sequence with appropriate language usage to link the events and to show the passing of time. A recountmay involve the stating of
observations and the inclusion of a personal comment.
42
A recount text usually has three main sections. The first paragraph gives background information about who, what, and when
called an orientation. This is followed by a series of paragraps that retell the events in the order in which they happened events. Some
recounts have a concluding paragraph. However, this is not always necessary re- orientation.
Recounts usually include the following grammatical features: a
proper nouns to identify those involved in the text. b
descriptive words to give details about who, what, when, where, and how.
c the use of past tense to retell the events.
d words that show the order of events for example, first, next, then.
e the elimination of irrelevant details so that only the important
aspects of the event are included. f
the use of personal pronouns in recounts in which the author was a participant.
Below is the example of recount paragraph:
43
Last Saturday I woke up early, but I didn’t get up because there was no school. Suddenly, my telephone was rung. It was my friend Fanny, she
asked me to go out at 10.00 o clock. She wanted to buy something in traditional market. Finally, we were out. In the street, I saw a piece of
pink coupon. Interested with its colour, I took it, then Fanny and I read this out. We were fully shocked, it was a receipt of a four nights tour to
Lombok The expired date was that day. To our surprised, the name was Fanny Fenita and the birth date was exactly the same like Fanny
my friend, and it was also valid for two persons. My God We were thinking that maybe the coupon just fell from the sky and it was there
for us. We were in hurried to the address of the tour agency that issued
42
Lesly Wing Jan., Write Ways: Modeling Writing Forms, New York: Oxford University, Press, 1991, p.78
43
Artono Wardiman, Masduki W Jahur and Sukirman Djusman: English in Focus for grade VIII, Junior High School, Jakarta, Depdiknas, 2008p. 62
the coupon. The tour agency took care of everything. We went home and still could not believe what was going on. Two days later we were
on the Senggigi Beach, lied in the warmth sun. Moreover, we had long public holiday, so we could enjoy the “gift” happily. We also bought
some presents for our family and friends. Adapted from: English in Focus for Grade VIII Junior High School
E. Previous Related Study
There are some studies related with the grammatical errors in writing. Firstly, a research done by Emmaryana, Fajariani entitle
“An Analysis on Students Grammatical Errors in the Student’s writing A Case study of the
First Year Students of “SMA Negeri 1, Ciledug-Bogor”, the writer used
qualitative descriptive method with the purpose of the research wasto know the most grammatical errors made by the students in writing recount text,
where the result was the highest grammatical errors was in tenses done by 19 students or 95 .
Another study researchwas a research done by Natalina Margawati, entitle
“Error on Students’ descriptive Writing Case Study at the first grade of SMP PGRI 2 Ciputat”, the writer used descriptive analysis in form
qualitative. The purpose of the reseach was to know out the most type of common errors in descriptive writing. Where the causes of errors the students
made in descriptive writing was because of the influence in the mother tongue with the highest error is in word-order is 28, 10.
The last study research is a research done by Mawaddah Z. A, entitle “An Analysis on Grammatical Errors in Student’s English Writing in
Argumentative text A case study in the second year of XI of Madrasah Aliyah Pembangunan UIN Jakarta”. This study was carried out to identify what
kinds of Grammatical errors were commonly made by the students. The method used in this study was descriptive analysis or quantitative method,
classifying them into the grammatical errors based on Betty Azar. With the result is the most error made by the students of XI Science I of Madrasah
Aliyah Pembangunan UIN is in verb tenses which caused by intralingual transfer.
Based on the previous researchers above, it is known that grammatical factors in writing descriptive paragraph still become the most difficult
material. Thus, in this research, the writer intends to analyze what cause and type of errors that made by the students in writing descriptive paragraph.
By understanding the source and types of students’ errors, the writer expects that she could give beneficial suggestions to solve students’ problem.
So the difficulty of understanding these material would be reduced.
26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
The method uses in this researchis qualitative method. As Bogdan and Biklen state that qualitative is descriptive that data collected take the form of
words or pictures rather than a numbers.
1
So that the writer presented the data collected in words rather than numbers. Furthermore, this research is
designed in a case study and she only examine a single subject like Bogdan and Biklen state that a case study is a detailed examination of one setting or a
single subject.
2
To get the data the writer uses test.The test is done twice to know whether it is a mistake or an error. Finally, the errors that have been
collected were analyzed to determine the types of errors after by following Corder theory. In this term, error broken down into five categories: error of
omission, error of addition error of selection, and error of ordering. While the analysis on error types are presented in tables by following James table.
Futhermore, to know the frequency of occurency of each error type the writer used descriptive analysis technique percentage.
B. Place and Time of The Research
The writer will conduct this research at SMPN 3 Tangerang Selatan which is located on Jl. Ir. H. Juanda I No. 1 Ciputat, Tangerang Selatan,
Banten.She is conducting the research at the school from 19
th
of June to 26
th
of July 2013.
1
Robert C. Bogdan and Sari Knopp Biklen, Qualitative Research for Education an Introduction to Theories and Methods, Boston: Pearson, 2007, p. 5
2
Ibid., p. 59.
C. The Participant of The Research
The subject of the research is the eighth year students of SMPN 3 Tangsel which is devided into Eighth regular classes 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5,
8.6, 8.7, 8.8. the writer uses purposive samplingto take the sample that is a class 8.8.The writer only took 30 students.
D. Instrument of The Research
The instrument of the research is test. The test is an essay writing test about „Describing your idol’ which is guided by four question. So that the
students need to make a paragraph based on the insruction given.
E. Techniques of Data Collecting
To measure the ability of students, the writer takes essay writing in the paper that is given as the test to the second grade student of SMPN 3
Tangerang Selatan.The writing test that students made indicates their understanding in using grammatical in descriptive text.Before the students do
the test, the writer givesthe explanation and direction about what the students should do with the test.
