Performance analysis of existing in the market the so called "energy saving device".
“ I hereby declare that I have read through this report entitle Performance Analysis of Existing in the market so called “Energy Saving Device” and found that it has comply the partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)”
Signature : ... Supervisor’s Name : ...
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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING IN THE MARKET SO CALLED
“ENERGY SAVING DEVICE”
NUR HAZIQ HILMI BIN ADZHAR
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Power Industry)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
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I declare that this report entitle Performance Analysis of Existing in the market so called “Energy Saving Device” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature : ...
Name : ...
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i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank to my final year project’s supervisor, Encik Khairul Anwar bin Ibrahim, lecturer of Faculty of Electrical Engineering of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, whose invaluable guidance, advice, assistance from initial to the final level enabled me to develop understanding of this project. He inspired me greatly to work in this project. His willingness to motivate me contributed tremendously to my project. I appreciate the knowledge and advices that has gained from my supervisor. He has given me valuable cooperation, assistance, support and suggestion during this completion of project.
Moreover, I would like to thank to my family who have giving me the supports and motivation to carry on from beginning until the completion of this project submission.
Finally, I would like to thank to my course mate for their cooperation, comprehensive and explanation as well as is providing some useful information in my final year project.
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ii ABSTRACT
Nowadays, lots of energy saving device (ESD) has been offered to the customer. The product is easily install and run, but consumer does not know how the device functioning and it will significantly minimized electricity costs. The background of study is the ESD will improve power factor, increase the power quality by stabilizing the voltage, and reduce the impact of electrical surges. The problem statements of this study are consumer does not know how the ESD operates, how it can reduce electricity, and how exaclty its functioning. Meanwhile, the objectives of this study are to study the components and the operations of the ESD, to investigate the effectiveness of ESD when operate on different power usages and to investigate either there are reduction in the cost of electricity after the installation of the ESD. The methodology for this study is firstly identifying the quantity of electrical appliances in a house and the values of voltage, current, real power, apparent power, reactive power and power factor are taken by using multimeter and wattmeter. Then the chosen energy saving device have been install to the house and all the data are recorded. The data is analysis by calculating the reduction of power consumption after installation of ESD and the simulation is made. The results in this study the percentage of reduction of electricity costs of the house is 3.23 or RM5.27 per month. As a conclusion, the taken data have proved that by installed the ESD, the power factor is increased but the energy consumption not reduces much as expected.
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iii ABSTRAK
Pada masa kini, banyak peranti penjimatan tenaga (ESD) telah ditawarkan kepada pelanggan. Produk ini mesra pengguna dan mudah di gunakan, tetapi pengguna tidak tahu bagaimana produk ini berfungsi dan sejauh mana ia akan mengurangkan kos pengunaan elektrik. Latar belakang kajian secara dasarnya ialah ESD akan meningkatkan faktor kuasa, meningkatkan kualiti kuasa dengan menstabilkan voltan, dan mengurangkan kesan lonjakan elektrik. Penyata masalah kajian ini ialah pengguna tidak tahu bagaimana ESD beroperasi, bagaimana ia boleh mengurangkan elektrik dan bagaimana sebenarnya ia berfungsi. Sementara itu, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji komponen dan operasi ESD, untuk menyiasat keberkesanan ESD apabila beroperasi pada kuasa yang berbeza dan untuk menyiasat sama ada terdapat pengurangan dalam kos elektrik selepas pemasangan ESD. Kaedah dalam kajian ini adalah mengenalpasti kuantiti peralatan elektrik di rumah dan nilai-nilai voltan, arus, kuasa sebenar, kuasa ketara, kuasa reaktif dan faktor kuasa akan di rekod menggunakan fluke mutlimeter dan wattmeter. Seterusnya, peranti penjimatan tenaga yang telah dipilih dan dipasang dalam rumah, dan semua data direkodkan. Analisis data dijalankan dengan mengira pengurangan penggunaan kuasa selepas pemasangan ESD dan simulasi dijalankan. Keputusan dalam kajian ini menunjukkan peratusan pengurangan kos elektrik dalam rumah tersebut adalah 3.23% bersamaan dengan RM5.27 sebulan. Kesimpulannya, data yang diambil telah membuktikan bahawa dengan memasang ESD, faktor kuasa telah meningkat tetapi penggunaan tenaga tidak banyak berkurangan seperti yang dijangkakan.
