIWAYAT HIDUP ..............................................................................................89
x
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
4.1
Berat Badan Mencit (Gram) ..........................................................................40
4.2
Frekuensi Defekasi Mencit (Milligram) .......................................................41
4.3
Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Frekuensi Defekasi Pembanding, Kelompok
Perlakuan Dengan Kontrol ..........................................................................43
4.4
Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Frekuensi Defekasi Diantara Kelompok
Perlakuan ......................................................................................................44
4.5
Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Frekuensi Defekasi Kelompok Perlakuan
Dengan Pembanding ....................................................................................44
4.6
Berat Feses Mencit (Miligram) ....................................................................45
4.7
Hasil uji Tukey HSD pada Berat Feses Mencit ............................................47
4.8
Hasil Konsistensi Feses Mencit ...................................................................48
4.9
Hasil Persentase Konsistensi Feses Mencit ..................................................50
4.10 Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Konsistensi Feses Pembanding, Kelompok
Perlakuan Dengan Kontrol ..........................................................................51
4.11 Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Konsistensi Feses Diantara Kelompok
Perlakuan ......................................................................................................51
4.12 Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Frekuensi Defekasi
Kelompok Perlakuan
Dengan Pembanding .....................................................................................52
xi
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
Halaman
2.1 Anatomi Saluran Cerna Manusia .....................................................................7
2.2 Histologi umum tractus digestivus ...............................................................11
2.3 Alpinia galanga ..............................................................................................26
xii
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram
Halaman
4.1 Diagram Batang Frekuensi Defekasi Mencit ..........................................42
4.2 Diagram Batang Berat Feses Mencit ........................................................46
4.3 Diagram Batang Konsistensi Feses Mencit...............................................49
xiii
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran
Halaman
1 Prosedur Kerja .....................................................................................................61
2 Perhitungan Dosis ...............................................................................................63
3 Hasil Pengamatan Mencit Selama 6 Jam ............................................................65
4 Data Hasil Uji Statistik Berat Badan Mencit ......................................................72
5 Data Hasil Uji Statistik Frekuensi Defekasi Mencit ...........................................73
6 Data Hasil Uji Statistik Berat Feses Mencit ........................................................76
7 Data Hasil Uji Statistik Konsistensi Feses Mencit ..............................................80
8 Proses Ektraksi ....................................................................................................83
9 Ethical Approval .................................................................................................84
10 Determinasi Alpinia galanga ............................................................................85
11 Dokumentasi .....................................................................................................86
xiv
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan mengurangi frekuensi defekasi
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan mengurangi berat feses
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan memadatkan konsistensi feses
5.2 Saran
Penelitian efek ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) sebagai
antidiare pada mencit Swiss webster jantan bila akan dilakukan kembali
sebaiknya:
Menggunakan hewan coba lain
Menggunakan metode lain
Menggunakan bentuk sediaan lain
Membandingkan teknik pemberian ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas secara
infusa atau oral
Percobaan dengan dosis yang lebih bervariasi
56
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan mengurangi frekuensi defekasi
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan mengurangi berat feses
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan memadatkan konsistensi feses
5.2 Saran
Penelitian efek ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) sebagai
antidiare pada mencit Swiss webster jantan bila akan dilakukan kembali
sebaiknya:
Menggunakan hewan coba lain
Menggunakan metode lain
Menggunakan bentuk sediaan lain
Membandingkan teknik pemberian ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas secara
infusa atau oral
Percobaan dengan dosis yang lebih bervariasi
56
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Achmad et al. 2013. Tumbuh-tumbuhan Obat Indonesia Jilid II. Bandung : ITB.
Asim kumar Ghosh, M. B. (2011). Chronical of Young Scientist. Anti-inflamatory
activity of root of Alpinia Galanga Willd , 139-142.
Agtini,M.D. (2011) KLB Diare. InSituasi Diare di Indonesia (pp. 26-33).
