Analysis of Design Criteria Affecting the Energy Performance of Buildings in Higher Education Facilities
ANALYSIS OF DESIGN CRITERIA AFFECTING THE
ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS IN
HIGHER EDUCATION FACILITIES
Imam Alfianto #, Dian Ariestadi +, Mohammad Sulton *
#
Department of Civil Engineering
State University of Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
alfiantoimam@gmail.com
+
Department of Civil Engineering
State University of Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
dian.ariestadi.ft@um.ac.id
*
Department of Civil Engineering
State University of Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
mohasulton@yahoo.co.id
Abstract — In Indonesia, the standard energy audit procedures
in SNI 03-6196-2000 does not include the educational facilities
buildings. This study aims to develop a building energy
performance analysis tool, especially for the construction of
buildings for higher education facilities in Indonesia. Design
criteria for the analysis of energy performance in buildings was
developed based on the design attributes that influence the
energy performance of buildings for thermal comfort and
lighting. Identification and analysis of building design criteria
affecting energy performance were calculated using the
Important Performance Analysis (IPA). To analyze the level of
interest among the criteria used MCDM 23 that developed by
International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling
Task 23. MCDM analysis use Analytical Hierarchy Process
(AHP) model. The results of the IPA analysis showed important
design criteria affecting energy performance in higher education
buildings, covering categories: (1) the location of the building, (2)
thermal reduction efforts around the building, (3) building plans,
(4) the form of architecture, (5) structural and building envelope
design for comfort temperature, (6) structural and building
envelope design for convenience lighting, (7) the interior space,
and (8) ventilating, air conditioning systems and artificial
lighting. The MCDM 23 analysis showed that the level of interest
of the building design criteria for higher education facilities that
affect the energy performance are: 1) Life cycle cost 19.9%, 2)
Environmental contexts 19.1%, 3) Resources use 18.4%, 4)
Architectural design 14.1%, 5) Environmental loading 11.8%, 6)
Thermal comfort systems design 8.7%, and 7) Lighting Systems
Design 8.0%. The conclusions indicate varying criteria priority
weights of the main criteria and sub-criteria as the initial
product that has been produced. The value of the weight
percentage of the main criteria also includes details of the value
of the weight percentage of the sub-criteria. The value of the
weight percentage will be used to calculate the level of energy
performance of buildings in higher education facilities in
Indonesia.
Key words - energy performance buildings, higher education
facilities, Important Performance Analysis, MCDM 23.
ICETIA 2014
I. INTRODUCTION
The building as the architecture products related factors as
climate, availability of resources, energy and how
sustainability. Acceleration of development, population
growth and increased standard of living led to increase in the
rate of energy consumption. In general, buildings in tropical
countries, including Indonesia, the highest energy
consumption for HVAC systems (45-70%), lighting systems
(10-20%), lifts and escalators (2-7%) and electronic
equipment (2- 10%). Buildings use energy for thermal
comfort range of 50%-60%, while for visual comfort range of
30%, or it can be concluded that the thermal quality of the
building and the weather is the dominant factor in energy use.
According to Indonesian National Standard, the growth of
buildings in Indonesia requires the application of energy
efficiency in buildings becomes very important.
The government's policy on education in UU No. 20 Tahun
2003 about National Education System with a decentralized
system led to increased construction of educational facilities,
including the building of higher education facilities. In
Indonesia, the scope of standard reference procedures for
energy audits on buildings in SNI 03-6196-2000, only for
offices, hotels, shopping canters, hospitals, apartments and
houses, not include the educational facilities buildings [6].
It is necessary for the conservation of energy and the
realization of sustainable development. In its application for
the instrument is required audit or analysis of energy
performance, to identify energy use and potential savings, so
the concept of sustainable construction can be realized.
II. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
This study aims to develop a building energy performance
analysis tools, in especially for the construction of buildings
for higher education facilities in Indonesia. Design criteria for
the analysis of energy performance in buildings was
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ISSN 2407-4330
developed based on the design attributes that influence the
energy performance of buildings for thermal comfort and
lighting. Analysis of energy performance is expected to
provide a better design direction for improving the
performance of buildings, particularly related to the concept
of sustainable.
III. RESEARCH METHOD
This study aims to develop a building energy performance
analysis tools, in particular the building of higher education
facilities. The components of the analysis are the design
criteria affecting energy performance in buildings. The study
was conducted through two stages, the first is the
identification of the basic criteria, and the second is analysis
of the level of importance specific design criteria that
influence the energy performance of buildings. Design criteria
for the analysis of energy performance in buildings was
developed based on the design attributes that influence the
energy performance of buildings for thermal comfort and
lighting, combined with the standard criteria developed
MCDM 23 International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating
and Cooling Task 23.
Analysis and identification of the initial design criteria
were calculated using the Important Performance Analysis
(IPA). The results of the IPA analysis will present the attribute
on a grid that is divided into four quadrants (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Importance Performance Analysis grid
Quadrant I: Attributes are perceived to be very important to
respondents, but performance levels are fairly low. This
design criteria need improvement efforts should concentrate
here. Quadrant II: Attributes are perceived to be very
important to respondents, and at the same time, the design
criteria seem to have high levels of performance. The message
here is To Keep up the Good Work. Quadrant III: Attributes
are with low importance and low performance. Although
performance levels may be low in this cell, the design criteria
in this cell are not perceived to be very important. Quadrant
IV: This cell contains attributes of low importance, but
relatively high performance. Respondents are satisfied with
the performance, but the design criteria of this cell as being
over-utilised.
This study will be conducted in two categories of the
different regions, namely the campus north of the equator (in
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the position of North latitude) and south of the equator
(position in line south latitude). It is necessary to obtain a
building response data on regional climates, given the
Indonesian region covers an area located in north latitude to
south latitude.
The data was collected through two phases: 1) the building
environment to determine the higher education facilities using
purposive random sampling, and 2) determining the
respondent. Respondent is the overall picture of the
academicians in higher education environments in buildings
that have been determined, including faculty, students, and
management staff.
The weight percentage of the design criteria affecting the
energy performance of buildings will be analysed using MultiCriteria Decision Making (MCDM) [3]. To analyse the level
of interest among the criteria used MCDM 23 with Analytical
Hierarchy Process (AHP) model, using voter appraiser experts
in the field of architectural design professionals and
researcher’s architecture technology, building science,
building construction, building sustainable engineering and
construction engineering.
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
A. Identify the Design Criteria that Affect the Energy
Performance
The ability of the building to provide a response to the
thermal environment is closely linked to the performance of
its elements. The performance of this form shape design,
material, spatial arrangement and construction technology.
The perfect design of the building in response to the thermal
environment as a whole depends on the design of the elements
forming the thermal performance of buildings, including: the
design of the roof, ceiling, floor, and building envelopes.
Evaluative analysis of performance factors related to the
design of the building thermal comfort is comfort temperature
and lighting comfort. These factors become IPA attributes to
be assessed level of satisfaction with the service and level of
importance. Development of attributes is based on: First, the
factors specified in the seven variables in the LEED 2009 for
Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance Rating System
is: (1) Sustainable Sites, (2) Water efficiency, (3) Energy and
Atmosphere, (4) Materials and Resources, (5) Indoor
Environmental Quality, (6) Innovation in Operations, and (7)
Regional Priority. Second, the parameters of GREENSHIP for
Existing Building, are: (1) Appropriate Site Development, (2)
Energy efficiency and Conservation, (3) Water Conservation,
(4) Material Resource and Cycle, (5) Indoor Health and
Comfort, (6) Building Environmental Management. Third,
the parameters of Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Clearing House Indonesia (EECCHI) are: (1) Planning and
Landscape, (2) Structural Design and Building Shape, (3)
Lighting Design and Electricity, (4) HVAC Design, and (5)
Operation and Maintenance of Building.
