THE WORD FORMATION PROCESSES IN MINION MOVIE.

THE WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
IN MINION MOVIE

THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of
English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities
State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:
Mutmainnah
Reg. Number: A83212172

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
2016

ABSTRACT
Mutmainnah.2016. The Word Formation Processes In Minion Movie. Thesis,
English Department. Faculty of Arts and Humanities. States Islamic

University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor : Endratno Pilih Swasono, M.Pd
Keywords

: Word Formation Processes, Minion, Minion Movie

New word comes into English from every aspect of life including in movie
which can be contributed on new words with any formations. This research reveals
new words that used by the characters of Minion Movie. The data is obtained from
Minion Movie which directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda. The researcher uses
transcription of Minion Movie which is released in July 10th 2015. Then, the
methodology of this research is applying qualitative research method to reveal the
types of word formation processes and word classes used by the characters of
Minion Movie. The researcher uses George Yule (2010) and Francis Katamba
(1994) as the reference of types word formation processes. Moreover, the word
classes is identified based on George Yule (2010).
The research found 50 of data which is existed in Minion Movie. The data
obtained through word formation processes and word classes. The word formation
processes which are borrowing, compounding, clipping, backformation, acronyms,

derivation, conversion and wishy-washy word. The most common processes used
the type of word formation is borrowing. It has 32% new words from total 50 data.
Meanwhile, there are seven particular word classes shows in Minion Movie. Those
are noun, article, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, pronoun. The most
common word classes used by Minion Movie is noun. It has 42% of new
words from total 50 data.

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INTISARI

Mutmainnah.2016. The Word Formation Processes In Minion Movie. Skripsi,
Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Kesenian dan Humaniora.
Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor : Endratno Pilih Swasono, M.Pd
Keywords

: Formasi Pembentukan Kata Baru, Minion dan Minion Movie.

Kata baru masuk dalam bahasa inggris dari berbagai aspek kehidupan
termasuk di sebuah film yang bisa berkontribusi dalam berbagai pembentukan kata
baru. Penelitian ini meneliti tentang kata baru yang di gunakan oleh karakter di
Minion Movie. Data yang diperoleh dari Minion Movie yang disutradarai oleh Pierre
Coffin dan Kyle Balda. Peneliti menggunakan transkripsi Minion Movie yang dirilis
pada 10 Juli 2015. Kemudian, metodologi penelitian ini menerapkan metode
penelitian kualitatif untuk mengungkapkan proses pembentukan jenis kata dan
kelas kata yang digunakan oleh Minion Movie. Peneliti menggunakan George Yule
(2010) dan Francis Katamba (1994) sebagai acuan proses pembentukan jenis kata.
Selain itu, kelas kata diidentifikasi berdasarkan George Yule (2010).
Penelitian ini menemukan 50 data yang ada di Minion Movie. Data yang
diperoleh melalui proses pembentukan kata dan kelas kata. Proses pembentukan
kata yang terlibat adalah borrowing, compounding, clipping, backformation,
acronyms, derivation, conversion dan wishy-washy word. Proses yang paling sering
digunakan dalam pembentukan kata adalah borrowing yang memiliki 32% kata
baru dari jumlah 50 data. Sementara itu, ada tujuh kelas kata yang tampak di Minion
Movie yaitu noun, article, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition dan pronoun.
Kelas kata yang paling umum digunakan oleh Minion Movie adalah noun yang
mempunyai 42% kata baru dari jumlah 50 data.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ........................................................................................... i
Inside Title Page ............................................................................................... ii
Declaration Page .............................................................................................. iii
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ...................................................................... iv
Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page ................................................................. v
Motto ................................................................................................................ vi
Dedication Page ............................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgement............................................................................................ viii
Table of Contents ............................................................................................. x
Abstract ............................................................................................................ xii
Intisari .............................................................................................................. xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the Study.......................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 7

1.3. Objective of the Study.............................................................................. 7
1.4. Significance of the Study ......................................................................... 7
1.5. Scope and Limitation ............................................................................... 8
1.6. Definition key terms................................................................................. 9

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 10
2.1. Theoretical framework ............................................................................. 10
2.1.1 Morphology........................................................................................ 10
2.1.2 Morpheme .......................................................................................... 11
2.1.3 Definition of Root Steam and Base ................................................... 13
2.1.4 Word Formation Processes ................................................................ 15
2.1.5 Word Classes ..................................................................................... 24
2.2 Previous Study ......................................................................................... 26

