16
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Teaching
Oxford Learning’s Dictionary defines teaching as “a process of giving
instruction to somebody”. In accordance to that, Brown 2000: 7 states in
Principles of Language Learning and Teaching that teaching is showing or
helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand.
While, Collins Cobuild in Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary 2006 : 1485
defines teaching as the work that a teacher does in helping students to learn. In addition, Brown 2000 states that the activity of teaching itself means guiding
and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn, setting the condition for learning.
Meanwhile, a person who is able to teach and transfer knowledge to his or
her students is called a teacher. Collins Cobuild Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary 2006 : 1485 defines the teacher as a person who teaches, usually as a
job at a school or similar institution. From the definition above, it can be concluded that teaching is a process of
transferring knowledge or information to someone else in order to know something new that they do not know before. The teacher’s role is very important
in guiding the children to be good learners in order to learn knowledge.
4
17
B. Learning
Collins Cobuild in Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary 2006: 816
defines learning as the process gaining knowledge through studying. It means that learning is an effort to know something new. While a person who is gaining
knowledge or skill is called a learner Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
1995 : 671.
Brown in his book Principles of Language Learning and Teaching
Longman, 2000 : 7 breakdowns the component of the definition of learning as follows:
a. Learning is acquisition or “getting” b. Learning is retention of information or skill. Retention implies
storage systems, memory and cognitive organization. c. Learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon
events outside or inside the organism. d. Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting.
e. Learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice.
f. Learning is a change in behavior.
Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary, 1995:237 defines “learning as a process
of gaining knowledge or skill in a subject or activity” From the statements above, it can be concluded that in learning, there is a
process of getting or acquiring knowledge or skill by the learner through studying
18 or practicing. As a result, the learner can memorize new information from what
they have been learned.
C. Young Learners According to Wendy A.Scott and Lisbeth H. Ytreberg in their book Teaching
English to Children, the characteristics of young learners are as follows;
· They have a very short attention and concentration span · Their own understanding come through hands and eyes and ears. The
physical word is dominant at all time. · Young children sometimes have difficulty in knowing what is fact and
what is fiction. The dividing line between the real world and the imaginary world is not clear.
· They understand situation more quickly than they understand the language used.
· Young children cannot decide for themselves what to learn. · Young children are enthusiastic and positive about learning. We all thrive
on doing well and being praised for what we do, and this is especially true for young children. It is important to praise them if they are to keep their
enthusiasm and feel successful from the beginning.
D. Reading
Kategori