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TABLE I
DEVELOPMENT OF IPA ATTRIBUTES
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20a
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
IPA Attributes
The location that affect thermal and lighting comfort
Weather conditions at the building site
Orientation
Heat reduction around the building
pavement around the building not reflected
vegetation (softscape) is free from buildings (hardscape)
roofing material around the building not reflected
The building layout that affect thermal and lighting comfort
The room layout support the temperature comfort
The room layout support the lighting comfort
The room areas support the temperature comfort
The room areas support the lighting comfort
The building shape that affect thermal and lighting comfort
Roof shape
Roofing material to reduce heat
Construction of exterior wall
Material of exterior wall
Color of exterior wall
Construction of heat shielding
Construction of light shielding
Structural design and building shape that affect natural thermal
comfort
The wide of wall openings for ventilation
Construction of wall openings for ventilation
The wide of roof openings for ventilation
Construction of roof openings for ventilation
Structural design and building shape that affect natural light comfort
The wide of wall openings for fenetration
Construction of wall openings for fenetration
The wide of roof openings for fenetration
Construction of roof openings for fenetration
Interior element that affect thermal and lighting comfort
Interior wall construction
Interior wall material
Interior wall color
Floor construction
Floor material
Floor color
Plafond construction
Plafond material
Plafond color
Furniture form
Furniture material
Furniture color
Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.)
Air conditioning and artificial lighting system
Air conditioning system
Integrated air conditioning and natural ventilating
Electric lighting system not increased internal heat
Integrated electric and natural lighting
Determining the location of higher education environments
under consideration for: (1) Malang, The Faculty of Law
building at the UB campus as the campus environment
overview as a description of the physical development of the
campus with high-rise buildings typology of buildings on
many campuses in Indonesia. (2) Surabaya: the building at
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Planning ITS
overview as a description of the diversity of geographical
conditions coastal city, low-rise building typology with
elongated floor plan. (3) Banda Aceh: the Lecture Building,
Faculty of Economics Syiah Kuaala University overview as a
description of the area of North latitude, low-rise building
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typology with elongated floor plan. (4) Manado: the Lecture
Building at Faculty of Graduate Samratulangi University
overview as a description of the area of North latitude, highrise buildings typology [2].
IPA analysis results shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
Fig. 2. Attributes in Cartesian Diagram IPA for the South Latitude
Fig. 3. Attributes in Cartesian Diagram IPA for the North Latitude
Based on this analysis, there are several attributes that have
this level of perception is not very important, that the
attributes that have ranked third and fourth. Attributes with
numbers rank third with a lower priority are attributes that
have a perceived or actual performance levels are low, so it is
considered less important or less expected by the users of the
building thus these attributes do not need priority or attention.
Attributes with rank IV is an attribute that is considered too
much, not too important or not so expected. Attributes are
important and need attention attributes with rank I and II. The
rating attributes are as in Table 2.
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No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
TABLE 2
RECAPITULATION ATTRIBUTES WITH IMPORTANT CATEGORY
Rank
IPA Attributes
South
North
The location that affect thermal and
lighting comfort
Weather conditions at the building site
I
I
Building orientation
II
II
Heat reduction around the building
vegetation (softscape) is free from
I
I
buildings (hardscape)
roofing material around the building not
II
I
reflected
The building layout that affect thermal
and lighting comfort
The room layout support the temperature
II
II
comfort
The room layout support the lighting
I
II
comfort
The room areas support the temperature
II
II
comfort
The room areas support the lighting
II
I
comfort
The building shape that affect thermal
and lighting comfort
Roofing material to reduce heat
II
I
Construction of exterior wall
II
IV
Material of exterior wall
II
II
Construction of heat shielding
III
I
Construction of light shielding
I
III
Structural design and building shape that
affect natural thermal comfort
The wide of wall openings for ventilation
II
II
Construction of wall openings for
I
I
ventilation
The wide of roof openings for ventilation
I
III
Construction of roof openings for
I
III
ventilation
Structural design and building shape that
affect natural light comfort
The wide of wall openings for fenetration
III
I
Interior element that affect thermal and
lighting comfort
Interior wall material not increased
III
II
internal heat
Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.)
I
III
Air conditioning and artificial lighting
system
Air conditioning system
II
II
Integrated air conditioning and natural
II
II
ventilating
Electric lighting system not increased
II
II
internal heat
Integrated electric and natural lighting
II
II
B. The level of interest of the Design Criteria that Affect the
Energy Performance
The criteria used in the analysis of MCDM based attributes
assessment design criteria that affect the thermal performance
of buildings according to the IPA analysis results (Table 2).
Furthermore, the attributes of the research in the first phase
will be combined to be part of the criteria in the MCDM 23, as
main criteria or sub-criteria (Table 3).
ICETIA 2014
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TABLE 3
RECAPITULATION ATTRIBUTES WITH IMPORTANT CATEGORY
Main Criteria
Sub Criteria
Life Cycle cost
Construction cost
Annual operation cost
Annual maintenance cost
Resource use
Annual electricity
Annual fuel
Annual water
Construction materials
Land
Environmental Loading
CO2-emissions from construction
Annual CO2 emissions from operation
SO2-emissions from construction
Annual SO2 emissions from operation
NOx emission from construction
Annual NOx emissions from operation
Environmental Context
Weather conditions at the building site
Vegetation (softscape) is free from
buildings (hardscape
Building material around the building
not reflected
Architectural Design
Building orientation
Scale, proportion and volume of the
building
Roofing material to reduce heat
Construction of exterior wall
Construction of heat and light shielding
Wall openings for ventilation
Wall openings for fenetration
The room layout support the natural
Lighting Systems Design
lighting
The room areas support the natural
lighting
Integrated electric and natural lighting
Electric lighting system not increased
internal heat
Thermal Comfort Systems The room layout support the
Design
temperature comfort
The room areas support the lighting
comfort
Interior wall material not increased
internal heat
Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.)
Integrated air conditioning and natural
ventilating
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) use 3 voter appraiser
experts in the field of architectural design professionals and
researcher’s architecture technology and science building,
sustainable engineering and construction engineering. The
results on the Main Criteria using MCDM software 23 shown
in Table 4, and sub criteria shown in Table 5 until Table 10.
The result of MCDM 23 analysis showed that important
criteria factors that affect the design of the building's energy
performance organized into 7 main criteria and 33 sub-criteria.
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TABLE 4
Lighting Systems
Design
Thermal Comfort
Systems Design
0,252
0,347
0,048
0.022
0,048
Expert 2
0,248
0,363
0,092
0,096
0,132
0,033
0,035
Expert 3
0.174
0,078
0,009
0,131
0,244
0,186
0,177
Average
0,199
0,184
0,118
0,191
0,141
0,080
0,087
TABLE 7
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTEXT
The level of priority interest is the main criteria:
1. Life cycle cost of a building
: 19.9%,
2. Environmental conditions
: 19.1%,
3. Resources use
: 18.4%,
4. Architectural design
: 14.1%,
5. Environmental loading
: 11.8%,
6. Thermal comfort systems design
: 8.7%,
7. Lighting systems design
: 8.0%.
