PERBEDAAN KEBERMAKNAAN HIDUP PADA JANDA PARUH BAYA KARENA KEMATIAN DAN PERCERAIAN
PERBEDAAN KEBERMAKNAAN HIDUP PADA JANDA PARUH BAYA
KARENA KEMATIAN DAN PERCERAIAN
TESIS
Untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan mencapai
Derajat Magister Sains Psikologi
OLEH :
EMMA RIANTI
201110440211002
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
TAHUN 2014
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur kepada ALLAH SWT karena dengan rahmat dan karunia-Nya
serta izin restu dari-Nya jugalah, penulis dapat menyelesaikan Tesis yang berjudul
“Perbedaan Kebermaknaan Hidup Pada Janda Paruh Baya Karena Kematian Dan
Perceraian”. Tesis ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar
Magister Sains Psikologi di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Penyelesaian Tesis ini atas bantuan banyak pihak baik moril maupun materil
yang tidak mungkin penulis sebutkan satu persatu. Untuk itu sebagai ungkapan rasa
terima kasih yang setinggi-tingginya penulis sampaikan kepada yang terhormat
Bapak/Ibu :
1. Dr. Muhadjir Effendi, MAP selaku Rektor Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
2. Dr. Latipun, M. Kes selaku Direktur Pascasarjana Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang, sekaligus sebagai Ketua Program Studi Magister Psikologi.
3. Dr. Diah Karmiyati, Psi. selaku dosen pembimbing I
4. Zakarija Achmat, S.Psi., M.Si. selaku dosen pembimbing II
5. Dr. Latipun, M. Kes. selaku dosen penguji I
6. Dra. Cahyaning S., M.Si, Psi. selaku dosen penguji II
7. Para dosen dan Pembina mata kuliah serta para staf administrasi dilingkungan
program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas pelayanan dan
fasilitas yang telah diberikan selama perkuliahan.
8. Terimakasih kepada Kantor Kelurahan Teluk Dalam dan Kelurahan Pelambuan
Di Banjarmasin (Kalimantan Selatan) yang telah memberikan informasi dan
bantuan serta ketersediaanya untuk memberikan saya izin untuk mengambil
subyek penelitian di Kelurahan setempat.
9. Bapak dan Ibu, suami serta saudara-saudaraku yang dengan segenap hati telah
memberikan dukungan baik moril, doa serta selalu mendorong untuk segera
menyelesaikan Tesis ini.
10. Terimakasih juga kepada Dd Lia, Maya, Bu Tanty, Ratna, Dina, & Icha atas
dukungan dan bantuannya.
iii
Penulis menyadari bahwa Tesis ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan dan masih
terdapat banyak kekurangan dan kelemahan yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya
pengetahuan penulis dan keterbatasan waktu. Untuk itu segala kritikan dan saran yang
bersifat membangun sangat penulis harapkan.
Akhir kata, penulis berharap semoga Tesis ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan
dan masih terdapat banyak kekurangan dan kelemahan yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya
pengetahuan penulis dan keterbatasan waktu. Untuk itu segala kritikan dan saran yang
bersifat membangun sangat penulis harapkan.
Akhir kata, penulis berharap semoga Tesis ini bermanfaat bagi pembaca,
terutama para pemerhati di bidang psikologi.
Malang, 29 Januari 2014
Emma Rianti
iv
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ....................................................................................
i
SURAT PERNYATAAN ........................................................................................
ii
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................
iii
DAFTAR ISI ...........................................................................................................
v
DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................................
vi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................... vii
INTISARI ................................................................................................................ viii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................
ix
LATAR BELAKANG
Latar Belakang Permasalahan ......................................................................
1
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ..........................................................................................
7
METODE PENELITIAN
Jenis Penelitian ..............................................................................................
9
Subjek Penelitian ...........................................................................................
9
Instrumen Penelitian ...................................................................................... 11
Prosedur Penelitian ........................................................................................ 11
Analisa Data ................................................................................................... 12
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Hasil Pengujian Independent T-test ............................................................... 12
Pembahasan .................................................................................................. 12
Kesimpulan ................................................................................................... 13
Implikasi Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................. 14
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................. 15
LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................................ 18
v
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1. Kebermaknaan Hidup Janda Paruh Baya Karena Kematian dan
Perceraian ............................................................................................... 12
vi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 : Kuesioner MLQ .............................................................................. 19
Lampiran 2 : Data Jawaban Responden .............................................................. 22
Lampiran 3 : Uji Validitas ..................................................................................... 24
Lampiran 4 : Uji Reliabilitas ................................................................................. 26
Lampiran 5 : Independent Samples Test (T-Test) .............................................. 28
Lampiran 6 : Uji Frekuensi ................................................................................... 29
Lampiran 7: Surat Kelurahan Teluk Dalam ....................................................... 35
Lampiran 8: Surat Kelurahan Pelambuan .......................................................... 39
vii
Daftar Pustaka
Asher & Lebel, U. (2010). Social structure Vs. self rehabilitation: IDF widows forming
an intimate relationship in the sociopolitical discourse. Journal Of Comparative
Research In Anthropology And Sociology, 1 (2), 39-60.
