h. Thought is the way the author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a
person is thinking. Therefore, an author is able expressed his or her thoughts to do what his or her reader cannot do in real life 1972: 171.
i. Mannerism is the way the author describes a person’s mannerism, habits, or
idiosyncrasies that may also tell the reader something about his or her character 1972: 173.
The nine elements of the theory of characters and characteristics by M. J. Murphy will not be used all. There are only several elements that are needed to
analyze the character in the story because there are only some elements of the character that are explained using the theory of characters and characteristics.
2. Theories on Failure
Failure is a conditional term to define and cannot be judged in one way or another, but there are some ways to judge the definition of failure. The proper
way to determine if someone fails doing something or not is only the person who undergoes it. Human beings are weak creature, sometimes they fall in failure.
People are not always able to achieve what they expect, not all their desires can be fulfilled though they have tried hard to achieve them.
Kassarjian in his psychological report Success, Failure, and Personality says that
The cultural patterns of success and failure were defined as a two- dimensional process. The first is indicated by objective measures of
achievement, the “societal’ success-failure continuum; the other by the aspirations of the individual and his self perception of success or failure
results indicate a moderate correlation between the two dimensions. Failure on both dimensions was found to be related to a poorer self
concept, fewer adjustive attitudes; greater complains of physical and mental illness symptoms and less socially desirable personality traits than
found in individuals who score as successful on both criteria p. 567.
In his study, kassarjian stated that success and failure are results of a process. He said that there are two ways to measure someone was success or fail,
by their achievment in societal and individual perception. Personal traits have a big impact to someone who is success or fail. Failure is related to negative traits.
According to Kassarjian, failure is related to self concept. He stated that someone who fails has low self concept. In the contrary, success person has good
self concept. Kassarjian explains that success or failure is related to human characteristics. Kassarjian stated that failure related to a poorer self concept,
fewer adjustive atitudes, greater complains of physical and mental illness symptoms and less socially desireable personality traits.
Failure means the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success. In other words, it means
lack of success. A person can fail in achieving something in his or her life, for example he or she fails to pass the exam, fails in marriage, and fails in their
efforts, etc. These are the examples of human aspect of life. Aspects of life can be divided into three, they are intellectual, social, and psychological Franken,
1982:350. The writer tries to discuss the psychological aspects that might lead the character to failure.
There are some psychological aspects of factors, which cause people to fail in their lives. Napoleon Hill and Clement Stone say in their book, Success
Through A Positive Mental Attitude, that one of the cause of failure is negative
mental attitude, which is shown in the negative characteristics, such as suspicion, pessimism, jealousy, greed, discouragement, close-mindedness, selfishness and
bad common sense 1960: 13. It means that the negative mental attitude could bring failure in someone’s life if it dominates or obsessed his or her life.
Failure is usually followed by negative result. Failure can lead someone to have the feeling of shame, incompetence, guilt, resignation, aggression, or
surprise, depending on how the person account for his or her failure Franken, 1982: 354-360. The worst effect of failure may cause a deep frustration that
might lead a person to insanity or even suicide or self murder Franken, 1982: 362.
3. The Relation Between Literature and Psychology