Jakarta:KEMENKES
Al-Yahya, M. A., Rafatullah, S., Mossa, J. S., Ageel, A. M., Al-Said, M. S., &
Tariq, M. (1990). Gastric Antisecretory, Antiulcer and Cytoprotective
Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Alpinia Galanga Willd in Rats. Journal of
Phytotherapy Research , 4 (3), 112-114.
Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients
with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2531-8.
Arif.A.,Sjamsudin. U. (1995). Obat lokal. Dalam Farmakologi dan Terapi. Edisi
4. Jakarta. FKUI. Hal. 511-512
Bramen, L. (2011). What the Heck Do I Do With Galangal? Retrieved October
20, 2015, from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/what-the-heckdo-i-do-with-galangal-24630492/?no-ist
Charles DJ, Simon JE, Singh NK. Bioactive principles/Chemical ConstituentsThe essential oil of Alpinia galangal Willd. J Essen Oil Res 1992;4:81-2.
Chudiwal, A., Jain, D., & Somani, R. (2010). Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. - An
Overview on Phytopharmacological Properties. Indian Journal of Natural
Products and Resources , 1 (2), 143-149.
Dalimarta, Setiawan. (2013). Atlas tumbuhan obat Indonesia. Jakarta: Puspa
Swara.
Grzanna, R., Lindmark, L., & Frondoza, C. (2005). Ginger—An Herbal Medicinal
Product with Broad Anti-Inflammatory Actions. Journal of Medicinal Food ,
8 (2), 125-132.
Guandalini, S. (2015). Diarrhea. Retrieved October 28,
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-overview
2015,
from
Guyton of Hall, J. E. (2010). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
(12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders-Elsevier.
57
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
Hodges, K., & Gill, R. (2010). Infectious Diarrhea - Cellular and Molecular
Mechanisms. Gut Microbes , 1 (1), 4-21.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System. (2015). Alpinia Galanga (L.) Willd.
Retrieved
October
19,
2015,
fromhttp://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&sea
rch_value=506513
Juckett G. 2004. HerbAL MEDICINE. In C.R.Craig, R.E.Stitzel:Modern
pharmacology with clinical application. 6th ed. Baltimore: Lippicott William
& Wilkins. P. 785
Kaushik, D., Yadav, J., Kaushik, P., Sacher, D., & Rani, R. (2011). Current
pharmacological and phytochemical studies of the plant Alpinia galanga.
Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine , 9 (10).
Kemas Ali Hanafiah. 2005. Rancangan percobaan aplikatif: Aplikasi kondisional
bidang pertanaman, peternakan, perikanan, industri dan hayati. Jakarta:PT
Raja Grafindo Persada. P. 12
Katzung, B.G. 2007. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 10th edition. USA : Mc
Graw
Hill.
Wibowo dan Paryana. 2007. Anatomi Tubuh Manusia. Singapore : Elsevier.
Kliegman, R., Stanton, B., St. Geme, J., Schor, N., & Behrman, R. (2011). Nelson
Textbook of Pediatrics (19th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
Kuntorini EM., 2005. Botani Ekonomi SukuZiniberaceae Sebagai Obat
Tradisional Oleh Masyarakat Di Kotamadya Banjarbaru. BIOSCIENTIAE.
2:25-36
Kelompok Kerja Ilmiah Yayasan Pengembangan Obat Bahan Alam Phyto Medica
(1993). Pedoman pengujian dan pengembangan fitofarmaka : penapisan
farmakologi, pengujian fitokimia dan pengujian klinik. Jakarta.
Lee SJ, Ando T. Optically active 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate and its position
isomers: Synthesis and repellent effect against adzuki bean weevil. J Pestic
Sci 2001;26:76-81.
Longo, D., Fauci, A., Kasper, D., Hauser, S., Jameson, J., & Loscalzo, J. (2015).
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (19th ed.). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
Marcellus Simadibrata K., Daldiyono. 2006. Diare akut. Dalam Aru W.