Aprilia, (2013). Resiliensi dan dukungan sosial pada orang tua tunggal yang kehilangan
pasangan hidup. Journal Psikologi Fisip, 1 (3), 268-279.
Bastaman, H. D. (2007). Logoterapi-psikologi untuk menemukan makna hidup dan
meraih hidup bermakna. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Bennet, M.,K., & Hall, V. S. (2000). Narratives of death : a qualitative study of
widowhood in later life. Journal Ageing and Society, 20, 413-428.
Brown, S., & Lin, I. (2010). The gray divorce revolution : Rising divorce among middle
age and older adults. Journal of Gerontology Series B, 67 (6), 731-741.
Cohen, K., & Cairns, D. (2010). Is searching for meaning in life associated with reduced
subjective and psychological well being. International Journal of Existential
Psychological Psychoterapy, 3(1), 1-5.
Clark, A. (2004). Advances in psychiatric treatment. Journal of Countinuing
Professional Development, 10, 164-170.
Cardenal, V., & Lo´Pez, M. (2005). Impact on personality loss or separation from loved
ones. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 10, 267-292.
Depinay. J., & Cavalli, S. (2003). The death of a loved one impact on health and
relationship in very old age. Jounal Death &Dying, 47(3) 265-284.
Dolinska, G & Homejko, A. (2011). Sexual satisfaction’s contribution to a sense of
quality of life in early adulthood. Polish Journal of Applied Psychology, 9 (1), 65–
73.
Fasoranti & Aruna, J.O. (1970). A cross-cultural comparison of practices relating to
widowhood and widow inheritance among the igbo and yaruba in nigeria. Journal
of World Anthropology: Occasional Papers, Volume 3 (1), 52-72.
Foldhazi, E, (2010). New partnership after first divorce-an event history analysis.
Demografia, 53 (5), 78-101.
Frankl, V.E. (1984). Man‘s search for meaning : An introduction to logotherapy. New
York : Washington Square Press.
Hurlock, B. (1980). Psikologi Perkembangan. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Howarth, R. (2011). Concepts and controversies in grief and loss. Journal of Mental
Health Counseling, 33 (1), 4-10.
15
Koeswara, E. (1992). Logoterapi. Yogyakarta : Penerbit Kanisius.
Kertamuda, Fatchiah. (2009). Konseling pernikahan untuk keluarga indonesia.
Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.
Kahneman, D., & Krueger, B. (2006). Developments in the measurement of subjective
well-being. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (1), 3-24.
Kotwal, N., & Prabhakar, B. (2009). Problems faced by single mothers. Journal Soc Sci,
21(3), 197-204.
Kleftaras & Psarra. (2012). Meaning in life, psychological well-being and depressive
symptomatology: A comparative study. Journal Psychology, 3 (4), 337-345.
Lambert, M., Baumeister, F., Stillman, F., & Finchman, D. (2012). Family and meaning
examining the four needs for meaning as mediators. International journal of
Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy. 4(1), 31-59.
Lander, N., & Nahon, D. (2012). A meaningful death as function of a meaningful life :
An integrity model perspective. International Journal of Existential Psychology
and Psychotherapy, 4(1), 107-121.
Maas, I. (1995). Demography and aging : Long term effect of divorce and widowhood.
Journal of Population and Development, 24 (2), 276-294.
Makola, S., & Berg, H. V. (2008). Meaning/purpose in life and related construct.
International Journal Of Existensial Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2 (2), 1-7.
Mehta, M., Kulshresta & Chowdhry, R. (2006). Effect of widowhood on repressionsensitisation tendency. Journal Of The Indian Academy Of Applied Psychology July
2006, (32) 3, 221-225.
Monogr, S. (2009). Psychological aspects of widowhood and divorce. Journal The
Aspects psychologist, 7 (1), 37-49.