Voter
Voter
Expert 1
Annual
electricity
Annual fuel
Annual
water
Construction
materials
Land
TABLE 5
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA RESOURCES USE
0,314
0,477
0,116
0,034
0,059
Expert 2
0,508
0,334
0,059
0,034
0,064
Expert 3
0.108
0,024
0,108
0,379
0,379
Average
0,310
0,278
0,094
0,149
0,167
the sub criteria of Resource
0,218
0,067
Expert 2
0,669
0,243
0,088
Expert 3
0.519
0,309
0,178
Average
0,634
0,255
0,111
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of
Environmental Context:
1. Weather conditions at the building site
: 63,4 %
2. Vegetation is free from buildings
: 25,5 %
3. Building material around the building
not reflected
: 11,1 %
TABLE 8
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN
0,118
0,078
0,029
Expert 3
0.350
0,120
0,208
0,062
0,130
0,130
Average
0,272
0,196
0,178
0,179
0,083
0,092
Wall openings for
fenetration
Annual NOx
emissions from
operation
0,041
0,023
Wall openings for
ventilation
NOx emission from
construction
0,425
0,111
Construction of heat and
light shielding
Annual SO2
emissions from
operation
0,215
0,320
Construction of exterior
wall
SO2-emissions from
construction
0,148
0,440
Roofing material to
reduce heat
Annual CO2
emissions from
operation
0,026
Expert 2
Scale, proportion and
volume of the building
CO2-emissions from
construction
Expert 1
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0,715
: 31,0 %
: 27,8 %
: 16,7 %
: 14,9 %
: 9,4 %
TABLE 6
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA ENVIRONMENTAL
LOADING
Voter
Expert 1
Building orientation
The level of priority interest is
Use:
1. Annual electricity
2. Annual fuel
3. Land
4. Construction materials
5. Annual water
Building material
around the building not
reflected (Heat Island
Effect)
Environmental
Context
0,110
Vegetation (softscape) is
free from buildings
(hardscape)
Architectural
Design
0,174
Voter
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of
Environmental Loading:
1. CO2-emissions from construction
: 27,2 %
2. Annual CO2 emissions from operation
: 19,6 %
3. Annual SO2 emissions from operation
: 17,9 %
4. SO2-emissions from construction
: 17,8 %
5. Annual NOx emissions from operation
: 9,2 %
6. NOx emission from construction
: 8,3 %
Weather conditions at
the building site
Environmental
Loading
Expert 1
Life Cycle cost
Resource use
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE MAIN CRITERIA
Expert 1
0,440
0,042
0,170
0,117
0,109
0,077
0,045
Expert 2
0,470
0,019
0,074
0,111
0,125
0,072
0,129
Expert 3
0.023
0,156
0,022
0,505
0,105
0,099
0,090
Average
0,311
0,072
0,089
0,244
0,113
0,083
0,088
Voter
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of
Architectural Design:
1. Building orientation
: 31,1 %
2. Construction of exterior wall
: 24,4 %
3. Construction of heat and light shielding
: 11,3 %
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ISSN 2407-4330
4.
5.
6.
7.
Roofing material to reduce heat
:
Wall openings for fenetration
:
Wall openings for ventilation
:
Scale, proportion and volume of the building :
8,9 %
8,8 %
8,3 %
7,2 %
The value of the weight of overall criteria and sub-criteria
summarized in Table 11. The weight of each sub-criterion to
overall criteria illustrated in Fig. 4
TABLE 11
RECAPITULATION WIGHT OF CRITERIA
The room areas
support the natural
lighting
Electric lighting
system not increased
internal heat
The room layout
support the natural
lighting
Integrated electric
and natural lighting
TABLE 9
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA LIGHTING SYSTEMS
DESIGN
Expert 1
0,599
0,054
0,238
0,109
Expert 2
0,705
0,070
0,130
0,096
Expert 3
0.237
0,071
0,634
0,058
Average
0,514
0,065
0,334
0,088
Voter
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of Lighting
System Design:
1. The room layout support the natural lighting : 51,4 %
2. Integrated electric and natural lighting
: 33,4 %
3. Electric lighting system not increased
internal heat
: 8,8 %
4. The room areas support the natural lighting : 6,5 %,
No
Main Criteria
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3
3.1
Life Cycle cost
Construction cost
Annual operation cost
Annual maintenance cost
Resource use
Annual electricity
Annual fuel
Annual water
Construction materials
Land
Environmental Loading
CO2-emissions from construction
Annual CO2 emissions from
operation
SO2-emissions from construction
Annual SO2 emissions from
operation
NOx emission from construction
Annual NOx emissions from
operation
Environmental Context
Weather conditions at the building
site
Vegetation (softscape) is free from
buildings (hardscape
Building material around the
building not reflected
Architectural Design
Building orientation
Scale, proportion and volume of
the building
Roofing material to reduce heat
Construction of exterior wall
Construction of heat and light
shielding
Wall openings for ventilation
Wall openings for fenetration
Lighting Systems Design
The room layout support the
natural lighting
The room areas support the natural
lighting
Integrated electric and natural
lighting
Electric lighting system not
increased internal heat
Thermal Comfort Systems Design
The room layout support the
temperature comfort
The room areas support the
lighting comfort
Interior wall material not increased
internal heat
Interior shielding (curtain, blind,
etc.)
Integrated air conditioning and
natural ventilating
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4
4.1
Integrated air
conditioning and natural
ventilating
Interior shielding
(curtain, blind, etc.)
Interior wall material not
increased internal heat
The room areas support
the lighting comfort
The room layout support
the temperature comfort
TABLE 10
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA THERMAL COMFORT
SYSTEMS DESIGN
4.2
4.3
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Voter
Expert 1
0,320
0,143
0,114
0,117
0,276
Expert 2
0,477
0,050
0,136
0,251
0,085
5.6
5.7
6
Expert 3
0.508
0,034
0,234
0,053
0,172
6.1
Average
0,435
0,076
0,161
0,150
0,178
6.2
6.3
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of Thermal
Comfort System Design:
1. The room layout support
the thermal comfort
: 43,5 %
2. Integrated air conditioning and
natural ventilating
: 17,8 %
3. Interior wall material not increased
internal heat
: 16,1 %
4. Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.)
: 15,0 %
5. The room areas support the lighting comfort : 7,6 %,
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6.4
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
-- Page 20 of 436 --
Main
Criteria
(%)
subcriteria
of the
Main
(%)
Sub
criteria
to
Overall
(%)
61,2
19,4
19,4
12.18
3.86
3.86
31,0
27,8
9,4
14,9
16,7
5.71
5.12
1.73
2.74
3.07
27,2
3.21
19,6
2.31
17,8
2.1
17,9
2.11
8,3
0.98
9,2
1.09
63,4
12.11
25,5
4.87
11,1
2.12
31,1
4.39
7,2
1.02
8,9
24,4
1.26
3.44
11,3
1.59
8,3
8,8
1.17
1.24
51,4
4.11
6,5
0.52
33,4
2.67
8,8
0.71
43,5
3.79
7,6
0.66
16,1
1.4
15,0
1.31
17,8
3.79
19,9
18,4
11,8
19,1
14,1
8,0
8,7
19,9
ISSN 2407-4330
Fig. 4. The Weight of Each Sub-Criteria to Overall
Criteria for the life cycle cost of the building is considered
as the first criteria the most influence on the energy
performance of buildings. This criterion is a calculation of the
cost of buildings ranging from the construction process to
estimate the end-of-life buildings. The cost of the entire
building life cycle costs should consider priority level subcriteria cost of construction (61.2%), operating costs (19.4%),
and maintenance costs of a building (19.4%).