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iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
LIST OF APPENDICES x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Scope 2
1.5 Report Outlines 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Components and Operations of the Energy Saving
Device (ESD) 6
2.2 Effectiveness of Energy Saving Device (ESD) 6
2.2.1 Power Factor 6
2.2.2 Power Factor Correction 7
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v 2.3 Electricity Costs is Reducing or Not after the
Installation of Energy Saving Device (ESD) 10 2.3.1 Effect of Power Factor Correction 10 2.3.2 Calculating Energy Usage for Electrical
Appliance 10
3 METHODOLOGY 12
3.1 Study the Component and Operation of Energy
Saving Device (ESD) 12
3.1.1 Investigation the Components of Energy
Saving Device (ESD) 12
3.1.2 Operation of ESD 13
3.2 Effectiveness of Energy Saving Device (ESD) 14 3.2.1 Identify the Amount of Electrical Appliances 14 3.2.2 Apparatus for Data Collection 15
3.2.3 Data Collection 16
3.3 Investigate either the Electricity Costs is Reducing
or Not after the Installation of ESD 19
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21 4.1 Component and Operation of Energy Saving Device 21 4.1.1 Components of ESD Revealed 21
4.1.2 Operations in ESD 23
4.2 Result Effectiveness of Energy Saving Device (ESD) 26 4.2.1 Quantity of Electrical Appliances and
its Power 26
4.2.2 Data before Installation of ESD 27 4.2.3 Data after Installation of ESD 27
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vi 4.2.4 Comparison of Data before and after
Installation of ESD 28
4.3 Calculation of Electricity Costs before and after the
Installation of ESD 35
4.3.1 Estimating Annual Cost to Run an Appliance 35
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 38
5.1 Conclusion 38
5.2 Recommendation 39
REFERENCES 40
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vii LIST OF TABLES
TABLES TITLE PAGE
2.1 Waveform of Voltage and Current for Purely Inductive and
Purely Capacitive 8
3.1 The Steps to Take the Data of Appliances 17
3.2 TNB’s Tariffs Rates for Domestic Consumer 20
4.1 The Description of Capacitor Used in ESD 23
4.2 The Calculations of Resistance, Reactance and Inductance for
Each Electrical Appliance 24
4.3 Table for Quantity of Electrical Appliances and its Power 27
4.4 Table of Data before Installation of ESD 27
4.5 Table of Data after Installation of ESD 28
4.6 Power Consumption for Appliances before Installation of ESD
(per month) 35
4.7 Power Consumption for Appliances after Installation of ESD
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viii LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES TITLE PAGE
1.1 Report Outline 4
2.1 Power Factor Correction Concept 9
3.1 The Literature Survey of the Lifting Techniques in Manual Lifting 13 3.2 The Installation of ESD to Direct Wall Socket (13A) 14
3.3 Watt Meter WF-D02A (Taiwan) 15
3.4 The Fluke Meter (United State) 15
3.5 The Steps to Collect Data 19
4.1 Capacitor in MS188 22
4.2 Capacitor in Other Model of ESD 22
4.3 The Circuit before Adding the Capacitor 25
4.4 The Circuit after Adding the Capacitor 26
4.5 Chart of Voltage versus Different Electrical Appliances 29 4.6 Chart of Current versus Different Electrical Appliances 30 4.7 Chart of Real Power versus Different Electrical Appliances 31 4.8 Chart of Apparent Power versus Different Electrical Appliances 32 4.9 Chart of Reactive Power versus Different Electrical Appliances 33 4.10 Chart of Power Factor versus Different Electrical Appliances 34
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ix LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
ESD - Energy Saving Device
PF - Power Factor
P - Real Power
S - Apparent Power
AC - Alternating Current
V - Volts
A - Amperes
Q - Reactive Power
Kvar - Kilo volt-ampere Reactive DMM - Digital Multimeter
kWH - Kilo Watt per Hour
R - Resistance
I - Current
L - Inductor
XL - Inductive reactance
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x LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Table for Quantity of Electrical Appliances and its Power 43 B Table of Data before Installation of ESD 43 C Table of Data after Installation of ESD 43
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1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of study, problem statements and objectives. In addition, the scope and the report outline are also provided in this chapter.