Nasehudin & Gozali. (2012). Metode penelitian kuantitatif. Bandung : CV. Pustaka
setia
Priyatna, A. (2010). Focus on children. Jakarta : PT. Elex Media Komputindo.
Papalia, D., Olds, S., & Feldman, R. (2009). Human development. New York: Mc
Graw Hill.
Panda, B. (2013). Socio- economic problems of elderly widows in puri town orissa.
Indian Journal of Applied Research, (3) 6, 501-502.
Ruggles, S. (1997). The rise divorce and separation in the united states. Journal
Demography, 34(4), 455-466.
16
Ridwan & Kuncoro. (2011). Cara menggunakan dan memaknai path analysis. Bandung
: PT.Alfabeta.
Raveis, V. H. (1999). Facilitating older spouses adjustment to widowhood: A preventive
intervention program. Social Work in Health Care, 29 (4), 13-32.
Santrock, J. (2002). Perkembangan Masa Hidup. Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach, 2nd
Edition. New York: John Wiley and Son.
Santos, J., Oguan., Magromo., & Faat. (2012). Meaning in life and subjective wellbeing is a satisfying life meaningful. Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, 4(1),
32-40.
Steger, F., Kashdan, B., Sullivan, A., & Lorentz. (2008). Understanding the Search for
meaning in life : Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and
experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 200-228.
Steger, F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life
Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of
Counseling Psychology, 53, 80-93.
Stewart, J., Ostrove, M., & Helson. (2001). Middle aging in women : Patterns of
personality change from the 30s To the 50s. Journal of Adult Development,8 (1),
23-36
Shiono, H., & Quinn, L. S. (1994). Epidemiology of divorce. The Journal Children and
Divorce. Volume 4 (1), 16-27.
Steger, F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, B (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels
and correlates of meaning in life from merging adulthood to older adulthood.
Journal of Positive Psychology, 4 (1), 43-52.
Steger, F., & Samman, E (2012). Assesing meaning in life on an international scale
pcychometric evidence for the meaning in life questionnaire-short form among
chilean households. Journal of Wellbeing, 2 (3), 182-195.
Sugiyono, (2012). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Varahrami, A. (2010). The relationship between meaning, hope, and psychosocial
development. Journal of Existential Psychology & Psychotherapy. 3 (1), 1-13.
Walgito, B. (2002). Bimbingan & Konseling Perkawinan. Yogyakarta: PT.Andi
17
KARENA KEMATIAN DAN PERCERAIAN
TESIS
Untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan mencapai
Derajat Magister Sains Psikologi
OLEH :
EMMA RIANTI
201110440211002
PROGRAM PASCASARJANA
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
TAHUN 2014
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur kepada ALLAH SWT karena dengan rahmat dan karunia-Nya
serta izin restu dari-Nya jugalah, penulis dapat menyelesaikan Tesis yang berjudul
“Perbedaan Kebermaknaan Hidup Pada Janda Paruh Baya Karena Kematian Dan
Perceraian”. Tesis ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar
Magister Sains Psikologi di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Penyelesaian Tesis ini atas bantuan banyak pihak baik moril maupun materil
yang tidak mungkin penulis sebutkan satu persatu. Untuk itu sebagai ungkapan rasa
terima kasih yang setinggi-tingginya penulis sampaikan kepada yang terhormat
Bapak/Ibu :
1. Dr. Muhadjir Effendi, MAP selaku Rektor Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
2. Dr. Latipun, M. Kes selaku Direktur Pascasarjana Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang, sekaligus sebagai Ketua Program Studi Magister Psikologi.
3. Dr. Diah Karmiyati, Psi. selaku dosen pembimbing I
4. Zakarija Achmat, S.Psi., M.Si. selaku dosen pembimbing II
5. Dr. Latipun, M. Kes. selaku dosen penguji I
6. Dra. Cahyaning S., M.Si, Psi. selaku dosen penguji II
7. Para dosen dan Pembina mata kuliah serta para staf administrasi dilingkungan
program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas pelayanan dan
fasilitas yang telah diberikan selama perkuliahan.
8. Terimakasih kepada Kantor Kelurahan Teluk Dalam dan Kelurahan Pelambuan
Di Banjarmasin (Kalimantan Selatan) yang telah memberikan informasi dan
bantuan serta ketersediaanya untuk memberikan saya izin untuk mengambil
subyek penelitian di Kelurahan setempat.
9. Bapak dan Ibu, suami serta saudara-saudaraku yang dengan segenap hati telah
memberikan dukungan baik moril, doa serta selalu mendorong untuk segera
menyelesaikan Tesis ini.