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD .......................................................... 30
1.1. Research Design ...................................................................................... 30
1.2. Data and Data Source ............................................................................... 31
1.3. Instrument ............................................................................................... 31

1.4. Technique of Data Collection .................................................................. 31
1.5. Technique of Data Analysis ..................................................................... 32

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ............................................ 35
4.1.Finding ...................................................................................................... 35
4.1.1. Word Formation Processes in Minion Movie .................................. 36
4.1.1.1. Coinage ........................................................................................ 37
4.1.1.2. Borrowing .................................................................................... 37
4.1.1.3. Compounding .............................................................................. 42
4.1.1.4. Blending ....................................................................................... 46
4.1.1.5. Clipping ........................................................................................ 46
4.1.1.6. Backformation ............................................................................. 48
4.1.1.7. Conversion ................................................................................... 50
4.1.1.8. Acronym ...................................................................................... 52
4.1.1.9. Derivation ..................................................................................... 53.
4.1.1.10. Wishy-Washy word ................................................................... 56
4.1.1.11. Multiple ...................................................................................... 58
4.1.2. Word Classes in Minion Movie ....................................................... 58
4.1.2.1 Noun .............................................................................................. 59
4.1.2.2 Article ........................................................................................... 61

4.1.2.3 Adjective ...................................................................................... 62
4.1.2.4 Verb .............................................................................................. 64
4.1.2.5 Adverb .......................................................................................... 65
4.1.2.6 Preposition .................................................................................... 67
4.1.2.7 Pronoun ........................................................................................ 67
4.1.2.8 Conjunction .................................................................................. 68
4.2.Discussion .................................................................................................. 69

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................... 71
5.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 71
5.2. Suggestion ................................................................................................ 72

REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 73
APPENDIX 1 .................................................................................................. 75
APPENDIX 2 .................................................................................................. 78

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter describes about background of study, statement of
problem, objectives of study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and
definition of the key terms.
1.1. Background of Study
Animation is one of the favorite programs which is used by a lot of
people. Animation comes in various forms such as form of moving text, objects
and drawings. Animation may also appear in advertisements, video games,
television series and animated films. According to Stephenson (1967:13), the
definition of animation films as being created on a frame by frame basis.
Nowadays, the process of producing animation movie has significantly changed
with the advancement in computer technology through the development of
moving images and the effect of animation which is producing 3D animation. One
of the 3D animation movie which is renowned by public is Minion Movie
Minion Movie is American 3D computer-animated comedy film which
was published in 2015. Minion Movie tells about adventure of looking for boss.
Minion is small yellow creature that have goal to serving their boss. Accidentally,
they were killing their boss such as dinosaurs, Dracula, and army. Then, they took
the decision to go away to Antarctica but they felt empty inside, aimless and

depression without a master to serve. One of the minions named Kevin had
planned to find a new boss. He was accompanied by Stuart-the rebel and Boblittle brother. Finally, their journey ended in London after being recruited by a

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female super villain named Scarlett Overkill and her husband is Herb, who wanted
to rule the world. She gave a task them to thieve the crown of Elizabeth.
Unfortunately, they weren’t lucky because their mission known by the palace
guards. In this situation, Bob succeeded to pull the sword of Excalibur and been
the king in Buckingham. Scarlet felt betrayal and confined them to jail in the
basement. Finally, minions find a way out from jail and returned crown to the
queen after defeating her. When Elizabeth queen conducted the celebrate of
minion. Suddenly, the queen realized her crown was missing. Kevin pursues them
that was fleeing through the crowd. Finally, they were congealed by a young Gru
and he thieved the crown from them. Minions saw Gru as their new potential
master and choose to following him.
From short story of minions, the researcher is interested to analyze

language in Minion Movie because ever obtained Kids Choice Awards for
category animated movie and favorite voice. The language of Minion Movie is
rarely unknown by audience, it also can attract the attention of audience by their
utterance and style language which are funny, strange, adorable, and unique.
Sometimes, the people who is watching and listening their voice will imitate how
to pronounce the words. One of the vocabularies which is used in Minion Movie is
Minionese. It is familiar to the audience through previous film, such as banana
which became favorite food of Minion Movie, bello (hello) and other new words
which is created in Minion Movie.
The word uses Minion Movie is one of the conspicuous object in order to
impress in the movie. Harley (2006:91 ), he states that “an already existed word or