1.1 Background of Study
The usage of electricity becomes higher because of the increase electrical equipment like air conditioner, personal computer and more. Consumers do not aware how the electricity has been wasted by them. But they noticed on increasing of electrical consumption that needs to pay every month [21]. So if any possibly save money on their electrical consumption, absolutely they will interest.
Nowadays, lots of energy saving device (ESD) has been offered to the consumer. The product is so easily install and run, but consumer does not know how the device function and it will significantly minimized costs [22].
ESD basically improve power factor by doing power factor correction. The device have been designed and applied for small signal low power loads [22]. The devices that will increase power quality by stabilizing the voltage, improve power factor, and reduce the impact of electrical surges. This project will represent how the ESD is functioning. The characteristic and performance of the device on different load also will be studies.
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2 1.2 Problem Statement
Based on observation, consumers have been introduced with ‘energy saving device’. However, the effectiveness of energy saving device (ESD) comes with several problems to the consumer. The problem summarized as follow:
1. Consumer does not know how the ESD operates and how it can reduce electricity.
2. Consumer do not exposed with the safety precaution while using the ESD. 3. Consumer argue about the amount of electricity consumption save after install
the ESD.
4. Either true or not that the ESD can stand on different type of loads.
1.3 Objectives
Specifically this study embarks the following objectives:
1. To study the components and the operations of the ESD.
2. To investigate the effectiveness of ESD when operate on different power usages.
3. To investigate either there are reduction in the cost of electricity after the installation of the ESD.
1.4 Scope
This study focused on the how effectiveness of energy saving device (ESD) and how it affected the power consumption of electric system. In order to achieve it, the scope is investigating characteristic of ESD that has been used. The chosen ESD in the Malaysia’s markets has been bought and used in this study.
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3 Afterwards, ESD was installed in a house with single phase house power supply. The installation was done in a house in Melaka. Then, the data were collected through power consumption of daily electrical appliances usage. The value of voltages, currents, real powers and power factors of electrical appliances in the house has recorded by the digital wattmeter and fluke digital multimeter. The data were collected in a week for before and after the installation of the ESD. This study only limited to the effectiveness of the ESD.
1.5 Report Outlines
Chapter one provides background of study, problem statements, objectives, scope, and report outlines. In chapter two, the literature reviews of the components and operations for energy saving device (ESD), the effectiveness of ESD, power factor correction and power consumption of electrical appliances are presented. The literature reviews is provided to support the methodology and discussion. The literature reviews have been found by using the journals and direct survey to the industry. Chapter three is all about methodology. It provides the method to study the components and the operations of the ESD, to investigate the effectiveness of ESD when operate on different power usages and how to investigate either there are reduction in the cost of electricity after the installation of the ESD. Chapter four presents the results obtain from the data collection and calculation of power factor and how it can be improved. Chapter five provides the conclusion and recommendation about the power consumption. Figure 1.1 shows the report outline of the study.
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4 Figure 1.1: Report Outline
Chapter 1
• Background of Study • Problem Statement • Objectives
• Scope
• Report Outline
Chapter 2
• Literature review
- Components and operations of the energy saving device (ESD)
- Effectiveness of energy saving device (ESD)
- Electricity costs is reducing or not after the installation of Energy Saving Device (ESD)
Chapter 3
• Methodology
- Study the component and operation of energy saving device - Effectiveness of energy saving device (ESD)
- Investigate either the electricity costs is reducing or not after the installation of ESD
Chapter 4
• Results and Discussion
Chapter 5
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5 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter provides the literature review of the components and the operations of the ESD and the effectiveness of ESD when operate on different power usages. In addition, the review of electricity costs after the installation of the ESD also has been provided.
2.1 Components and Operations of the Energy Saving Device (ESD)
Nowadays, there are so many design of energy saving device in the market. With all those types of ESD, there are several circuits, components and operations used to make the ESD function. The details of the components and how it operated are describes in the following sections.
Most of ESD in the market used capacitors as main component, basically capacitor consist of two plate of electrical conductor separated by insulator. The operation of capacitor is when potential difference across the conductor, a static electric field builds across the dielectrics [2]. The purpose of capacitor in ESD is to counteract inductive loading from device like air conditioner and motor. Magnetizing current (kVAR) are required as well as actual power (kW) in many electrical load system, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) are supply apparent power (kVA), from right triangle rule apparent power is sum of real power and reactive power, to reduce the apparent power required for any electrical load, the line that represents the kVAR must be shorten. This is definitely what capacitor do.