10. Terimakasih juga kepada Dd Lia, Maya, Bu Tanty, Ratna, Dina, & Icha atas
dukungan dan bantuannya.
iii
Penulis menyadari bahwa Tesis ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan dan masih
terdapat banyak kekurangan dan kelemahan yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya
pengetahuan penulis dan keterbatasan waktu. Untuk itu segala kritikan dan saran yang
bersifat membangun sangat penulis harapkan.
Akhir kata, penulis berharap semoga Tesis ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan
dan masih terdapat banyak kekurangan dan kelemahan yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya
pengetahuan penulis dan keterbatasan waktu. Untuk itu segala kritikan dan saran yang
bersifat membangun sangat penulis harapkan.
Akhir kata, penulis berharap semoga Tesis ini bermanfaat bagi pembaca,
terutama para pemerhati di bidang psikologi.
Malang, 29 Januari 2014
Emma Rianti
iv
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ....................................................................................
i
SURAT PERNYATAAN ........................................................................................
ii
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................
iii
DAFTAR ISI ...........................................................................................................
v
DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................................
vi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................... vii
INTISARI ................................................................................................................ viii
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................
ix
LATAR BELAKANG
Latar Belakang Permasalahan ......................................................................
1
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ..........................................................................................
7
METODE PENELITIAN
Jenis Penelitian ..............................................................................................
9
Subjek Penelitian ...........................................................................................
9
Instrumen Penelitian ...................................................................................... 11
Prosedur Penelitian ........................................................................................ 11
Analisa Data ................................................................................................... 12
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Hasil Pengujian Independent T-test ............................................................... 12
Pembahasan .................................................................................................. 12
Kesimpulan ................................................................................................... 13
Implikasi Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................. 14
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................. 15
LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................................ 18
v
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1. Kebermaknaan Hidup Janda Paruh Baya Karena Kematian dan
Perceraian ............................................................................................... 12
vi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 : Kuesioner MLQ .............................................................................. 19
Lampiran 2 : Data Jawaban Responden .............................................................. 22
Lampiran 3 : Uji Validitas ..................................................................................... 24
Lampiran 4 : Uji Reliabilitas ................................................................................. 26
Lampiran 5 : Independent Samples Test (T-Test) .............................................. 28
Lampiran 6 : Uji Frekuensi ................................................................................... 29
Lampiran 7: Surat Kelurahan Teluk Dalam ....................................................... 35
Lampiran 8: Surat Kelurahan Pelambuan .......................................................... 39
vii
Daftar Pustaka
Asher & Lebel, U. (2010). Social structure Vs. self rehabilitation: IDF widows forming
an intimate relationship in the sociopolitical discourse. Journal Of Comparative
Research In Anthropology And Sociology, 1 (2), 39-60.
Aprilia, (2013). Resiliensi dan dukungan sosial pada orang tua tunggal yang kehilangan
pasangan hidup. Journal Psikologi Fisip, 1 (3), 268-279.
Bastaman, H. D. (2007). Logoterapi-psikologi untuk menemukan makna hidup dan
meraih hidup bermakna. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Bennet, M.,K., & Hall, V. S. (2000). Narratives of death : a qualitative study of
widowhood in later life. Journal Ageing and Society, 20, 413-428.
Brown, S., & Lin, I. (2010). The gray divorce revolution : Rising divorce among middle
age and older adults. Journal of Gerontology Series B, 67 (6), 731-741.
Cohen, K., & Cairns, D. (2010). Is searching for meaning in life associated with reduced
subjective and psychological well being. International Journal of Existential
Psychological Psychoterapy, 3(1), 1-5.
Clark, A. (2004). Advances in psychiatric treatment. Journal of Countinuing
Professional Development, 10, 164-170.
Cardenal, V., & Lo´Pez, M. (2005). Impact on personality loss or separation from loved
ones. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 10, 267-292.
Depinay. J., & Cavalli, S. (2003). The death of a loved one impact on health and
relationship in very old age. Jounal Death &Dying, 47(3) 265-284.
Dolinska, G & Homejko, A. (2011). Sexual satisfaction’s contribution to a sense of
quality of life in early adulthood. Polish Journal of Applied Psychology, 9 (1), 65–
73.
Fasoranti & Aruna, J.O. (1970). A cross-cultural comparison of practices relating to
widowhood and widow inheritance among the igbo and yaruba in nigeria. Journal
of World Anthropology: Occasional Papers, Volume 3 (1), 52-72.
Foldhazi, E, (2010). New partnership after first divorce-an event history analysis.