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words are usually used to make up new word by utilizing some innovative
manipulation”. It becomes one of strategy that used by Minion Movie to make the
public more interested. According to Pierre Coffin as the director of minion says
that he uses some languages which is well known in many countries. Those are

called borrowing. (http://entertainment.kompas.com)
Yule (2005: 54) states that borrowing is “the taking over of words from
other languages". Therefore, minion's language has Adopted number of words for
their communication. Newmark (1988: 140) says that “New word can be defined
as newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that acquire a new sense”.
We can identify that the new word created from word that has existed before and
combined with lexical units to form a word or phrase that has given a new
meaning and being phenomena.
The new word is used by character of Minion Movie are unique words
which is appeared in Minion Movie. It can be understood by the sound, projection
and reading the word or phrase. One of the example of new word used by Minion
Movie are the name of the program television “VNC” stands for (villain network
channel). This phenomena is supported by Fromkin and Rodman’s (1983:264)
said that “there are many new word that emerge as an ordinary use in daily
communication and add to the vocabulary or lexicon of a language”.
This statement supported by Yule, “this ability must drive in part from
the fact that there is a lot of regularity in the word formation processes in
language”(2010:53). In order to increase their creativity to form a new word and
also can enrich the vocabulary of the language uses specially in Minion Movie. It

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is suitable to observe though morphology because study of word structure in their
construction. Moreover, one branch of morphology theory is word formation
processes.
Study of word formation had been analyzed by several researchers. The
first, word formation had observed and investigated by Nanda, Rosa and Ardi
(2012) about an analysis of word formation used in Twilight novel by Stephenie
Meyer and Twilight movie scripts written by Mellisa Rosenberg. They conduct his
study by analyzing the kinds of word formation used both in Twilight novel by
Stephenie Meyer and Twilight movie scripts base on O’Grady (1997) theory. They
chose Twilight novel and Twilight movie scripts because there are difference that
exist between the film and source material.
The second word formation had been analyzed by Marzita (2014) about
word formation process of English slang in teenager movie scripts. She uses
”Camp Rock” and “Juno” movie to compare the word formation process of
slang both of those move scripts. These were the western teenager movies in 2008
and 2007 especially teenagers, because its context is about teenage daily life
dealing with school friends and love.
The third is Haryati 2014 has been observed and investigated about word
formation processes of food and beverage product name in Indonesia. It focuses
on the form of new name in

food and beverage product in Indonesia. She

observed using theory word formation to know types the word formation
processes based on Bauer (1983) and semantic theory, specially the theory of
referential definition of meaning to analyze the relationship between product

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names, its meaning and product it refers to. In this research the descriptive
qualitative method to describe systematically through the word formation
processes of brand name and he collected data the research use television and
internet access to find the picture of each product.
The fourth, word formation has been conducted by Islamiyah (2015)
about word formation processes in business section Jakarta post. She focuses on
word formation in business section Jakarta post newspaper. The data of this
research was in form of text which is found in Jakarta post newspaper especially
in business section that was taken from the Jakarta post newspaper (online
version) that posted on 30 September 2014. She uses Yule and Bauer theory to
analyze the word formation process and function of word formation. She uses this
theory to know new uncommon written expression in business section Jakarta
post newspaper.
The last, word formation has been analyzed by Ubaidillah (2015) about
word formation of alay language in making status on Facebook used by students
of MA At-Tarbiyah. He was analyzing about what were the form of Alay language
in status on Facebook and the factor of using Alay language in status on
Facebook. He tries to analyze how the Alay language is occurred in the Facebook
because there were many user of Facebook to communicate each other by using
alay language in their Facebook. He chooses only in the student Facebook of MA
AT-Tarbiyah as the object of his analysis and focuses on how the user of
Facebook uses Alay language in their communication based on Yule 1986 and
Laurie Bauer 1983.