The second important criteria is the environmental
context associated with the environment that will affect the
thermal performance and energy use in a building. Priority
interests include the environmental context criteria: 63.4%
environmental climate, open land and vegetation around
buildings 25.5%, and the material in the surrounding
environment affecting the ambient temperature and lighting
11.1%. Calculation of energy consumption by means of
calculating the value of Building Energy Consumption
Intensity (IKE) in accordance with SNI 03-6196-2000 on
Energy Audit. IKE for energy efficiency in buildings for
education 165-295 kWh / m2 / year [1].
The third important criteria is natural resources use. This
criteria to assess and evaluate how far the building uses
natural resources. Priority level of importance include: the use
of electricity (31.0%), the use of fuel oil (27.8%), the potential
use of land and the natural environment (16.7%), use of
natural materials for construction (14.9%), to the use of water
(9.4%). The building became part of a large environmental
loading, based on data that buildings produce 50% of total
energy expenditure in Indonesia and more than 70% of overall
electricity consumption. The building is also responsible for
30% of greenhouse gas emissions, and use 30% of raw
materials are produced.
The fourth important criterion is the architectural design.
Sub criteria significantly affect the efficiency of energy
consumption is the construction of the exterior walls. These
criteria can be determined based on the Overall Thermal
Transfer Value Calculated Value = OTTV accordance with
ICETIA 2014
SNI 03-6389-2000 on Building Shape. OTTV concept
includes three basic elements of heat transfer through the
building envelope ie: heat conduction through opaque walls,
solar radiation through the glass, and the heat conduction
through the glass. OTTV standard for green building shape is
45 Watt / m2 [4].
Thermal condition of the building is the main factor that
will affect the energy performance of buildings with particular
regard to the lighting system and the comfort of air
conditioning [Evans]. Priority interests include sub-criteria: of
the building orientation 31.1%, facade construction that can
heat reducing 24.4%, heat and light shielding element 11.3%,
roofing material that reduces heat 8.9%, construction 8
openings for light penetration 8,8%, construction wall
openings for ventilation 8.3%, and the scale and volume of
7.2% of the building.
The fifth important criteria that affect the energy
performance of buildings is the environmental load criteria.
This criterion is concerned about how the building causing
damage to the environment, in particular emissions of CO2,
SO2, and NOx. Priority level of interest the results of the
analysis are: CO2 emissions for construction 27.2%, CO2
emissions during the operational 19.6%, SO2 emissions
during the operational 17.9%, SO2 emissions for construction
17.8%, NOx emissions during the operational 9.2%, and NOx
emissions for construction 8.3%.
An important criterion is the sixth and seventh thermal
comfort system design and lighting systems. Design of
thermal comfort system with priority level: the design layout
of the room for the convenience of natural ventilation 43.5%,
Integrated air conditioning and natural ventilating 17.8%,
Interior wall material not increased internal tempeature 16.1%,
the addition of interior elements of heat or light shielding
15.0%, and the calculation of the support area of the room
temperature 7.6%. Natural ventilation systems in accordance
with SNI 03-6572-2001 on procedures design ventilation and
air conditioning systems in buildings. Air conditioning system
by taking into account the COP of air conditioning equipment
that is used, in accordance with SNI 03-6390-2000 on Energy
Conservation in Air conditioning Systems in Buildings. COP
(Coefficient Of Performance) is the number of comparisons
between the flow rate of heat removed from the airconditioning system with a flow rate of energy that must be
entered into the system on the whole system.
The lighting system is an important criteria affecting
energy use in buildings, as it relates to the main supporting
activity for visual comfort. These criteria can be achieved
through: the design room layout support the natural lighting
(51.4%), Integrated electric and natural lighting (33.4%),
Electric lighting system not increased internal temperature
(8.8%), and calculation of the room areas support the natural
lighting (6.5%). In SNI 03-2396-2001 on Procedures Natural
Lighting System Design stated that at least 30% of floor area
used for the work to get natural light intensity of 300 lux
minimum. Design lighting system assessed by determining the
level of illumination and electrical requirements for artificial
lighting, regarding to SNI 03-6197-2011 on Energy
-- Page 21 of 436 --
ISSN 2407-4330
Conservation in Buildings Lighting System. Some of the
lighting standards in the education building facilities are: 350
lux for administration room and need power 15 Watt / m2,
while the labs and studios require 750 lux. For artificial
lighting is required to use lights with more efficient lighting
power by 15% than the lighting power listed according to SNI
03-6197-2011 and should use 100% electronic ballast.
[12]SNI 03-6390-2011 atau SNI edisi terbaru tentang Konservasi Energi pada
Sistem Tata Udara bangunan Gedung.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Design criteria affecting energy performance of buildings
in higher education facilities are developed based on the
Important Performance Analysis (IPA) and design criteria by
the International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and
Cooling Task 23. The design criteria consisting of seven main
criteria and 33 sub-criteria. Priority level of importance to the
design criteria with MCDM analysis: 1) Life cycle cost
19.9%, 2) Environmental contexts 19.1%, 3) Resources use
18.4%, 4) Architectural design 14.1%, 5) Environmental
loading 11.8%, 6) Thermal comfort systems design 8.7%, and
7) Lighting Systems Design 8.0%. The value of the weight
percentage of the main criteria also include details of the value
of the weight percentage of the sub-criteria. The value of the
weight percentage will be used to calculate the level of energy
performance in buildings.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank Direktorat Penelitian dan
Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat - Indonesian Ministry of
Higher Education for financially supporting this research
through the research grant, on The Scheme of Penelitian
Hibah Bersaing - Desentralisation Research, State University
of Malang.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Gunawan, & Tim, “Buku Pedoman Energi Efisiensi untuk Desain
Bangunan Gedung di Indonesia,” Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Clearing House Indonesia, Direktorat Jenderal Energi Baru, Terbarukan,
dan Konservasi Energi, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral
Indonesia, Danish Energy Management A/S. Jakarta, 2012.
[2] D. Ariestadi, et al, “Perangkat Analisis Kinerja Energi Bangunan pada
Bangunan Fasilitas Pendidikan Tinggi sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan
Konstruksi Berkelanjutan.” Hibah Bersaing Research Repport Phase I,
LPPM UM, unpublished
[3] J. D. Balcomb, MCDM-23 Users Manual.
Sub-Task C of the
International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Task 23,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Center for Buildings and
Thermal Systems. Golden, CO 80401 USA, 2001.
[4] J.S. Juwana, “Panduan Sistem Bangunan Tinggi untuk Arsitek dan
Praktisi Bangunan,”, Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta, 2005.
[5] Agenda 21 on Sustainable Construction, CIB & UNEP-IETC, United
Nation Environment Program / UNEP, 2002.
[6] LEED 2009 for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance Rating
System, The U.S. Green Building Council, Inc. (USGBC), 2009.
[7] SNI 03-6196-2000 tentng Prosedur Audit Energi Pada Bangunan Gedung.
[8] SNI 03-6389-2000 tentang Selubung Bangunan.
[9] SNI 03-2396-2001 tentang Tata Cara Perancangan Sistem Pencahayaan
Alami
[10]SNI 03-6572-2001 tentang Tata Cara Perancangan Sistem Ventilasi dan
Pengkondisian Udara pada Bangunan Gedung.
[11]SNI 03-619ಣ2011 tentang Konservasi Energi pada Sistem Pencahayaan.