Demografia, 53 (5), 78-101.
Frankl, V.E. (1984). Man‘s search for meaning : An introduction to logotherapy. New
York : Washington Square Press.
Hurlock, B. (1980). Psikologi Perkembangan. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Howarth, R. (2011). Concepts and controversies in grief and loss. Journal of Mental
Health Counseling, 33 (1), 4-10.
15
Koeswara, E. (1992). Logoterapi. Yogyakarta : Penerbit Kanisius.
Kertamuda, Fatchiah. (2009). Konseling pernikahan untuk keluarga indonesia.
Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.
Kahneman, D., & Krueger, B. (2006). Developments in the measurement of subjective
well-being. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (1), 3-24.
Kotwal, N., & Prabhakar, B. (2009). Problems faced by single mothers. Journal Soc Sci,
21(3), 197-204.
Kleftaras & Psarra. (2012). Meaning in life, psychological well-being and depressive
symptomatology: A comparative study. Journal Psychology, 3 (4), 337-345.
Lambert, M., Baumeister, F., Stillman, F., & Finchman, D. (2012). Family and meaning
examining the four needs for meaning as mediators. International journal of
Existential Psychology and Psychotherapy. 4(1), 31-59.
Lander, N., & Nahon, D. (2012). A meaningful death as function of a meaningful life :
An integrity model perspective. International Journal of Existential Psychology
and Psychotherapy, 4(1), 107-121.
Maas, I. (1995). Demography and aging : Long term effect of divorce and widowhood.
Journal of Population and Development, 24 (2), 276-294.
Makola, S., & Berg, H. V. (2008). Meaning/purpose in life and related construct.
International Journal Of Existensial Psychology & Psychotherapy, 2 (2), 1-7.
Mehta, M., Kulshresta & Chowdhry, R. (2006). Effect of widowhood on repressionsensitisation tendency. Journal Of The Indian Academy Of Applied Psychology July
2006, (32) 3, 221-225.
Monogr, S. (2009). Psychological aspects of widowhood and divorce. Journal The
Aspects psychologist, 7 (1), 37-49.
Nasehudin & Gozali. (2012). Metode penelitian kuantitatif. Bandung : CV. Pustaka
setia
Priyatna, A. (2010). Focus on children. Jakarta : PT. Elex Media Komputindo.
Papalia, D., Olds, S., & Feldman, R. (2009). Human development. New York: Mc
Graw Hill.
Panda, B. (2013). Socio- economic problems of elderly widows in puri town orissa.
Indian Journal of Applied Research, (3) 6, 501-502.
Ruggles, S. (1997). The rise divorce and separation in the united states. Journal
Demography, 34(4), 455-466.
16
Ridwan & Kuncoro. (2011). Cara menggunakan dan memaknai path analysis. Bandung
: PT.Alfabeta.
Raveis, V. H. (1999). Facilitating older spouses adjustment to widowhood: A preventive
intervention program. Social Work in Health Care, 29 (4), 13-32.
Santrock, J. (2002). Perkembangan Masa Hidup. Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach, 2nd
Edition. New York: John Wiley and Son.
Santos, J., Oguan., Magromo., & Faat. (2012). Meaning in life and subjective wellbeing is a satisfying life meaningful. Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, 4(1),
32-40.
Steger, F., Kashdan, B., Sullivan, A., & Lorentz. (2008). Understanding the Search for
meaning in life : Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and
experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76(2), 200-228.
Steger, F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life
Questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of
Counseling Psychology, 53, 80-93.
Stewart, J., Ostrove, M., & Helson. (2001). Middle aging in women : Patterns of
personality change from the 30s To the 50s. Journal of Adult Development,8 (1),
23-36
Shiono, H., & Quinn, L. S. (1994). Epidemiology of divorce. The Journal Children and
Divorce. Volume 4 (1), 16-27.
Steger, F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, B (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels
and correlates of meaning in life from merging adulthood to older adulthood.
Journal of Positive Psychology, 4 (1), 43-52.
Steger, F., & Samman, E (2012). Assesing meaning in life on an international scale
pcychometric evidence for the meaning in life questionnaire-short form among
chilean households. Journal of Wellbeing, 2 (3), 182-195.
Sugiyono, (2012). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Varahrami, A. (2010). The relationship between meaning, hope, and psychosocial
development. Journal of Existential Psychology & Psychotherapy. 3 (1), 1-13.
Walgito, B. (2002). Bimbingan & Konseling Perkawinan. Yogyakarta: PT.Andi
17