Sudoyono, Bambang Setiyohadi, Idrus Alwi, Marcellus Simadibratak., Siti
Setiadi: Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Edisi 4. Jilid I. Jakarta: Pusat
Penerbit Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI.p.410-25
58
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
Marieb, Elaine N. and Hoehn, Katja (2007). Human Anatomy and Physiology 7th
Edition. Benjamin Cummings.
Min HJ, Nam JW, Yu ES, Hong JH, Seo EK, Hwang ES. Effect of natullary
occuring hydrocavicolacetaton the cytokine production in T helper cell. Int
Immunopharmacol 2009;9:448-54
Moore, K. L., Aqur, A. M., & Dalley, A. F. (2013). Clinically Oriented Anatomy
(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Oonmetta-Arie, J., Suzuki, T., Gasaluck, P., & Eumkeb, G. (2005). Antimicrobial
properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus
aureus. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie (Food Science and
Technology) , 39, 1214-1220.
Winarno MW, Sundari D. 1996. Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Sebagai Obat Diare di
Indonesia. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran.
WHO. 2014. Cause of death in neonatus and children under five in the world
(2004).
http:www.who.int/child_adolescent_healt/media/cause_death_u5neonatues_2004.pdf. 20 november 2014.
Saparinto C., Hidayati D., 2006. Bahan Tambahan Pangan.Yogyakart a : Kanisius
Simadibrata dan Daldiyono. 2009. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Edisi V.
Jakarta : Interna Publishing.
Sinaga E. 2012. Alpinia galanga(L).Willd.ftp://komo.padinet.com/free/v12/artikel
/ttg_ tanaman_obat/unas/Lengkuas.pdf
Surtiretna. Nina. 2006. Mengenal Sistem Pencernaan. Bandung: PT. Kiblat Buku
Utama
Sherwood, L. (2012). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (8th ed.).
Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Shier, D., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2013). Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy
and Physiology (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Standring, S. (2008). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis for Clinical Practice
(40th ed.). London: Elsevier Churchill-Livingstone.
Subramanian, P., & Nishan, M. (2015). Biological Activities of Greater galangal,
Alpinia galanga - A Review. Journal of Botanical Sciences .
The World Health Organization. (2013). Diarrhoeal Disease. Retrieved October
18, 2015, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/
59
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
Tan, H.T dan Rahardja, K. 2002. Obat-obat Penting: Khasiat,Penggunaan dan
Efek-efek Sampingnya. Edisi 5. Cetakan pertama. Gramedia. Jakarta
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2012). Tortora Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology (13 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Tunaru, S., Althoff, T., Nüsing, R., Dienerc, M., & Offermanns, S. (2012). Castor
oil induces laxation and uterus contraction via ricinoleic acid activating
prostaglandin EP3 receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America , 109 (23), 9179–9184.
Umar zein, Khalid Huda Sagala, Josia Ginting. 2004. Diare akut disebabkan
bakteri. Dalam: e-USU Repository Universitas Sumatera Utara.
http;//library.usu.ac.id/download/fk/penydalam-umar5.pdf.20 desember 2014
Wibowo dan Paryana. 2007. Anatomi Tubuh Manusia. Singapore : Elsevier.
World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO). 2008. WGO practice guideline:
acute diarrhea. World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO). Available fro
m:http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_d=12679&
nbr=6567 (accesed 14 november 2014)
WHO. 2005. The treatment of diarrhoea: A manual for physicians and other seniot
health worker. Geneva: WHO Press.
Yan, W., Ying, W., Zhi-Hua, L., Cheng-Fang, W., Jian-Yu, W., Xiao-Lan, L., et
al. (2014). Composition of the essential oil from Alpinia galanga rhizomes
and its bioactivity on Lasioderma serricorne. Bulletin of Insectology , 67 (2),
247-254.