ICETIA 2014
-- Page 22 of 436 --
ISSN 2407-4330
ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS IN
HIGHER EDUCATION FACILITIES
Imam Alfianto #, Dian Ariestadi +, Mohammad Sulton *
#
Department of Civil Engineering
State University of Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
alfiantoimam@gmail.com
+
Department of Civil Engineering
State University of Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
dian.ariestadi.ft@um.ac.id
*
Department of Civil Engineering
State University of Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
mohasulton@yahoo.co.id
Abstract — In Indonesia, the standard energy audit procedures
in SNI 03-6196-2000 does not include the educational facilities
buildings. This study aims to develop a building energy
performance analysis tool, especially for the construction of
buildings for higher education facilities in Indonesia. Design
criteria for the analysis of energy performance in buildings was
developed based on the design attributes that influence the
energy performance of buildings for thermal comfort and
lighting. Identification and analysis of building design criteria
affecting energy performance were calculated using the
Important Performance Analysis (IPA). To analyze the level of
interest among the criteria used MCDM 23 that developed by
International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling
Task 23. MCDM analysis use Analytical Hierarchy Process
(AHP) model. The results of the IPA analysis showed important
design criteria affecting energy performance in higher education
buildings, covering categories: (1) the location of the building, (2)
thermal reduction efforts around the building, (3) building plans,
(4) the form of architecture, (5) structural and building envelope
design for comfort temperature, (6) structural and building
envelope design for convenience lighting, (7) the interior space,
and (8) ventilating, air conditioning systems and artificial
lighting. The MCDM 23 analysis showed that the level of interest
of the building design criteria for higher education facilities that
affect the energy performance are: 1) Life cycle cost 19.9%, 2)
Environmental contexts 19.1%, 3) Resources use 18.4%, 4)
Architectural design 14.1%, 5) Environmental loading 11.8%, 6)
Thermal comfort systems design 8.7%, and 7) Lighting Systems
Design 8.0%. The conclusions indicate varying criteria priority
weights of the main criteria and sub-criteria as the initial
product that has been produced. The value of the weight
percentage of the main criteria also includes details of the value
of the weight percentage of the sub-criteria. The value of the
weight percentage will be used to calculate the level of energy
performance of buildings in higher education facilities in
Indonesia.
Key words - energy performance buildings, higher education
facilities, Important Performance Analysis, MCDM 23.
ICETIA 2014
I. INTRODUCTION
The building as the architecture products related factors as
climate, availability of resources, energy and how
sustainability. Acceleration of development, population
growth and increased standard of living led to increase in the
rate of energy consumption. In general, buildings in tropical
countries, including Indonesia, the highest energy
consumption for HVAC systems (45-70%), lighting systems
(10-20%), lifts and escalators (2-7%) and electronic
equipment (2- 10%). Buildings use energy for thermal
comfort range of 50%-60%, while for visual comfort range of
30%, or it can be concluded that the thermal quality of the
building and the weather is the dominant factor in energy use.
According to Indonesian National Standard, the growth of
buildings in Indonesia requires the application of energy
efficiency in buildings becomes very important.
The government's policy on education in UU No. 20 Tahun
2003 about National Education System with a decentralized
system led to increased construction of educational facilities,
including the building of higher education facilities. In
Indonesia, the scope of standard reference procedures for
energy audits on buildings in SNI 03-6196-2000, only for
offices, hotels, shopping canters, hospitals, apartments and
houses, not include the educational facilities buildings [6].
It is necessary for the conservation of energy and the
realization of sustainable development. In its application for
the instrument is required audit or analysis of energy
performance, to identify energy use and potential savings, so
the concept of sustainable construction can be realized.
II. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
This study aims to develop a building energy performance
analysis tools, in especially for the construction of buildings
for higher education facilities in Indonesia. Design criteria for
the analysis of energy performance in buildings was
-- Page 15 of 436 --
ISSN 2407-4330
developed based on the design attributes that influence the
energy performance of buildings for thermal comfort and
lighting. Analysis of energy performance is expected to
provide a better design direction for improving the
performance of buildings, particularly related to the concept
of sustainable.
III. RESEARCH METHOD
This study aims to develop a building energy performance
analysis tools, in particular the building of higher education
facilities. The components of the analysis are the design
criteria affecting energy performance in buildings. The study
was conducted through two stages, the first is the
identification of the basic criteria, and the second is analysis
of the level of importance specific design criteria that
influence the energy performance of buildings. Design criteria
for the analysis of energy performance in buildings was
developed based on the design attributes that influence the
energy performance of buildings for thermal comfort and
lighting, combined with the standard criteria developed
MCDM 23 International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating
and Cooling Task 23.
Analysis and identification of the initial design criteria
were calculated using the Important Performance Analysis
(IPA). The results of the IPA analysis will present the attribute
on a grid that is divided into four quadrants (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Importance Performance Analysis grid
Quadrant I: Attributes are perceived to be very important to
respondents, but performance levels are fairly low. This
design criteria need improvement efforts should concentrate
here. Quadrant II: Attributes are perceived to be very
important to respondents, and at the same time, the design
criteria seem to have high levels of performance. The message
here is To Keep up the Good Work. Quadrant III: Attributes
are with low importance and low performance. Although
performance levels may be low in this cell, the design criteria
in this cell are not perceived to be very important. Quadrant
IV: This cell contains attributes of low importance, but
relatively high performance. Respondents are satisfied with
the performance, but the design criteria of this cell as being
over-utilised.
This study will be conducted in two categories of the
different regions, namely the campus north of the equator (in
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the position of North latitude) and south of the equator
(position in line south latitude). It is necessary to obtain a
building response data on regional climates, given the
Indonesian region covers an area located in north latitude to
south latitude.
The data was collected through two phases: 1) the building
environment to determine the higher education facilities using
purposive random sampling, and 2) determining the
respondent. Respondent is the overall picture of the
academicians in higher education environments in buildings
that have been determined, including faculty, students, and
management staff.
The weight percentage of the design criteria affecting the
energy performance of buildings will be analysed using MultiCriteria Decision Making (MCDM) [3]. To analyse the level
of interest among the criteria used MCDM 23 with Analytical
Hierarchy Process (AHP) model, using voter appraiser experts
in the field of architectural design professionals and
researcher’s architecture technology, building science,
building construction, building sustainable engineering and
construction engineering.
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
A. Identify the Design Criteria that Affect the Energy
Performance
The ability of the building to provide a response to the
thermal environment is closely linked to the performance of
its elements. The performance of this form shape design,
material, spatial arrangement and construction technology.
The perfect design of the building in response to the thermal
environment as a whole depends on the design of the elements
forming the thermal performance of buildings, including: the
design of the roof, ceiling, floor, and building envelopes.
Evaluative analysis of performance factors related to the
design of the building thermal comfort is comfort temperature
and lighting comfort. These factors become IPA attributes to
be assessed level of satisfaction with the service and level of
importance. Development of attributes is based on: First, the
factors specified in the seven variables in the LEED 2009 for
Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance Rating System
is: (1) Sustainable Sites, (2) Water efficiency, (3) Energy and
Atmosphere, (4) Materials and Resources, (5) Indoor
Environmental Quality, (6) Innovation in Operations, and (7)
Regional Priority. Second, the parameters of GREENSHIP for
Existing Building, are: (1) Appropriate Site Development, (2)
Energy efficiency and Conservation, (3) Water Conservation,
(4) Material Resource and Cycle, (5) Indoor Health and
Comfort, (6) Building Environmental Management. Third,
the parameters of Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Clearing House Indonesia (EECCHI) are: (1) Planning and
Landscape, (2) Structural Design and Building Shape, (3)
Lighting Design and Electricity, (4) HVAC Design, and (5)
Operation and Maintenance of Building.
