TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
1 1.2
Problem Statement 3
1.3 Objective of Project
4 1.4
Scope of Research 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Biomaterial
6 2.1.1 Classes of biomaterial
9 2.1.1.1 Metals
9 2.1.1.2 Ceramic
10 2.1.1.3 Composite
10 2.1.1.4 Polymers
11 2.2
Titanium and its alloy 12
2.2.1 Titanium Crystal Structures and Alloy Types 12
2.2.1.1 Alpha Alloy α-alloy
12 2.2.1.2 Alpha-
Beta Alloy α + β Alloy 13
2.2.1.3 Beta Alloys β-Alloy
13
v
2.2.2 Physical Properties of Titanium and Its Alloy 15
2.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Titanium and Its Alloy 15
2.2.4 Ti-6Al-4V Properties in Medical Applications 16
2.2.4.1 Dental Implants 17
2.2.4.2 Bone and Joint Replacement 17
2.2.5 Limitations of Ti-6Al-4V 18
2.3 Hydroxyapatite HA
19 2.3.1 Properties of Hydroxyapatite
21 2.3.2 Crystal Structure of Hydroxyapatite
23 2.3.3 Hydroxyapatite in the medical application
25 2.3.4 Hydroxyapatite Coating and Properties
27 2.4
Chitosan Polymer CTS 28
2.4.1 Defination and Composition of Chitosan 28
2.4.2 Properties of Chitosan 29
2.4.2.1 Molecular Weight 29
2.4.2.2 Viscosity 30
2.4.2.3 Solubility 31
2.4.2.4 Biological properties 32
2.4.3 Applications of Chitosan CTS 33
2.4.3.1 In the Wastewater Treatment 34
2.4.3.2 In the Food Industry 35
2.4.3.3 In Medical 35
2.4.3.4 In Cosmetics 36
2.5 Composite Material for Bone Tissues Engineering
36 2.5.1 Mechanical properties of HACTS composite
37 2.5.2 Chemical interaction of HACTS composites
38 2.6
Techniques of Coating 39
2.6.1 Plasma Spraying 39
2.6.2 Electrophoretic Deposition 40
2.6.3 Sol-Gel Deposition 41
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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Experimental Procedures
43 3.2
Material Preparation of Composite Powder 45
3.2.1 Powder preparation 45
3.2.2 Mechanical Milling 46
3.3 Fabrication of HACTS Composite Layer on Ti-6Al-4V
47 3.3.1 Specially Designed Clamp
47 3.3.2 Sintering
48 3.4
Sample Preparation 51
3.4.1 Grinding 51
3.4.2 Polishing 52
3.5 Materials Characterization
53 3.5.1 X-ray Diffraction XRD
53 3.5.2 Optical Microscope OM
54 3.5.3 Scanning Electron microscope SEM and X-ray spectroscopy EDX 56
3.6 Mechanical Testing
57 3.6.1 Vickers Microhardness Machine
57
CHAPTER 4 : RESULT AND DISCUSSION
