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4. Meronymy is a relation which has hierarchical branching concept. Saeed pointed out meronymy is a concept used to explain a part - whole
relationship between lexical items. To differentiate it from another hierarchical concept, meronymy can be identified by using part of
relationship. For instance: B is part of A, and A has B.
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This concept might be as follows:
Human
Head hand foot chest
F. Semantic Change
Semantic change happens along with the time and the development of its society. According to Allan euphemism and dysphemism motivate
language change. They do it by promoting new expression or new meanings for old expression and causing some existing vocabulary to be abounded.
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Fromklin and Rodman stated that there are three ways in which a lexical item may change semantically, its meaning may become broader, its meaning
may become narrower, its meaning become shift.
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OGrady et al stated that the changes involve one of the phenomena: 1. Semantic broadening is the process in which the meaning of a word turns
into more general or more inclusive than the earlier form, such as: the word aunt used to mean fathers sister become father or mothers sister.
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John Saeed, Semantics London: Blackwell Publishers, 2004 p.70.
39
Keith Allan, Natural Language Semantics New York: Blackweel Publishers,2001 p.164-5.
40
Victoria Fromkin Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language, sixth Edition New York: Blackwell Publishers,1997. p.26.
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2. Semantic narrowing is the process in which the meaning of a word turns into less general or less inclusive than the earlier meaning. Such as: The
term fowl used to mean any bird becomes a domestical bird 3. Amelioration is the change of meaning in which the new meaning
becomes more positive or favorable, such as: Pretty used to mean tricky, sly, cunning has a better meaning attractive
4. Pejorative is the change of meaning in which the new meaning becomes more negative or unfavorable, such as: Wench means girl, but it is
regarded worse with meaning wanton woman, prostitute 5. Semantic shift is a process in which a word loses some aspect of its former
meaning, taking on a partially new, but related, meaning. Such as: Immoral used to mean not customary becomes unethical.
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Djajasudarma divides the semantic change into generalization, amelioration, pejorative, sinestesia, and association.
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The meanings of generalization, specialization, amelioration, and pejorative in Djajasudarmas theory are
similar to those of OGradys theory. Djajasudarma adds two more, i.e. Sinestesia the change of meaning because of the exchange of our perception.
And the other one is Association the change of meaning because of the similarity of character.
Based on those theories we can conclude that the semantic change can be classified as follows:
The Semantic Chang Semantic broadening = Generalization
Semantic narrowing = Specialization Semantic Shift
Amelioration Pejorative
Sinestesia Association
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William O’Grady, Contemporary Linguistics London: Longman Person Education,1996 p.334.
42
T. Fatimah Djajasudarma, Semantik 2: Pemahaman Ilmu Makna Bandung:PT. Eresco,1993 P.63.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING
A. Data Description In this chapter, the writer analyzes the data collected from movie titled
American Pie 5. The writer chooses this movie because they relate to teenager’s life and sex education which are still regarded taboo. All available data contain
euphemistic terms are then categorized into types of euphemism which classified into the euphemistic application. After that, the writer goes to the next steps by
analyzing the meaning relation and the semantic change the euphemistic terms undergo.
Based on the types of euphemism, the writer found out that there are no euphemistic terms in classification of acronym, synecdoche, indirectness,
mispronunciation, plays on abbreviation, and phonetic alphabet as shown at the following table:
The Table of the Types of Euphemism That Found in Scripts of American Pie 5 Movie
No Type Of
Euphemism Eupemistic Term
Tabo Term Source
1 Metaphor
- In bed - A tit,tits
- Pussy - Touch
- Dirty magazine - Hot cartoon
- Coming - Sexual intercourse
- Penis - Vagina
- Foreplay - Porno magazine
- Porno cartoon - Ejaculation
AP 5 AP 5
AP 5 AP 5
AP 5 AP 5
AP 5
2 Rhyming slang
- Puppy - To poop
- Buttock - To urinate
AP 5 AP 5
3 Remodeling
- Heck - Gosh
- Hell - God
AP 5 AP 5