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ISSN 2407-4330
TABLE I
DEVELOPMENT OF IPA ATTRIBUTES
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20a
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
IPA Attributes
The location that affect thermal and lighting comfort
Weather conditions at the building site
Orientation
Heat reduction around the building
pavement around the building not reflected
vegetation (softscape) is free from buildings (hardscape)
roofing material around the building not reflected
The building layout that affect thermal and lighting comfort
The room layout support the temperature comfort
The room layout support the lighting comfort
The room areas support the temperature comfort
The room areas support the lighting comfort
The building shape that affect thermal and lighting comfort
Roof shape
Roofing material to reduce heat
Construction of exterior wall
Material of exterior wall
Color of exterior wall
Construction of heat shielding
Construction of light shielding
Structural design and building shape that affect natural thermal
comfort
The wide of wall openings for ventilation
Construction of wall openings for ventilation
The wide of roof openings for ventilation
Construction of roof openings for ventilation
Structural design and building shape that affect natural light comfort
The wide of wall openings for fenetration
Construction of wall openings for fenetration
The wide of roof openings for fenetration
Construction of roof openings for fenetration
Interior element that affect thermal and lighting comfort
Interior wall construction
Interior wall material
Interior wall color
Floor construction
Floor material
Floor color
Plafond construction
Plafond material
Plafond color
Furniture form
Furniture material
Furniture color
Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.)
Air conditioning and artificial lighting system
Air conditioning system
Integrated air conditioning and natural ventilating
Electric lighting system not increased internal heat
Integrated electric and natural lighting
Determining the location of higher education environments
under consideration for: (1) Malang, The Faculty of Law
building at the UB campus as the campus environment
overview as a description of the physical development of the
campus with high-rise buildings typology of buildings on
many campuses in Indonesia. (2) Surabaya: the building at
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Planning ITS
overview as a description of the diversity of geographical
conditions coastal city, low-rise building typology with
elongated floor plan. (3) Banda Aceh: the Lecture Building,
Faculty of Economics Syiah Kuaala University overview as a
description of the area of North latitude, low-rise building
ICETIA 2014
typology with elongated floor plan. (4) Manado: the Lecture
Building at Faculty of Graduate Samratulangi University
overview as a description of the area of North latitude, highrise buildings typology [2].
IPA analysis results shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
Fig. 2. Attributes in Cartesian Diagram IPA for the South Latitude
Fig. 3. Attributes in Cartesian Diagram IPA for the North Latitude
Based on this analysis, there are several attributes that have
this level of perception is not very important, that the
attributes that have ranked third and fourth. Attributes with
numbers rank third with a lower priority are attributes that
have a perceived or actual performance levels are low, so it is
considered less important or less expected by the users of the
building thus these attributes do not need priority or attention.
Attributes with rank IV is an attribute that is considered too
much, not too important or not so expected. Attributes are
important and need attention attributes with rank I and II. The
rating attributes are as in Table 2.
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ISSN 2407-4330
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
TABLE 2
RECAPITULATION ATTRIBUTES WITH IMPORTANT CATEGORY
Rank
IPA Attributes
South
North
The location that affect thermal and
lighting comfort
Weather conditions at the building site
I
I
Building orientation
II
II
Heat reduction around the building
vegetation (softscape) is free from
I
I
buildings (hardscape)
roofing material around the building not
II
I
reflected
The building layout that affect thermal
and lighting comfort
The room layout support the temperature
II
II
comfort
The room layout support the lighting
I
II
comfort
The room areas support the temperature
II
II
comfort
The room areas support the lighting
II
I
comfort
The building shape that affect thermal
and lighting comfort
Roofing material to reduce heat
II
I
Construction of exterior wall
II
IV
Material of exterior wall
II
II
Construction of heat shielding
III
I
Construction of light shielding
I
III
Structural design and building shape that
affect natural thermal comfort
The wide of wall openings for ventilation
II
II
Construction of wall openings for
I
I
ventilation
The wide of roof openings for ventilation
I
III
Construction of roof openings for
I
III
ventilation
Structural design and building shape that
affect natural light comfort
The wide of wall openings for fenetration
III
I
Interior element that affect thermal and
lighting comfort
Interior wall material not increased
III
II
internal heat
Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.)
I
III
Air conditioning and artificial lighting
system
Air conditioning system
II
II
Integrated air conditioning and natural
II
II
ventilating
Electric lighting system not increased
II
II
internal heat
Integrated electric and natural lighting
II
II
B. The level of interest of the Design Criteria that Affect the
Energy Performance
The criteria used in the analysis of MCDM based attributes
assessment design criteria that affect the thermal performance
of buildings according to the IPA analysis results (Table 2).
Furthermore, the attributes of the research in the first phase
will be combined to be part of the criteria in the MCDM 23, as
main criteria or sub-criteria (Table 3).
ICETIA 2014
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TABLE 3
RECAPITULATION ATTRIBUTES WITH IMPORTANT CATEGORY
Main Criteria
Sub Criteria
Life Cycle cost
Construction cost
Annual operation cost
Annual maintenance cost
Resource use
Annual electricity
Annual fuel
Annual water
Construction materials
Land
Environmental Loading
CO2-emissions from construction
Annual CO2 emissions from operation
SO2-emissions from construction
Annual SO2 emissions from operation
NOx emission from construction
Annual NOx emissions from operation
Environmental Context
Weather conditions at the building site
Vegetation (softscape) is free from
buildings (hardscape
Building material around the building
not reflected
Architectural Design
Building orientation
Scale, proportion and volume of the
building
Roofing material to reduce heat
Construction of exterior wall
Construction of heat and light shielding
Wall openings for ventilation
Wall openings for fenetration
The room layout support the natural
Lighting Systems Design
lighting
The room areas support the natural
lighting
Integrated electric and natural lighting
Electric lighting system not increased
internal heat
Thermal Comfort Systems The room layout support the
Design
temperature comfort
The room areas support the lighting
comfort
Interior wall material not increased
internal heat
Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.)
Integrated air conditioning and natural
ventilating
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) use 3 voter appraiser
experts in the field of architectural design professionals and
researcher’s architecture technology and science building,
sustainable engineering and construction engineering. The
results on the Main Criteria using MCDM software 23 shown
in Table 4, and sub criteria shown in Table 5 until Table 10.
The result of MCDM 23 analysis showed that important
criteria factors that affect the design of the building's energy
performance organized into 7 main criteria and 33 sub-criteria.
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ISSN 2407-4330
TABLE 4
Lighting Systems
Design
Thermal Comfort
Systems Design
0,252
0,347
0,048
0.022
0,048
Expert 2
0,248
0,363
0,092
0,096
0,132
0,033
0,035
Expert 3
0.174
0,078
0,009
0,131
0,244
0,186
0,177
Average
0,199
0,184
0,118
0,191
0,141
0,080
0,087
TABLE 7
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTEXT
The level of priority interest is the main criteria:
1. Life cycle cost of a building
: 19.9%,
2. Environmental conditions
: 19.1%,
3. Resources use
: 18.4%,
4. Architectural design
: 14.1%,
5. Environmental loading
: 11.8%,
6. Thermal comfort systems design
: 8.7%,
7. Lighting systems design
: 8.0%.