60
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
EFEK ANTIDIARE EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG
LENGKUAS (Apinia galanga) PADA MENCIT Swiss-Webster
JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI Oleum ricini
Raymond Oswari,2012; Pembimbing I : Dr.,Sugiarto Puradisastra, dr.,M.Kes
Pembimbing II : Harijadi Pramono, dr., M.Kes
Diare merupakan masalah kesehatan yang utama di daerah tropis seperti
Indonesia dan di seluruh dunia yang memerlukan penanganan serius. Masyarakat
pedesaan sering menggunakan tanaman herbal untuk mengobati diare, contohnya
rimpang lengkuas. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui efek antidiare ekstrak
etanol rimpang lengkuas (EERL) pada mencit Swiss Webster Jantan.
Desain penelitian adalah eksperimental laboratoris menggunakan metode
proteksi terhadap diare yang diinduksi oleh Oleum ricini. Hewan coba (25 ekor
mencit) dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok acak (n=5). Kelompok I, II, III masingmasing diberi EERL 300mg/KgBB, 600mg/KgBB, 1200mg/KgBB. Kelompok IV
kontrol, dan kelompok V pembanding berturut-turut diberi Carboxy Metyl
Cellulosa 1% dan Loperamid 0,52 mg/KgBB. Data yang diukur adalah frekuensi
defekasi, berat feses (mg), dan konsistensi feses. Analisis data frekuensi defekasi
dan konsistensi feses menggunakan Kruskal-Wallis H dilanjutkan uji MannWhitney (α=0,05), untuk berat feses menggunakan uji one way ANOVA
dilanjutkan dengan uji HSD (α=0,05). Hasil penelitian, frekuensi defekasi
kelompok I, II, III terhadap kontrol menunjukkan perbedaan yang sangat
bermakna (p < 0,01), serta terhadap pembanding tidak memiliki perbedaan
bermakna (p > 0,05). Berat feses kelompok EERL dosis I, II, dan III terhadap
kelompok kontrol berbeda sangat bermakna (p < 0,01), serta terhadap pembanding
tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p > 0,05). Konsistensi feses semua
kelompok terhadap kontrol menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p < 0,01).
Kelompok I, dan II terhadap pembanding memiliki perbedaan sangat bermakna (p
< 0,01), sedangkan kelompok perlakuan III terhadap pembanding tidak memiliki
perbedaan yang bermakna (p > 0,05).
Simpulan Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan mengurangi frekuensi defekasi, berefek mengurangi berat feses, dan
memadatkan konsistensi feses.
Kata kunci: antidiare, Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga),
metode proteksi diare, Oleum ricini
iv
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
ABSTRACT
ANTIDIARRHEAL EFFECT OF GALANGAL (Apinia galanga)
RHIZOME ETHANOL EXTRACT ON MALE Swiss-Webster
MICE INDUCED WITH Oleum ricini
Raymond Oswari,2012; Tutor 1 : Dr.,Sugiarto Puradisastra, dr.,M.Kes
Tutor 2 : Harijadi Pramono, dr., M.Kes
Diarrhea is a primary health issue in tropical regions such as Indonesia and
all around the world that needs serious management. Countryside people often
use herbal plants to cure diarrhea, for example galangal rhizome. The purpose of
this research was to determine the antidiarrheal effect of galangal rhizome
ethanol extract on male Swiss-Webster mice.
This study was laboratoy experiment with protection against diarrhea induced
with Oleum ricini method. Trial animal (twenty-five mice)were divided into five
randomized groups (n=5). Group I, II, III each was given GREE 300 mg/kgBW,
600 mg/KgBW, 1200 mg/KgBW. Group IV was control and V was compered
group were given 1% Carboxy Methyl Cellulosa and 0.52 mg/KgBW Loperamide
respectively. Data measured were defecating frequencies, fecal weight (in mg),
and fecal consistency using Kruskal-Wallis H continued with Mann-Whitney Test
(α = 0.05), fecal weight data was measured with one way ANOVA continued with
HSD test (α = 0.05). The results were, defecating frequency for group I, II, and III
compared to control group showed highly significant differences (p < 0,01), but
no significant difference compared to control (p > 0,05). Fecal weight of GREE
dose I, II, and III compared to control group showed highly significant differences
(p < 0,01), but no significant difference compared to control (p > 0,05). Fecal
consistency on all group compared to control showed highly significant
differences (p < 0,01). Group I and II compared to comparator had highly
significant differences (p < 0,01), while treatment III group compared with
comparator showed no significant difference (p > 0,05).