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From the previous study above, the researchers conducts their research
through different object and focusing. This research, the researcher chooses
Minion Movie which becomes object of research because minion is animate
favored by the public with the acting funny and unique voice that is spoken by
characters of Minion Movie. There are new words used by Minion Movie that
created by Pierre Coffin as the director. The new word used by Minion Movie are
strange, ambiguity and meaningful vocabularies which usually appears in our
activity. Therefore, the researcher is curious to know in what way creative word
or new word are used by characters of Minion Movie.
In this present, the researcher emphasizes the study on word formation
processes based on Yule (2010) and Katamba (1993). There are several types of
word formations according to Yule (2010: 53-60) such as coinage, borrowing,
compounding,

blending,

clipping,

backformation,

acronyms,

derivation,

conversion, wishy-washy word and multiple processes. Besides, the researcher
uses grammatical structure especially word classes because word classes is
component in word form which involved in word formation processes. Therefore,
the researcher uses the function of word classes in the sentence in order to make
the audience understand and apply how the classes word uses. The word classes
will analyze after the type of word formation described in the dialogue of Minion
Movie. This study is extremely different with the previous researches. This
research describes the types of word formation processes and word classes in the
conversation of Minion Movie.

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1.2. Statement of the Problems
This research observes the problem that deals with word formation
processes in Minion Movie. The researcher formulates the research problems
based on the background of the study. It is presented as following below:
1. What are the types of word formation processes that used by characters of
Minion Movie?
2. What are the function of word classes that used by the characters of
Minion Movie?
1.3. Objectives of the Study
Based on the research of the problems above, the researcher
formulates the research objectives of the study as following below;
1. To describe the types of word formation processes are used by the
characters of Minion Movie.
2. To find out the function word classes used by the characters of Minion
Movie.
1.4. Significance of the Study
By conducting this research, the researcher expects this research to
provide contribution to the students of linguistic theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, this study is supposed to be useful for any one and given more
understanding about word formation process as source or reference about the
definition of word formation and how to analyze new word being occur in
language user.

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Practically, this research helps the reader specially in word formation
process which is used every character in Minion Movie. One of the processes
formed new word, it is from adding, decreasing or combination word which it
can change the meaning or grammatical structure. Therefore, the reader of
this research will understand the creation of new words through word
formation process. Moreover, this study will enrich the knowledge about
creative word in Minion Movie. This research is expected to be beneficial in
enlarging and improving the knowledge especially to students in State Islamic
University Sunan Ampel Surabaya and for other people who want to create
new word for any purpose.
1.5. Scope and Limitation
In this research, the researcher focuses in theory of morphology
especially the theory of word formation process. There are types of word
formation processes and word classes based on Yule (2010) in order to know
how the way word formation processes uses. The researcher uses Minion
Movie as the object to analysis.
In order to avoid broad explanation in this research, the researcher
limited the data only new word or phrase which is used in characters of
Minion Movie. The data purely selected Minion Movie animated which was
released in July 10th, 2015.

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1.6. Definition of Key Terms
There are several key term defined in order to be enable the researcher
understands the research. Those are defined as following below :
Word Formation Processes
Word formation processes is study of the basic process to created new
word (Yule, 2010:53). The processes are combining the smaller element to
produce a new word that has complex meaning.
Minion
Minion is a little yellow creature that has existed since the beginning
of life. They evolved from single-celled organisms and being yellow creature
that has goal to serve the greatest criminals in the world.
Minion Movie.
Minion Movie is American 3D computer-animated comedy film
which published in 2015. Produced by Illumination Entertainment for
Universal Pictures, it was directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda, written by
Brian Lynch, and produced by Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy.(
https://en.wikipedia.org.)

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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
To support the analysis, this chapter uses several theories related to the
research. The contains of explanation about morphology, morpheme, base, stem
and root. The study will be focused on word formation processes, types of word
formation processes which consist of eleven (coinage, borrowing, compounding,
blending,

clipping,

back

formation,

conversion,

acronym,

derivation,

onomatopoeia, multiple processes) and word classes. All of them relate to study to
support the analysis.
2.1.
2.1.1

Theoretical Framework
Morphology
Morphology is the branch of linguistic that discussed about units of

basic language grammatically. According to Yule ( 2010:67) “Morphology is
study basic form of language”. Other opinion from Katamba ( 1993:3) says
that “morphology is the study of the internal structure of word”. Therefore,
morphology is not only the studying basic form of language words but also
internal structure. Other definition from Aronoff (2005:1) says that
“morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the
branch of linguistics that is deals with words, their internal structure and how
they are formed”. The internal structure which formed word called
morpheme.
From explanation above, morphology is the part of deals with the
study of words, their internal structure and partially their meanings. It is also