Voter
Voter
Expert 1
Annual
electricity
Annual fuel
Annual
water
Construction
materials
Land
TABLE 5
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA RESOURCES USE
0,314
0,477
0,116
0,034
0,059
Expert 2
0,508
0,334
0,059
0,034
0,064
Expert 3
0.108
0,024
0,108
0,379
0,379
Average
0,310
0,278
0,094
0,149
0,167
the sub criteria of Resource
0,218
0,067
Expert 2
0,669
0,243
0,088
Expert 3
0.519
0,309
0,178
Average
0,634
0,255
0,111
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of
Environmental Context:
1. Weather conditions at the building site
: 63,4 %
2. Vegetation is free from buildings
: 25,5 %
3. Building material around the building
not reflected
: 11,1 %
TABLE 8
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN
0,118
0,078
0,029
Expert 3
0.350
0,120
0,208
0,062
0,130
0,130
Average
0,272
0,196
0,178
0,179
0,083
0,092
Wall openings for
fenetration
Annual NOx
emissions from
operation
0,041
0,023
Wall openings for
ventilation
NOx emission from
construction
0,425
0,111
Construction of heat and
light shielding
Annual SO2
emissions from
operation
0,215
0,320
Construction of exterior
wall
SO2-emissions from
construction
0,148
0,440
Roofing material to
reduce heat
Annual CO2
emissions from
operation
0,026
Expert 2
Scale, proportion and
volume of the building
CO2-emissions from
construction
Expert 1
ICETIA 2014
0,715
: 31,0 %
: 27,8 %
: 16,7 %
: 14,9 %
: 9,4 %
TABLE 6
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA ENVIRONMENTAL
LOADING
Voter
Expert 1
Building orientation
The level of priority interest is
Use:
1. Annual electricity
2. Annual fuel
3. Land
4. Construction materials
5. Annual water
Building material
around the building not
reflected (Heat Island
Effect)
Environmental
Context
0,110
Vegetation (softscape) is
free from buildings
(hardscape)
Architectural
Design
0,174
Voter
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of
Environmental Loading:
1. CO2-emissions from construction
: 27,2 %
2. Annual CO2 emissions from operation
: 19,6 %
3. Annual SO2 emissions from operation
: 17,9 %
4. SO2-emissions from construction
: 17,8 %
5. Annual NOx emissions from operation
: 9,2 %
6. NOx emission from construction
: 8,3 %
Weather conditions at
the building site
Environmental
Loading
Expert 1
Life Cycle cost
Resource use
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE MAIN CRITERIA
Expert 1
0,440
0,042
0,170
0,117
0,109
0,077
0,045
Expert 2
0,470
0,019
0,074
0,111
0,125
0,072
0,129
Expert 3
0.023
0,156
0,022
0,505
0,105
0,099
0,090
Average
0,311
0,072
0,089
0,244
0,113
0,083
0,088
Voter
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of
Architectural Design:
1. Building orientation
: 31,1 %
2. Construction of exterior wall
: 24,4 %
3. Construction of heat and light shielding
: 11,3 %
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ISSN 2407-4330
4.
5.
6.
7.
Roofing material to reduce heat
:
Wall openings for fenetration
:
Wall openings for ventilation
:
Scale, proportion and volume of the building :
8,9 %
8,8 %
8,3 %
7,2 %
The value of the weight of overall criteria and sub-criteria
summarized in Table 11. The weight of each sub-criterion to
overall criteria illustrated in Fig. 4
TABLE 11
RECAPITULATION WIGHT OF CRITERIA
The room areas
support the natural
lighting
Electric lighting
system not increased
internal heat
The room layout
support the natural
lighting
Integrated electric
and natural lighting
TABLE 9
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA LIGHTING SYSTEMS
DESIGN
Expert 1
0,599
0,054
0,238
0,109
Expert 2
0,705
0,070
0,130
0,096
Expert 3
0.237
0,071
0,634
0,058
Average
0,514
0,065
0,334
0,088
Voter
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of Lighting
System Design:
1. The room layout support the natural lighting : 51,4 %
2. Integrated electric and natural lighting
: 33,4 %
3. Electric lighting system not increased
internal heat
: 8,8 %
4. The room areas support the natural lighting : 6,5 %,
No
Main Criteria
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3
3.1
Life Cycle cost
Construction cost
Annual operation cost
Annual maintenance cost
Resource use
Annual electricity
Annual fuel
Annual water
Construction materials
Land
Environmental Loading
CO2-emissions from construction
Annual CO2 emissions from
operation
SO2-emissions from construction
Annual SO2 emissions from
operation
NOx emission from construction
Annual NOx emissions from
operation
Environmental Context
Weather conditions at the building
site
Vegetation (softscape) is free from
buildings (hardscape
Building material around the
building not reflected
Architectural Design
Building orientation
Scale, proportion and volume of
the building
Roofing material to reduce heat
Construction of exterior wall
Construction of heat and light
shielding
Wall openings for ventilation
Wall openings for fenetration
Lighting Systems Design
The room layout support the
natural lighting
The room areas support the natural
lighting
Integrated electric and natural
lighting
Electric lighting system not
increased internal heat
Thermal Comfort Systems Design
The room layout support the
temperature comfort
The room areas support the
lighting comfort
Interior wall material not increased
internal heat
Interior shielding (curtain, blind,
etc.)
Integrated air conditioning and
natural ventilating
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4
4.1
Integrated air
conditioning and natural
ventilating
Interior shielding
(curtain, blind, etc.)
Interior wall material not
increased internal heat
The room areas support
the lighting comfort
The room layout support
the temperature comfort
TABLE 10
ANALYSIS RESULTS ON THE SUB CRITERIA THERMAL COMFORT
SYSTEMS DESIGN
4.2
4.3
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Voter
Expert 1
0,320
0,143
0,114
0,117
0,276
Expert 2
0,477
0,050
0,136
0,251
0,085
5.6
5.7
6
Expert 3
0.508
0,034
0,234
0,053
0,172
6.1
Average
0,435
0,076
0,161
0,150
0,178
6.2
6.3
The level of priority interest is the sub criteria of Thermal
Comfort System Design:
1. The room layout support
the thermal comfort
: 43,5 %
2. Integrated air conditioning and
natural ventilating
: 17,8 %
3. Interior wall material not increased
internal heat
: 16,1 %
4. Interior shielding (curtain, blind, etc.)
: 15,0 %
5. The room areas support the lighting comfort : 7,6 %,
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6.4
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
-- Page 20 of 436 --
Main
Criteria
(%)
subcriteria
of the
Main
(%)
Sub
criteria
to
Overall
(%)
61,2
19,4
19,4
12.18
3.86
3.86
31,0
27,8
9,4
14,9
16,7
5.71
5.12
1.73
2.74
3.07
27,2
3.21
19,6
2.31
17,8
2.1
17,9
2.11
8,3
0.98
9,2
1.09
63,4
12.11
25,5
4.87
11,1
2.12
31,1
4.39
7,2
1.02
8,9
24,4
1.26
3.44
11,3
1.59
8,3
8,8
1.17
1.24
51,4
4.11
6,5
0.52
33,4
2.67
8,8
0.71
43,5
3.79
7,6
0.66
16,1
1.4
15,0
1.31
17,8
3.79
19,9
18,4
11,8
19,1
14,1
8,0
8,7
19,9
ISSN 2407-4330
Fig. 4. The Weight of Each Sub-Criteria to Overall
Criteria for the life cycle cost of the building is considered
as the first criteria the most influence on the energy
performance of buildings. This criterion is a calculation of the
cost of buildings ranging from the construction process to
estimate the end-of-life buildings. The cost of the entire
building life cycle costs should consider priority level subcriteria cost of construction (61.2%), operating costs (19.4%),
and maintenance costs of a building (19.4%).