Conclusion Galangal (Alpinia galanga) rhizome ethanol extract had
antidiarrheal effect by reducing defecating frequency, fecal weight, and solidify
fecal consistency.
Keywords: antidiarrhea, galangal (Alpinia galanga) rhizome ethanol extract,
protection against diarrhea method, Oleum ricini
v
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL .............................................................................................. i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PEMBIMBING ..................................................... ii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN MAHASISWA ....................................................... iii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................v
PRAKATA ............................................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xii
DAFTAR DIAGRAM ........................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................... xiv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang................................................................................................1
1.2 Identifikasi Masalah .......................................................................................3
1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan ........................................................................................3
1.4 Manfaat Karya Tulis Ilmiah ...........................................................................3
1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ...................................................................................3
1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ........................................................................................4
1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis Penelitian ...............................................4
1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran ................................................................................4
1.5.2 Hipotesis Penelitian .................................................................................6
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Anatomi Tractus Digestivus ...........................................................................7
2.1.1 Histologi Tractus Digestivus ................................................................10
2.2 Fisiologi Tractus Digestivus ........................................................................12
2.3 Diare ............................................................................................................18
2.3.1 Definisi ..................................................................................................18
2.3.2 Epidemiologi Diare................................................................................18
viii
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
2.3.3 Etiologi Diare.........................................................................................19
2.3.4 Faktor Risiko Diare................................................................................20
2.3.5 Patogenesis Diare...................................................................................20
2.3.6 Diagnosis Diare .....................................................................................21
2.3.7 Penatalaksanaan Diare ...........................................................................22
2.3.8 Loperamid ..............................................................................................24
2.4 Alpinia galanga ............................................................................................25
2.4.1 Taksonomi Alpinia galanga .................................................................25
2.4.2 Biologi Alpinia galanga .......................................................................25
2.4.3 Kandungan Kimia Alpinia galanga ......................................................27
2.4.4 Efek Biologis Alpinia galanga .............................................................27
2.4.5 Efek antidiare Alpinia galanga .............................................................29
2.5 Oleum Ricini. ................................................................................................30
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Alat dan Bahan .............................................................................................32
3.1.1 Alat ........................................................................................................32
3.1.2 Bahan .....................................................................................................32
3.2 Subjek Penelitian ..........................................................................................32
3.3 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ......................................................................33
3.4 Metode Penelitian .........................................................................................33
3.4.1 Desain Penelitian ...................................................................................33
3.4.2 Variabel Penelitian.................................................................................33
3.4.3 Definisi Operasional Variabel ...............................................................33
3.4.4 Perhitungan Besar Sampel .....................................................................34
3.5 Prosedur Kerja ..............................................................................................35
3.5.1 Persiapan Bahan Uji ..............................................................................35
3.5.2 Persiapan Hewan Coba ..........................................................................35
3.5.3 Cara Kerja ..............................................................................................35
3.5.4 Cara Pemeriksaan ..................................................................................36
3.6 Metode Analisis ............................................................................................36
3.7 Aspek Etik Penelitian ...................................................................................38
ix
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Hasil dan Pembahasan ..................................................................................40
4.1.1 Berat Badan Mencit ...............................................................................40
4.1.2 Frekuensi Defekasi ................................................................................41
