Location of Soil Samples 39

Experimental Set Up 3.4.4 Soil Resistivity Testing Procedure 31 3.4.5 Project Implementation for 35 Resistivity Measurement 3.5 Analysis and Interpretation of Results 36 3.5.1 Scatter Plot Diagram 36 3.5.2 Correlation Coefficient Analysis 36 3.5.3 Regression Analysis 37 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 38 4.1 Introduction 38

4.2 Location of Soil Samples 39

4.3 Experimental Data Collection 41 4.3.1 Water Test Data 42 4.3.2 Sodium Chloride Solution Test Data 43 4.3.3 Charcoal Test Data 44 4.3.4 Salted Charcoal Test Data 45 4.4 Scatter Plot for Soil Resistivity with 46 Additive Materials 4.4.1 Variation of Soil Resistivity with 46 Moisture Content 4.4.2 Variation of Soil Resistivity with 47 Salt Solution 4.4.3 Variation of Soil Resistivity with 48 Charcoal Content 4.4.4 Variation of Soil Resistivity with 49 Salted Charcoal Content 4.4.5 Variation of Each Type of 50 Soil Resistivity with Additive Materials 4.4.5.1 Clay Soil 50 4.4.5.2 Loam Soil 51 4.4.5.3 Sandy Soil 52 4.4.5.4 Laterite Soil 53 4.4.5.5 Top Soil 54 4.5 Correlation Coefficient Analysis 55 4.6 Regression Analysis 57 4.7 Discussion on the Parameters that Affect the 61 Soil Resistivity 4.7.1 Discussion on Soil Resistivity with 62 Water Content 4.7.2 Discussion on Soil Resistivity with 64 Sodium Chloride NaCl Content 4.7.3 Discussion on Soil Resistivity with Charcoal 65 4.7.4 Discussion on Soil Resistivity with 66 Salted Charcoal 4.7.5 Discussion on Soil Resistivity with 68 Soil Types 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 71 5.1 Conclusion 71 5.2 Recommendation 73 REFERENCES 75 APPENDICES 77 LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE Table 2.1 Typical soil resistivity of various types of soil 12 Table 2.2 Effect of moisture content on soil resistivity values 14 Table 2.3 Resistivity of experiment soil Jogyakarta with 18 several treatments Table 2.4 Trend of resistivity result from different soil 20 parameters Table 2.5 Comparison with others related research 23 Table 3.1 Experimental equipments and materials 28 Table 4.1 Five types of soil sample collection locations 39 Table 4.2 Five different types soil resistivity values at 42 varied moisture content Table 4.3 Five different types soil resistivity values at 43 varied sodium chloride content Table 4.4 Five different types soil resistivity values at 44 varied charcoal content Table 4.5 Five different types soil resistivity values at 45 varied salted charcoal content Table 4.6 Correlation coefficient, r values 56 Table 4.7 Exponential regression equation and coefficient 57 of determination, r 2 . LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE Figure 2.1 Five layers in a soil profile 8 Figure 2.2 Soil resistivity variations with salt 11 Figure 2.3 Soil resistivity variations with moisture 11 Figure 2.4 Soil resistivity variations with temperature 11 Figure 2.5 Resistivity fluctuation caused by water, salt, and 15 carbon treatment Figure 2.6 Permittivity fluctuation caused by water, salt, and 16 carbon treatment Figure 2.7 Electrical resistivity result from moisture content 19 Figure 3.1 Flowchart of research methodology 26 Figure 3.2 BS1377-3 cylindrical soil resistivity testers for 30 resistivity determination Figure 3.3 Schematic circuit diagram for resistivity 31 determination Figure 3.4 Flowchart of experiment procedure 33 Figure 3.5 Process of conducting experiment for one type of soil 35 Figure 4.1 Materials and experimental set up 39 Figure 4.2 Variation of five types of soil sample resistivity with 47 moisture content Figure 4.3 Variation of five types of soil sample resistivity with 48 salt solution Figure 4.4 Variation of five types of soil sample resistivity with 49 charcoal content Figure 4.5 Variation of five types of soil sample resistivity with 50 salted charcoal Figure 4.6 Variation of clay resistivity with water, salt and 51 salted charcoal content Figure 4.7 Variation of loam soil resistivity with water, salt and 52 salted charcoal content Figure 4.8 Variation of sandy soil resistivity with water, salt and 53 salted charcoal content Figure 4.9 Variation of laterite soil resistivity with water,salt and 54 salted charcoal content. Figure 4.10 Variation of top soil resistivity with water, salt and 55 salted charcoal content Figure 4.11 Regression analysis of log e soil resistivity versus 58 water content Figure 4.12 Regression analysis of log e soil resistivity versus 58 salt solution Figure 4.13 Regression analysis of log e soil resistivity versus 59 salted charcoal content. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AC - Alternating Current DC - Direct Current OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration NIOSH - National Institute Occupational Safety and Health BS - British Standard EMI - Electromagnetic Interference RFI - Radio Frequency Interference IEEE - Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers Z - Impedance ∅ - Phase Angle PSD - Particle Size Distribution K - Conductivity FYP - Final Year Project UTeM - University Technical Malaysia Malacca R - Resistance ρ - Soil Resistivity LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Project Milestone and Project Gantt Chart 78 B Laboratory Test Results 80 C Preparation of Materials 109 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background