The second important criteria is the environmental
context associated with the environment that will affect the
thermal performance and energy use in a building. Priority
interests include the environmental context criteria: 63.4%
environmental climate, open land and vegetation around
buildings 25.5%, and the material in the surrounding
environment affecting the ambient temperature and lighting
11.1%. Calculation of energy consumption by means of
calculating the value of Building Energy Consumption
Intensity (IKE) in accordance with SNI 03-6196-2000 on
Energy Audit. IKE for energy efficiency in buildings for
education 165-295 kWh / m2 / year [1].
The third important criteria is natural resources use. This
criteria to assess and evaluate how far the building uses
natural resources. Priority level of importance include: the use
of electricity (31.0%), the use of fuel oil (27.8%), the potential
use of land and the natural environment (16.7%), use of
natural materials for construction (14.9%), to the use of water
(9.4%). The building became part of a large environmental
loading, based on data that buildings produce 50% of total
energy expenditure in Indonesia and more than 70% of overall
electricity consumption. The building is also responsible for
30% of greenhouse gas emissions, and use 30% of raw
materials are produced.
The fourth important criterion is the architectural design.
Sub criteria significantly affect the efficiency of energy
consumption is the construction of the exterior walls. These
criteria can be determined based on the Overall Thermal
Transfer Value Calculated Value = OTTV accordance with
ICETIA 2014
SNI 03-6389-2000 on Building Shape. OTTV concept
includes three basic elements of heat transfer through the
building envelope ie: heat conduction through opaque walls,
solar radiation through the glass, and the heat conduction
through the glass. OTTV standard for green building shape is
45 Watt / m2 [4].
Thermal condition of the building is the main factor that
will affect the energy performance of buildings with particular
regard to the lighting system and the comfort of air
conditioning [Evans]. Priority interests include sub-criteria: of
the building orientation 31.1%, facade construction that can
heat reducing 24.4%, heat and light shielding element 11.3%,
roofing material that reduces heat 8.9%, construction 8
openings for light penetration 8,8%, construction wall
openings for ventilation 8.3%, and the scale and volume of
7.2% of the building.
The fifth important criteria that affect the energy
performance of buildings is the environmental load criteria.
This criterion is concerned about how the building causing
damage to the environment, in particular emissions of CO2,
SO2, and NOx. Priority level of interest the results of the
analysis are: CO2 emissions for construction 27.2%, CO2
emissions during the operational 19.6%, SO2 emissions
during the operational 17.9%, SO2 emissions for construction
17.8%, NOx emissions during the operational 9.2%, and NOx
emissions for construction 8.3%.
An important criterion is the sixth and seventh thermal
comfort system design and lighting systems. Design of
thermal comfort system with priority level: the design layout
of the room for the convenience of natural ventilation 43.5%,
Integrated air conditioning and natural ventilating 17.8%,
Interior wall material not increased internal tempeature 16.1%,
the addition of interior elements of heat or light shielding
15.0%, and the calculation of the support area of the room
temperature 7.6%. Natural ventilation systems in accordance
with SNI 03-6572-2001 on procedures design ventilation and
air conditioning systems in buildings. Air conditioning system
by taking into account the COP of air conditioning equipment
that is used, in accordance with SNI 03-6390-2000 on Energy
Conservation in Air conditioning Systems in Buildings. COP
(Coefficient Of Performance) is the number of comparisons
between the flow rate of heat removed from the airconditioning system with a flow rate of energy that must be
entered into the system on the whole system.
The lighting system is an important criteria affecting
energy use in buildings, as it relates to the main supporting
activity for visual comfort. These criteria can be achieved
through: the design room layout support the natural lighting
(51.4%), Integrated electric and natural lighting (33.4%),
Electric lighting system not increased internal temperature
(8.8%), and calculation of the room areas support the natural
lighting (6.5%). In SNI 03-2396-2001 on Procedures Natural
Lighting System Design stated that at least 30% of floor area
used for the work to get natural light intensity of 300 lux
minimum. Design lighting system assessed by determining the
level of illumination and electrical requirements for artificial
lighting, regarding to SNI 03-6197-2011 on Energy
-- Page 21 of 436 --
ISSN 2407-4330
Conservation in Buildings Lighting System. Some of the
lighting standards in the education building facilities are: 350
lux for administration room and need power 15 Watt / m2,
while the labs and studios require 750 lux. For artificial
lighting is required to use lights with more efficient lighting
power by 15% than the lighting power listed according to SNI
03-6197-2011 and should use 100% electronic ballast.
[12]SNI 03-6390-2011 atau SNI edisi terbaru tentang Konservasi Energi pada
Sistem Tata Udara bangunan Gedung.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Design criteria affecting energy performance of buildings
in higher education facilities are developed based on the
Important Performance Analysis (IPA) and design criteria by
the International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and
Cooling Task 23. The design criteria consisting of seven main
criteria and 33 sub-criteria. Priority level of importance to the
design criteria with MCDM analysis: 1) Life cycle cost
19.9%, 2) Environmental contexts 19.1%, 3) Resources use
18.4%, 4) Architectural design 14.1%, 5) Environmental
loading 11.8%, 6) Thermal comfort systems design 8.7%, and
7) Lighting Systems Design 8.0%. The value of the weight
percentage of the main criteria also include details of the value
of the weight percentage of the sub-criteria. The value of the
weight percentage will be used to calculate the level of energy
performance in buildings.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author would like to thank Direktorat Penelitian dan
Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat - Indonesian Ministry of
Higher Education for financially supporting this research
through the research grant, on The Scheme of Penelitian
Hibah Bersaing - Desentralisation Research, State University
of Malang.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Gunawan, & Tim, “Buku Pedoman Energi Efisiensi untuk Desain
Bangunan Gedung di Indonesia,” Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Clearing House Indonesia, Direktorat Jenderal Energi Baru, Terbarukan,
dan Konservasi Energi, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral
Indonesia, Danish Energy Management A/S. Jakarta, 2012.
[2] D. Ariestadi, et al, “Perangkat Analisis Kinerja Energi Bangunan pada
Bangunan Fasilitas Pendidikan Tinggi sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan
Konstruksi Berkelanjutan.” Hibah Bersaing Research Repport Phase I,
LPPM UM, unpublished
[3] J. D. Balcomb, MCDM-23 Users Manual.
Sub-Task C of the
International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Task 23,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Center for Buildings and
Thermal Systems. Golden, CO 80401 USA, 2001.
[4] J.S. Juwana, “Panduan Sistem Bangunan Tinggi untuk Arsitek dan
Praktisi Bangunan,”, Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta, 2005.
[5] Agenda 21 on Sustainable Construction, CIB & UNEP-IETC, United
Nation Environment Program / UNEP, 2002.
[6] LEED 2009 for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance Rating
System, The U.S. Green Building Council, Inc. (USGBC), 2009.
[7] SNI 03-6196-2000 tentng Prosedur Audit Energi Pada Bangunan Gedung.
[8] SNI 03-6389-2000 tentang Selubung Bangunan.
[9] SNI 03-2396-2001 tentang Tata Cara Perancangan Sistem Pencahayaan
Alami
[10]SNI 03-6572-2001 tentang Tata Cara Perancangan Sistem Ventilasi dan
Pengkondisian Udara pada Bangunan Gedung.
[11]SNI 03-619ಣ2011 tentang Konservasi Energi pada Sistem Pencahayaan.
ICETIA 2014
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