4.1.3 Berat Feses .............................................................................................45
4.1.4 Konsistensi Feses ...................................................................................48
4.2 Uji Hipotesis .................................................................................................54
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan .......................................................................................................56
5.2 Saran .............................................................................................................56
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...........................................................................................57
LAMPIRAN ..........................................................................................................61
RIWAYAT HIDUP ..............................................................................................89
x
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
4.1
Berat Badan Mencit (Gram) ..........................................................................40
4.2
Frekuensi Defekasi Mencit (Milligram) .......................................................41
4.3
Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Frekuensi Defekasi Pembanding, Kelompok
Perlakuan Dengan Kontrol ..........................................................................43
4.4
Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Frekuensi Defekasi Diantara Kelompok
Perlakuan ......................................................................................................44
4.5
Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Frekuensi Defekasi Kelompok Perlakuan
Dengan Pembanding ....................................................................................44
4.6
Berat Feses Mencit (Miligram) ....................................................................45
4.7
Hasil uji Tukey HSD pada Berat Feses Mencit ............................................47
4.8
Hasil Konsistensi Feses Mencit ...................................................................48
4.9
Hasil Persentase Konsistensi Feses Mencit ..................................................50
4.10 Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Konsistensi Feses Pembanding, Kelompok
Perlakuan Dengan Kontrol ..........................................................................51
4.11 Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Konsistensi Feses Diantara Kelompok
Perlakuan ......................................................................................................51
4.12 Hasil Uji Mann-Whitney U Frekuensi Defekasi
Kelompok Perlakuan
Dengan Pembanding .....................................................................................52
xi
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
Halaman
2.1 Anatomi Saluran Cerna Manusia .....................................................................7
2.2 Histologi umum tractus digestivus ...............................................................11
2.3 Alpinia galanga ..............................................................................................26
xii
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram
Halaman
4.1 Diagram Batang Frekuensi Defekasi Mencit ..........................................42
4.2 Diagram Batang Berat Feses Mencit ........................................................46
4.3 Diagram Batang Konsistensi Feses Mencit...............................................49
xiii
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran
Halaman
1 Prosedur Kerja .....................................................................................................61
2 Perhitungan Dosis ...............................................................................................63
3 Hasil Pengamatan Mencit Selama 6 Jam ............................................................65
4 Data Hasil Uji Statistik Berat Badan Mencit ......................................................72
5 Data Hasil Uji Statistik Frekuensi Defekasi Mencit ...........................................73
6 Data Hasil Uji Statistik Berat Feses Mencit ........................................................76
7 Data Hasil Uji Statistik Konsistensi Feses Mencit ..............................................80
8 Proses Ektraksi ....................................................................................................83
9 Ethical Approval .................................................................................................84
10 Determinasi Alpinia galanga ............................................................................85
11 Dokumentasi .....................................................................................................86
xiv
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan mengurangi frekuensi defekasi
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan mengurangi berat feses
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan memadatkan konsistensi feses
5.2 Saran
Penelitian efek ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) sebagai
antidiare pada mencit Swiss webster jantan bila akan dilakukan kembali
sebaiknya:
Menggunakan hewan coba lain
Menggunakan metode lain
Menggunakan bentuk sediaan lain
Membandingkan teknik pemberian ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas secara
infusa atau oral
Percobaan dengan dosis yang lebih bervariasi
56
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan mengurangi frekuensi defekasi
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan mengurangi berat feses
Ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) berefek antidiare
dengan memadatkan konsistensi feses
5.2 Saran
Penelitian efek ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga) sebagai
antidiare pada mencit Swiss webster jantan bila akan dilakukan kembali
sebaiknya:
Menggunakan hewan coba lain
Menggunakan metode lain
Menggunakan bentuk sediaan lain
Membandingkan teknik pemberian ekstrak etanol rimpang lengkuas secara
infusa atau oral
Percobaan dengan dosis yang lebih bervariasi
56
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Achmad et al. 2013. Tumbuh-tumbuhan Obat Indonesia Jilid II. Bandung : ITB.
Asim kumar Ghosh, M. B. (2011). Chronical of Young Scientist. Anti-inflamatory
activity of root of Alpinia Galanga Willd , 139-142.
Agtini,M.D. (2011) KLB Diare. InSituasi Diare di Indonesia (pp. 26-33).