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interesting in how the users gives understanding complex words and invents
new lexical items. The main point of studying morphology is on how to
identify morphemes and distributions in forming words which consists of the
smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical function
2.1.2

Morpheme
According to Bauer (1983:25), “morpheme is conceived of as a unit

of form and meaning”. Moreover, Katamba (1993:24) stated “the morpheme
is the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with the
smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure”.
Other argue from Aronoff (2005:2) he says that “morpheme often define of
the smallest linguistic pieces with a grammatical function”. In other words, it
is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Furthermore, Yule (2010:66)
says that morpheme is “a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function”.
Units of grammatical function include forms which is used to indicate past
tense or plural”. Example: the word reopened consists of three morphemes.
One minimal unit of meaning is open, another minimal unit of meaning is re(meaning “again”) and a minimal unit of grammatical function is –ed
(indicating past tense).
From several explanation above we can conclude that morpheme is
smallest unit of language which have a meaning and shape of a word where
one or more morpheme can form lexeme in a grammatical structure. There
are two kind of morphemes, the first free morpheme and the second bound
morpheme.

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2.1.1.1.

Free Morpheme
Free morpheme is morphemes which can occur alone as words and

have a meaning. According O’Grady and Guzman (1996:134), free

morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself. Further, Yule’s
(2010:68) statement “morphemes can stand by themselves as single words “.
for example open and tour. Free morphemes can be subdivided into two
categories; lexical morphemes and functional morphemes.
Lexical morphemes are words which have some meaning – verbs,
adjectives and nouns for example print, house, pretty, fire, go, girl. This
word is not problem in adding new entities to this group of words because it
is used as open class of word . On the other hand, Functional morphemes is
a closed class of word such as articles, prepositions, pronouns and auxiliary
which have the function in grammatical but don’t have any meaning on their
own.
2.1.1.2.

Bound Morpheme
According to O’Grady and Guzman (1996:134), bound morpheme

is a morpheme that must be attached to other element. Bound morpheme is
the smallest unit of a word that don’t have perfect meaning without the other
morpheme. Therefore, bound morpheme must be attached to the word.
Those are prefix, suffix and infixes such as include and exclude. According
to Yule ( 2010:68), bound morpheme is forms that cannot normally stand
alone and are typically attached to another form, exemplified as re-, -ist, -ed,

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-s”. Bound morphemes which is divided into two categories. The first
derivational morpheme and the second inflectional morphemes.
The first is derivational morphemes, it is producing new words, or
changing the function of a word. We use these bound morphemes to make
new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the
stem. For example, the addition of the derivational morpheme -ness changes
the adjective “good” to the noun goodness. The noun “care” can become
the adjectives “careful or careless” by the addition of the derivational
morphemes -ful or -less. A list of derivational morphemes will include
suffixes such as the -ish in foolish, -ly in quickly, and the -ment in payment.
The list will also include prefixes such as re-, pre-, ex-, mis-, co-, un and
many more
The second is Inflectional morphemes. These are not used to
produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the
grammatical function of a word. Inflectional morphemes are used to show if
a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a
comparative or possessive form example s, ed, ing. Beside that morphology
has several processes which will be able to create new word in each
language.
2.1.3. Definition of Root Steam and Base
Bases, stems, and roots are the main components of words. Words
have internal structure as statement Katamba (1993:3) before said that

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“morphology is the study of the internal structure of word”. Therefore, there
are several element to arrange of structure in following below:
Roots is the core of the word. According to Katamba (1993:41) root
is “the irreducible core of a word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it”.
The word would not have any meaning without the root. Therefore, root is the
important part in all lexeme forms and root can be in various structure. The
root can add affixes either before or after although affixes do not have a
lexical meaning on their own. For example, walk is a root. It appears in the
set of word-forms that is instantiating the lexeme walk such as walk, walks,
walking and walked
Further, the stem is “that part of a word that is in existence before
any inflectional affixes have been added. Examples: Noun stem Plural cat –s
and worker –s. In the word-form cats, the plural inflectional suffix -s is
attached to the simple stem cat, which is a bare root. In workers the same
inflectional -s suffix comes after a slightly more complex stem consisting of
the root work plus the suffix -er which is used to form nouns from verbs.
Here work is the root, but worker is the stem to which -s is attached
(Katamba, 1993:45).
The last base, Bases are similar to stems but they have no lexical
meaning. According to Katamba (1993:45), base is “any unit whatsoever to
which affixes of any kind can be added”. “Walk” is also a base, because it can
have inflections (walking) and can be turned into different words (walker is a
noun). Walker is also a base, because you can modify it inflectionally

