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1. PLOT
Plot is the sequence of events which have cause and effect relationship. “By plot in fiction, then, we mean not simply the events recounted in the story but
the author’s arrangement of those events according to their causal relationship” Kenney, 1966: 14. From the plot the reader may know how the story goes from
the beginning until the end. Through plot an author organizes the raw of material of experience. The meaning of experience is closely related to the
readers’ understanding of what causes what, and plot must clarify causal relationship. An
understanding of plot is the most important factor in the understanding of fiction; it helps the readers to recognize the meaning of the story Kenney, 1966: 23.
Plot is divided into three parts; they are the beginning, the middle, and the end. In the beginning the readers are provided with a certain amount of
information such as characters, setting, and rising of problems. The middle provides conflict of the characters, complication, and climax. Complication is the
movement from the initial statement of conflict to the climax. The climax is reached when the complication attains its highest point of intensity. The end
consists of everything from the climax to the denouement, or outcome of the story. It shows how the problems of the characters are solved Kenney, 1966: 14-
19.
2. CHARACTER
As well as plot, characters in a fiction are also artificial. They are made by the author in relation to the story as a whole. Besides that the characters made in a
fiction are used as a mean to deliver the value or moral teaching of the story “Jika
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kita membaca sebuah novel, bagian paling penting yang harus dilakukan ialah usaha untuk mencari nilai yang disuguhkan pengarang pada setiap
tokoh”Rahmanto, 1988: 71. Character and characterization are very important in a novel. The author’s
creativity in making characters and characterization becomes the appeal of a novel. In characterization, the author gives description about the characters in a
novel. Through the characterization, the readers are shown with various type of characters and theirs problem.
Sebuah novel tanpa perwatakan nyaris mustahil. Daya tarik sebuah novel terpancar lewat imajinasi kreatif si pengarang. Lewat imajinasi
pengarang itulah, pembaca dapat berkenalan dengan sejumlah variasi tipe manusia berikut masalahnya Rahmanto, 1988: 71.
The readers of novel are usually interested in understanding the description of characterizations made by the author. The characterizations are
usually portrayed into two opposite type; the good one and the bad one. The categorization which is based on the level of the goodness and the badness is the
author’s way to show to the readers that nobody is perfect ibid.
3. SETTING