Jakarta:KEMENKES
Al-Yahya, M. A., Rafatullah, S., Mossa, J. S., Ageel, A. M., Al-Said, M. S., &
Tariq, M. (1990). Gastric Antisecretory, Antiulcer and Cytoprotective
Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Alpinia Galanga Willd in Rats. Journal of
Phytotherapy Research , 4 (3), 112-114.
Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients
with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2531-8.
Arif.A.,Sjamsudin. U. (1995). Obat lokal. Dalam Farmakologi dan Terapi. Edisi
4. Jakarta. FKUI. Hal. 511-512
Bramen, L. (2011). What the Heck Do I Do With Galangal? Retrieved October
20, 2015, from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/what-the-heckdo-i-do-with-galangal-24630492/?no-ist
Charles DJ, Simon JE, Singh NK. Bioactive principles/Chemical ConstituentsThe essential oil of Alpinia galangal Willd. J Essen Oil Res 1992;4:81-2.
Chudiwal, A., Jain, D., & Somani, R. (2010). Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. - An
Overview on Phytopharmacological Properties. Indian Journal of Natural
Products and Resources , 1 (2), 143-149.
Dalimarta, Setiawan. (2013). Atlas tumbuhan obat Indonesia. Jakarta: Puspa
Swara.
Grzanna, R., Lindmark, L., & Frondoza, C. (2005). Ginger—An Herbal Medicinal
Product with Broad Anti-Inflammatory Actions. Journal of Medicinal Food ,
8 (2), 125-132.
Guandalini, S. (2015). Diarrhea. Retrieved October 28,
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/928598-overview
2015,
from
Guyton of Hall, J. E. (2010). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
(12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders-Elsevier.
57
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
Hodges, K., & Gill, R. (2010). Infectious Diarrhea - Cellular and Molecular
Mechanisms. Gut Microbes , 1 (1), 4-21.
Integrated Taxonomic Information System. (2015). Alpinia Galanga (L.) Willd.
Retrieved
October
19,
2015,
fromhttp://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&sea
rch_value=506513
Juckett G. 2004. HerbAL MEDICINE. In C.R.Craig, R.E.Stitzel:Modern
pharmacology with clinical application. 6th ed. Baltimore: Lippicott William
& Wilkins. P. 785
Kaushik, D., Yadav, J., Kaushik, P., Sacher, D., & Rani, R. (2011). Current
pharmacological and phytochemical studies of the plant Alpinia galanga.
Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine , 9 (10).
Kemas Ali Hanafiah. 2005. Rancangan percobaan aplikatif: Aplikasi kondisional
bidang pertanaman, peternakan, perikanan, industri dan hayati. Jakarta:PT
Raja Grafindo Persada. P. 12
Katzung, B.G. 2007. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 10th edition. USA : Mc
Graw
Hill.
Wibowo dan Paryana. 2007. Anatomi Tubuh Manusia. Singapore : Elsevier.
Kliegman, R., Stanton, B., St. Geme, J., Schor, N., & Behrman, R. (2011). Nelson
Textbook of Pediatrics (19th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
Kuntorini EM., 2005. Botani Ekonomi SukuZiniberaceae Sebagai Obat
Tradisional Oleh Masyarakat Di Kotamadya Banjarbaru. BIOSCIENTIAE.
2:25-36
Kelompok Kerja Ilmiah Yayasan Pengembangan Obat Bahan Alam Phyto Medica
(1993). Pedoman pengujian dan pengembangan fitofarmaka : penapisan
farmakologi, pengujian fitokimia dan pengujian klinik. Jakarta.
Lee SJ, Ando T. Optically active 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate and its position
isomers: Synthesis and repellent effect against adzuki bean weevil. J Pestic
Sci 2001;26:76-81.
Longo, D., Fauci, A., Kasper, D., Hauser, S., Jameson, J., & Loscalzo, J. (2015).
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (19th ed.). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
Marcellus Simadibrata K., Daldiyono. 2006. Diare akut. Dalam Aru W.