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From explanation above. We can recognize that all roots are bases
but not all bases are roots though, because sometimes the root+ inflection or
root+ derivation goes on to take additional changes. (Walker is a base, but the
root is still walk). Bases are called stems only in the context of inflectional
morphology (-ed, -ing, -s, etc.). the researcher explanation morpheme because
all of those include in word formation processes or one of the type of word
formation processes.
2.1.4. Word Formation Processes
There are a lot of new word and expression made by people in the
modern era. According to Jackson (2002:11), a language may increase its
vocabulary by two basic method. The first is to use the material (morphemes)
already available in the language and recombine it in new way, as inflection,
derivation, compounding and other. The second is to import a word from
another language, a process called, rather curiously, “borrowing”. Both of
them include in word formation.
Bauer (1983:12) said that word formation is the formation the word.
Some words are combining the smaller element to produce a new word that
has complex meaning. It is known as complex word. Further, Katamba
(1994:6), give the example, the word ”childish” might be analyzed as being
composed of the adjective “child” (noun) and the ending “ish” (suffix).
Therefore, the word become adjective. According to Yule (2010:53), word
formation is study of basic the processes to create forming new word. Base
on the statement Yule, word has the smaller element that is morpheme which

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shaping up the word then processes to create morpheme into the word are
called word formation process.
In this research, the researcher choose theory word formation
processes base on George Yule (2010) and Katamba (1994 ) as reference to
analyze the data. The writer used Yule (2010) as the reference because it is
the latest book was published about morphology and Katamba (1994) to
support the explanation in order to get deep understanding about word
formation processes. Base on the Yule there are several type of word
formation such as:
2.1.4.1. Coinage
Coinage is the invention of total new term. The most typical source
are invented trade name for company product, which become general term (
without initial capital letter) for any version of that product. Example aspirin
, nylon, Kleenex (Yule, 2010:53). This is a very rare and uncommon method
to create new words, but in the media, people try to outdo each other with
more and better words to name their products.
Coinage is also derived from taking the name of individual, for
example: Scientific terms, such as: watt, ohm, Celsius (the inventors or
discoverers). New words based on the name of a person or a place are called
eponyms. Common eponyms are sandwich (from the eighteenth-century
Earl of Sandwich who first insisted on having his bread and meat together
while gambling) and jeans (from the Italian city of Genoa where the type of
cloth was first made). Some eponyms are technical terms, based on the

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names of those who first discovered or invented things, such as Fahrenheit
(from the German, Gabriel Fahrenheit), volt (from the Italian, Alessandro
Volta) and watt (from the Scottish inventor, James Watt), Yule (2010:54).
2.1.4.2. Borrowing
Borrowing is taking over of word from other language (Yule
2010:54). It means borrowing is word formation processes which involves
taking lexical items from one language to other language. English language
has adopted a great number of loan word from other language. Example
alcohol(Arabic), boss (Dutch), croissant (France) and piano (Italian). Other
language also borrow term from English such as in Japanese use of
suupaamaaketto (supermarket) and taipuraitaa (typewriter)
2.1.4.3. Compounding
According to Yule (2010:55), Compounding is a process of joining
two separate words to produce a single form. It is mean that the combination
of two or more word in word formation processes. Compounding is very
common in languages like German and English, but less common in
languages like French and Spanish. Bookcase, wallpaper, textbook,
wastebasket are a few examples of compounding in English. There are many
types compounding such as :
2.1.4.3.1. Noun compound consist of noun with the same verb or other
classes for example:
Verb+noun (VN) : playtime, drophammer and swearword
Noun+noun(NN): butterfly net, hairnet and hair restorer

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Adjective+noun (AN): blackboard, full-time and greenhouse
Preposition+noun (PN) :in-group, outpost and overcoat
2.1.4.3.2.

