From the examples above, we can conclude that all roots are bases but not all bases are roots. Bases are called stems only in the context of inflectional morphology Katamba, 199:45
3. Morpheme
A morpheme is the essential unit in word construction, the smallest meaningful component of language which conveys message containing meaning or function O’Grady and Guzman,
1996:133. While according to Allan 2001: 108, a morpheme is the smallest unit of syntactic analysis with semantic specification. A word may consist of one or more morpheme like what
Langackers says that morpheme is the minimal units of grammatical structure, such as the four componants of unfaithfulness 1973:75.
A mopheme as the smallest unit of language can not be separated into smaller part again. Morpheme is used to refer to the smallest invisible unit of semantic content of grammatical
which word is made up of, for examples : The word “friends” consist of two morphemes: friend and –s which indicates plural form
The word “beautiful” consist of two morphemes: beauty and –ful which indicates adjective form
The word “cooks” consist of two morpohemes: cook and –s which indicates simple present tense that the subject is singular
Morpheme can be classified into bound morpheme and free morpheme.
A morpheme that can be a word by itself is called free while a morpheme that must be attached to another element
is said bound morpheme O’Grady and Guzman, 1996: 134. In other word, they must be joined to other morphemes as parts of words and never stand alone by themselves, for instance:
prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. On the contrary, free morphemes are those that can stand by themselves as free units, to put it more simply, they need not be attached to other morphemes.
Here are some examples of bound and free morphemes :
|Free morpheme|Local- |-able |certain |Require |Order | |Bound |-ly |Dis- |Un- |-ment |-ly |
|morpheme | | | | | | |Words |Locally |disable |Uncertain |requirement |Orderly |
4. Lexeme and Word
Lexemes and words are linguistic units bigger than morphemes. Lexemes and words are two different terms. In general, we can say that lexemes are vocabulary items listed in the dictionary.
Lexeme Words Study Studying, studies, studied
Cook cooked, cooking, cooks O’Grady and Guzman 1997: 132 explained, “Of all units of linguistic analysis, the word
is the most familiar. The most reliable defining property of words is that they are smallest free forms found in language”. Many linguits agree that word is a linguistic form which may, at the
same time, also be a morpheme like bed; table, go, John, will, to; but they also be linguistic form larger than one morpheme like boyish, walked, books, slowly.
The ‘word’ can also be seen as a presentation of a lexeme that is associated with certain morpho-syntactic properties such as noun, adjective, verb, adverb, pronoun, proposition,
conjunction and partly syntactic properties such as tense aspect, mood, gender, number, etc. Katamba, 1993:19
5. Word Formation Process
According to the Dictionary of applied Linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word Richard et. All, 1990:321. In this research, the writer uses the theories of word formation
combined from O’Grady and Guzman 1996, Katamba 1993, Allan 1986, Hatch and Brown 1995, and Kridalaksana 2007 to analyze the data. Here are the word formation processes:
1. Compounding
According to O’Grady and Guzman 1996:143, one type of morphological process in language is termed compounding. It is defined as combination of some lexical categories
such as adjectives, nouns, verbs, or prepositions in purpose of constructing a larger unit of word. The same idea also is stated by Allan 1986:225, compounds are lexemes composed
from two or more free forms, for examples:
facebook derived from Noun + Noun anticlimax derived from Adjective + Noun
Come-on derived from verb + preposition Swear word derived from verb + noun Allan,1986:225
O’Grady and Guzman 1996:154-155 also divide types of compound into two:
a. Endocentric, compound that identifies the general class which the meaning of the entire word belongs. In most cases
e.g : dog food is a
type of food a cave man is a type of man
b. Exocentric, the meaning of compound does not follow from the me
aning of its parts in this way In a smaller number of cases.
e.g :
- greenbottle is not a type of bottle; rather, it is a fly of the genus lucilia - redneck is not
a type of neck but an ultra consevative, white working-class person
In conclusion, a compound word at least consist
s of two bases, both are words, and at any rate, root morphemes Katamba, 1993:54.
2. Borrowing