Sudoyono, Bambang Setiyohadi, Idrus Alwi, Marcellus Simadibratak., Siti
Setiadi: Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Edisi 4. Jilid I. Jakarta: Pusat
Penerbit Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI.p.410-25
58
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
Marieb, Elaine N. and Hoehn, Katja (2007). Human Anatomy and Physiology 7th
Edition. Benjamin Cummings.
Min HJ, Nam JW, Yu ES, Hong JH, Seo EK, Hwang ES. Effect of natullary
occuring hydrocavicolacetaton the cytokine production in T helper cell. Int
Immunopharmacol 2009;9:448-54
Moore, K. L., Aqur, A. M., & Dalley, A. F. (2013). Clinically Oriented Anatomy
(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Oonmetta-Arie, J., Suzuki, T., Gasaluck, P., & Eumkeb, G. (2005). Antimicrobial
properties and action of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on Staphylococcus
aureus. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie (Food Science and
Technology) , 39, 1214-1220.
Winarno MW, Sundari D. 1996. Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Sebagai Obat Diare di
Indonesia. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran.
WHO. 2014. Cause of death in neonatus and children under five in the world
(2004).
http:www.who.int/child_adolescent_healt/media/cause_death_u5neonatues_2004.pdf. 20 november 2014.
Saparinto C., Hidayati D., 2006. Bahan Tambahan Pangan.Yogyakart a : Kanisius
Simadibrata dan Daldiyono. 2009. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Edisi V.
Jakarta : Interna Publishing.
Sinaga E. 2012. Alpinia galanga(L).Willd.ftp://komo.padinet.com/free/v12/artikel
/ttg_ tanaman_obat/unas/Lengkuas.pdf
Surtiretna. Nina. 2006. Mengenal Sistem Pencernaan. Bandung: PT. Kiblat Buku
Utama
Sherwood, L. (2012). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (8th ed.).
Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Shier, D., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2013). Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy
and Physiology (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Standring, S. (2008). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis for Clinical Practice
(40th ed.). London: Elsevier Churchill-Livingstone.
Subramanian, P., & Nishan, M. (2015). Biological Activities of Greater galangal,
Alpinia galanga - A Review. Journal of Botanical Sciences .
The World Health Organization. (2013). Diarrhoeal Disease. Retrieved October
18, 2015, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/
59
Universitas Kristen Maranatha
Tan, H.T dan Rahardja, K. 2002. Obat-obat Penting: Khasiat,Penggunaan dan
Efek-efek Sampingnya. Edisi 5. Cetakan pertama. Gramedia. Jakarta
Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2012). Tortora Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology (13 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Tunaru, S., Althoff, T., Nüsing, R., Dienerc, M., & Offermanns, S. (2012). Castor
oil induces laxation and uterus contraction via ricinoleic acid activating
prostaglandin EP3 receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America , 109 (23), 9179–9184.
Umar zein, Khalid Huda Sagala, Josia Ginting. 2004. Diare akut disebabkan
bakteri. Dalam: e-USU Repository Universitas Sumatera Utara.
http;//library.usu.ac.id/download/fk/penydalam-umar5.pdf.20 desember 2014
Wibowo dan Paryana. 2007. Anatomi Tubuh Manusia. Singapore : Elsevier.
World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO). 2008. WGO practice guideline:
acute diarrhea. World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO). Available fro
m:http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_d=12679&
nbr=6567 (accesed 14 november 2014)
WHO. 2005. The treatment of diarrhoea: A manual for physicians and other seniot
health worker. Geneva: WHO Press.
Yan, W., Ying, W., Zhi-Hua, L., Cheng-Fang, W., Jian-Yu, W., Xiao-Lan, L., et
al. (2014). Composition of the essential oil from Alpinia galanga rhizomes
and its bioactivity on Lasioderma serricorne. Bulletin of Insectology , 67 (2),
247-254.
60
Universitas Kristen Maranatha