Verb compound

Example: Verb+verb (VV): freeze-dry, stir-fry
Noun+verb(NV) :hand-wash, air-condition, and steam clean
Adjective+verb (AV) :dry clean and whitewash
Preposition+verb (PV):underestimate, outrun and overcook
2.1.4.3.3.

Adjective compound

Example: Noun+adjective (NA) : sky-high and oil-rich
Adjective+adjective (AA) : grey-green and red-hot
Preposition+adjective (PA) : overactive and underfull
2.1.4.4. Blending
To combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term
is also called blending. However, blending is typically accomplished by
taking only the first syllable of one word and joining it to the end of the
other word. In some parts of the United State, there is product that is used
like gasoline, but it is made from alcohol. The blended term for referring
this product is gasohol. Other example are smog (smoke+fog), brunch
(breakfast+lunch) and infotainment (information+ entertainment), Yule
(2010:55)
Katamba (1994:128) also stated that blends are hybrid. They are
compound made in an unorthodox way by joining piece of word-form
belonging to two distinct lexemes.

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2.1.4.5. Clipping
Yule (2010:56) says hat clipping is shortening or reduction some
element in a word. This occurs when a word of more than one syllable is
reduced to a shorter form , usually beginning in casual speech. The term
gasoline is still used, but most people talk about gas, using the clipped form.
Other common examples are ad (advertisement), bra (brassiere), cab
(cabriolet), condo (condominium), fan (fanatic), flu (influenza), perm
(permanent wave), phone, plane and pub (public house). English speakers
also like to clip each other’s names, as in Al, Ed, Liz, Mike, Ron, Sam, Sue
and Tom.
Further, Katamba (1994:125) stated clipping is divided into foreclipping and back clipping. Fore-clipping is when a front part of a word is
clipped or being cut for the example is a word bus that come from the word
omnibus. While back clipping is the processes of black part of the word
reduction for example is the word lab that as an original word laboratory.
Yule (2010:56) mentioned the term hypocorism which means
particular types of deletion produce forms technically, usually occurred in
Australia and British English. In this process, a longer word is reduced to a
single syllable, then –y or –ie is added to the end. Perhaps the most familiar
versions of this process are the word movie from moving picture, Aussie
from Australian, and telly from television

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2.1.4.6. Backformation
Backformation is “very specialized type of reduction process”. It is
occurs when a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form other
word in a different type (usually a verb). Therefore, backformation is
created the new word which formed by removing an affix in a word. It can
change the word class. For instance, the television (noun) first come into use
and then televise (verb) was created from it. Another examples of word that
created by this process are donate (verb) from donation (noun), babysit
(verb) from

baby sister, emote (verb)from emotion (noun), etc. (Yule,

2010:56)
2.1.4.7. Conversion
A change in the function of word, when a noun comes to be used as
a verb (without any reduction), is generally known as conversion. Other
labels for this very common process are category change and functional
shift. A number of nouns can be changed into verb such as paper in “he is
papering the bedroom walls ”bottle in “we bottle some milk. conversion can
involves verb becoming noun: guess become a guess, must become a must
spy become a spy. Verb also become adjective such as stand up become a
stand-up comedian. Adjective become verb, empty become to empty and
clean become to clean and so on. phrasal verb become noun such as to take
over become takeover and so on (Yule, 2010:57).

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2.1.4.8. Acronyms
Acronyms is the shortened new word cannot be pronounced as a
word, they have to be pronounced in each initial letter or it can be called
abbreviation. Example of this abbreviation in “LA”

as Los Angles

(katamba, 1994:127).
Further, Yule (2010:58) stated that Acronyms are the process of
word formation in which word are formed from the initial letters of phrase
that produce a new word. Acronym is formed by taking the initial letter of
some or all of the word a phrase or title where the pronunciation consists of
the set of letters, such as, CD (Compact Disk), or VCR (Video Cassette
Recorder). Other typical of acronyms are a word that keeps a vowel letter
that pronounces as new single word, for example: NATO, NASA, or
UNESCO but many acronyms lose their capital to become every day terms
such as radar (radio detecting and ranging), scuba (Self-contained under
water breathing apparatus), or zip (zone improvement plan), etc.
2.1.4.9. Derivation
According to Yule (2010:58), derivation is accomplished by means
of a large number of small ‘bits’ of the English language which are not
usually given separate listing in dictionaries. These small ‘bits’ are called
affixes. Some affixes have to be added to the beginning of a word, which are
called prefixes. The simple definition, derivation is word formation process
by adding affixes which create a new form, new meaning and can be
changing the word class. There are three of affixes from derivation:

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2.1.4.9.1. Prefix
Prefix is an affix attached before a root or stem or base like re-, un, -miss, - pre and in-. For example: re-make, in-decent, un- (unhappy), mis(misunderstanding), pre- (prejudge), etc.
2.1.4.9.2. Suffix
Suffix is an affix forms are attached to the end of the stem or word.
For instance, -ful (joyful), -less (careless), -ness (happiness), etc.
2.1.4.9.3. Infixes
Infix is a third type of affix, not normally used in English, but
found in some other languages. This is called an infix and, as the term
suggests, it is an affix that is incorporated inside another word. It is
possible to see the general principle at work in certain expressions,
occasionally used in fortuitous or aggravating circumstances by
emotionally

aroused

English

speakers:

Hallebloodylujah!,

Absogoddamlutely!, unfuckinbelievable!.
2.1.4.10. Wishy-Washy Words
According to Katamba (1994:54),explained that wishy-washy is a
word formed by reduplicating words that is followed by rhyme motivation
and driven by phonological factors as well. Example: Pooh-pooh, Goodygoody, roly-poly.
Katamba say that there are two types of reduplicative such as
rhyme motivated compound and ablaut motivated compound. Rhyme
motivated compound is usually used in literature text such poetry. It is

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usually used in literature text such as poetry. The vowel or consonant
appeared in the last syllable are identical example: namby-pamby, helterskelter, teeny-weeny. Then, ablaut motivated compound means a changing
in the root vowel, it usually signals a change in grammatical function for
example: the word o~e alternation in the word long (adjective) and length
(noun) marks a difference in the word class.
2.1.4.11. Multiple processes
There are cases when words do not only undergo one type of word
formation process called multiple processes. It is possible to use more than
one process at work in the creation of a particulars word. For example,
Deli, first in this borrowing from German delicatessen, and then clipping
that borrowed form. If you ever heard someone said “problems with the
project have snowballed”, the snowballed here is a compounding between
snow and ball, and then it change the word class from noun to verb or it is
called conversion. Forms that begin as acronyms can also go through other
processes, as in the use of lase as a verb, the result of backformation from
laser. In the expression waspish attitudes, the acronym WASP (“white
Anglo-Saxon Protestant”) has lost its capital letters and gained a suffix (ish) in the derivation process(Yule, 2010:60).

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2.1.5. Word Classes
Carstairs (2002:4) word as unites basic language. Word have the
meaning and word classes in order to build word into a sentence. Word classes
is a set of words that display the same formal properties, especially their
inflections and distribution. The term word class is similar with part of speech.
It is also variously called grammatical category, lexical category, and syntactic
category. There are Types of word classes according Yule (2010:82-83)
2.1.5.1. Noun
Noun are words used to refer to people (boy), objects (backpack),
creatures (dog), places (school), qualities (roughness), phenomena
(earthquake) and abstract ideas (love) as if they were all “things.”
2.1.5.2. Articles
Article are words (a, an, the) used with nouns to form noun
phrases classifying those “things” (You can have a banana or an apple) or
identifying them as already known (I’ll take the apple).
2.1.5.3. Adjectives
Adjective are words used, typically with nouns, to provide more
information about the things referred to (happy people, large objects, a
strange experience).
2.1.5.4. Verbs
Verb are words used to refer to various kinds of actions (go, talk)
and states (be, have) involving people and things in events (Jessica is ill
and has a sore throat so she can’t talk or go anywhere).

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2.1.5.5. Adverbs
Adverb are words used, typically with verbs, to provide more
information about actions, states and events (slowly, yesterday).Some
adverbs (really, very) are also used with adjectives to modify information
about things (Really large objects move slowly. I had a very strange
experience yesterday).
2.1.5.6. Prepositions
Preposition are words (at, in, on, near, with, without) used with
nouns in phrases providing information about time (at five o’clock, in the
morning), place (on the table, near the window) and other connections
(with a knife, without a thought) involving actions and things.
2.1.5.7. Pronouns
pronouns are words (she, herself, they, it, you) used in place of
noun phrases, typically referring to people and things already known
(She talks to herself. They said it belonged to you).
2.1.5.8. Conjunctions
Conjunction a