mental attitude, which is shown in the negative characteristics, such as suspicion, pessimism, jealousy, greed, discouragement, close-mindedness, selfishness and
bad common sense 1960: 13. It means that the negative mental attitude could bring failure in someone’s life if it dominates or obsessed his or her life.
Failure is usually followed by negative result. Failure can lead someone to have the feeling of shame, incompetence, guilt, resignation, aggression, or
surprise, depending on how the person account for his or her failure Franken, 1982: 354-360. The worst effect of failure may cause a deep frustration that
might lead a person to insanity or even suicide or self murder Franken, 1982: 362.
3. The Relation Between Literature and Psychology
Literature and Psychology are two broad disciplines. Applied to literature, psychological principles help us explore what the writer’s write, the characters
act, and what the reader’s interpretation. Literature provides us with the expression and psychology provides us with the possibility of interpretation of the
meaning of the signs and symbols we find in the text, of explaining how and why human beings think, feel, react, and interact.
According to Dastmard, Razmjoo, and Salehi in their journal The Relationship Between Psychology and Literature,
The relation between psychology and literature is a bilateral relation. The psychology of the unconscious can be called literature, and is a dune
mining approach to its foreign opinion, very familiar to literature and literary critics Dastmard et al, 2012: 9423.
In the preceding quotation, Dastmard et al try to explain that there is relation between psychology and literature. Literature provides a work which
made by psychology of unconscious. Psychology has a role to develop the writer’s idea. Psychology helps the writer in building a work of art.
There is opinion about the relation between psychology and literature comes from Moghaddam in his article Performance Capacity and Performance
Style Looking Back and Moving Forward in Psychology. The relationship between psychology and literature can usefully be
conceptualized in three broad categories. At the lowest level of abstraction is ‘psychology in literature’: literature as a source of psychological data,
literature as a source of insights for psychology. The second level of abstraction involves literature as an independent variable, literature as a
dependent variable, and literature as understood through psychology. At the third and highest level of abstraction are: psychology as nomothetic
and literature as idiographic; psychology as culture-free and literature as culture-bound; psychology as concerned with actual worlds and literature
with possible worlds; and, finally, psychology is literature Moghaddam, 2006: 840.
Moghaddam made three categories that psychology has relation with literature. The point of the above quotation is that psychology has a role in
understanding the literature data. Psychology and literature has complementary relation and they stay in different side, in other words, they have their own role.
Psychology relates to reality world which happen, while literature relates to possible world. Literature is data source for psychology to analyze.
There is another opinion from Motlagh in his study Psychology and Literature.
Psychology helps the reader and the critic in four ways: first it helps to explain the creative process of creating a work of art. Some theorists
believe that the artistic genius is the result of physical defects in the artist and some other state that literary talent originates from the unconscious of
the author. Second, it can provide some references to the author‘s life. Biography of the author, his letters and other documents can show the
author‘s personality. Third, it can help to interpret the true meaning of a given text. Forth, it creates a sensual impression on the reader Motlagh,
2010: 9.
In the preceding quotation, Mothlag explained about the usefulness of psychology in literature area. There are four points that psychology has role in
literature. Psychology helps literature in building a creative work; work of art needs creativity from the creator, psychology has role in developing the creator’s
idea. In understanding the meaning of work of art, the creator’s psychology has a role to analyze the art. Psychology develops imagination in the readers’ mind.
C. Theoretical Framework
