CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Intrinsic Theory
Every literary work has intrinsic and extrinsic elements. Intrinsic elements are the internal structure of literary works such as plot, characters,
characterizations, theme, setting, point of view etc; meanwhile, extrinsic elements are the external structure of literary work from the external factors
outside the literary work itself, such as author’s background, sociological, history, and also culture when the literary work has been created.
6
In this research, the writer focused on the analyses of the main characters and the
psychological side of the main character as an extrinsic element in the novel. Character is one of the intrinsic elements that the writer would discuss.
Character is presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story.
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The term character applies to any individual in literary work. A character is a fictional
of person—who was presented in works of narrative or drama who convey their personal qualities through dialogue and action by which the reader or
6
Indra Fajar, Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe: An Overview of Genetic Structuralism, thesis, Jakarta: The Library of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta, 2006, p.5. u.p.
7
X. J Kennedy, An Introduction To Fiction: Third Edition, Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1983, p.45
audience understands their feelings, thoughts, intentions and motives— usually a psychologically realistic depiction.
8
Generally, characters are divided into two types: there are main character and minor character. The major character is a character that always
appears and dominates in every part of the story.
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It also will usually be complex and fully developed; it’s often described as a dynamic character. The
major character of the plot is protagonist. The protagonist is usually easy enough to identify: he or she is essential character without whom there would
be no plot in the first place.
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Minor character is character that only appears in a single event. Appearance of minor characters in the entire story is less,
not significant and it appears only when there is connection with major character, either directly or indirectly.
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A story’s minor characters are often static; their growth is not usually relevant to the story development.
According to the useful terms of the English novelist E. M Foster, characters may seem flat or round, depending on whether a writer sketches or
sculptures them. Flat characters are those who embody or represent a single characteristic, trait, or idea, or at most a very limited number of such qualities.
Flat characters are also referred to as type characters, as one-dimensional
8
The Department of English, University of Victoria, Character and Characterization, from httpweb.avic.ca.wguidePagesLTCharacter.html. Retrieved on
April 2008.
9
Adib Sofia Sugihastuti, Feminisme dan Sastra: Menguak Citra Perempuan Dalam Layar Terkembang, Bandung: Penerbit Katarsis, 2003 p. 69.
10
James H. Pickering and Jeffrey D. Hoeper, Concise Companion to Literature, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc, 1981 p.24
11
Op. cit. p. 16
characters, or when they are distorted to create humor, as caricatures. Flat characters are usually minor actors in the novels and stories in which they
appear, but not always so. Meanwhile, round characters were embodies a number of qualities
and traits and are complex multidimensional characters of considerable intellectual and emotional depth that have capacity to grow and change. Major
characters in fiction are usually round characters, and it is with the very complexity of such characters that most of us become engrossed and
fascinated.
B. Psychoanalysis
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