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6 2.2 Effectiveness of Energy Saving Device (ESD)
The effectiveness of the ESD is related to how this device can improve power factor and stabilize the input power on different load usage. The relationship of power factor and how it can be corrected and the assessment method for power factor correction will describes in the following sections.
2.2.1 Power Factor
In an electric power system, a load with low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor, for the same amount of useful power transferred. Linear loads with low power factor can be corrected with a passive network of capacitors or inductors. Power factor (P F) is the ratio between real power (P) and apparent power (S)[12]. Power factor is a power in an alternating current (AC) electrical circuit of the electrical appliances. By measure the power factor, the efficiency of electrical power can be known [7].
(2.1) Therefore,
(2.2)
and (2.3)
where, V is voltage (volts), I is current (amperes) and is angle between apparent power and real power. The real power (P) with the unit in kilowatts (kW) is electrical energy that consumed and not stored in a magnetic field. Meanwhile, the apparent power (S) with the unit is kilowatt amperes (kVA) which is the total of reactive power and real power [12].
There are disadvantages when a house or company have low power factor. The low power factor may make the current have same value of active power, then the power usage increases. The higher current causes power loss and reduced the life of the insulation [5]. Other than that, low power factor can reduce the effective capacity of the electrical supply
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7 and make the electricity costs consumption becomes expensive [7]. Besides the disadvantages, there are advantages of power factor when it became higher, the advantages described in the following section.
By improving the power factor, the user can get advantages of it. The advantages of higher power factor are improving voltage level, reduced line losses; reduce electrical system capacity [5]. In addition, the effective capacity will increase due to higher power factor [7]
The power factor can be corrected or improved by adding the capacitive or inductive loads. In other words, power factor can be corrected by adding the capacitor and inductor [10], it is called as power factor correction and have been describes in the following section.
2.2.2 Power Factor Correction
Low power factor basically is influenced by reactive load [18]. Load is containing the elements of inductive or capacitive in the circuit such as motors and lighting. Low power factor also cause by harmonic currents, this type of current is present in the load system and reflected back into system, but not in voltage. This harmonic current does not affect anything to the power supply system but it will lower the power factor [17]. Only load that purely resistive will not introduce harmonic currents such as heater and incandescent lamps.
By reducing the effects of reactive power, the power factor wills closer to unity and it is the aim of power factor correction on this study. Reactive power is divided to two types which are inductive and capacitive. The function of inductive load is to store energy in a magnetic field meanwhile the function of capacitive load is to store energy in magnetic charge [12]. Waveforms of voltage and current for purely inductive and purely capacitive are presented in Table 2.1.
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8 Table 2.1: Waveform of Voltage and Current for Purely Inductive and Purely Capacitive
Purely Inductive Purely Capacitive
Current lag Voltage by 90° or Voltage lead current by 90°
Voltage lag Current by 90° or Current lead voltage by 90°
Phasor diagram Phasor diagram
Power factor correction is expect to have a value of apparent power (S), closes to the real power (P) so that the excessive current drawn from the supply can be reduced. This can be done by placing reactance of opposite type in parallel to the load so that the positive reactive power (Q)can be cancelled by the negative reactive power (Q) and vice versa [3]. The reactive power (Q) is energy in the system that is stored in the magnetic fields and its unit kilo volt-ampere reactive (kVAR). Reactive power also has been known as imaginary power or phantom power [12]. Figure 2.1 shows the concept of power factor correction in the electric power system.
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9 Figure 2.1: Power Factor Correction Concept
If the power factor can be reduced, then it is proved the effectiveness of ESD and it gives benefits when the consumers installed the ESD in their houses. The assessment method for the power factor has been described in the following sections.
Power factor is related to the current (amperes) and voltage (volts) of the power system. A circuit can operate in 100% efficiency, which means the power factor is exactly 1.0. When the power factor drops below 1.0, the utility must generate more than its minimum power supply to the circuit. If the power factor drops, it is needed to correct or improve, so it can reduce the consumption and create efficiency system [6]. In order to make the power factor correction, the power factor must be measured.
2.2.3 Assessment Method for Power Factor
In order to assess the power factor and the electrical measurement, the digital multimeter (DMM) is used [14]. DMM is an electronic tape measure used for making electrical measurements. DMM is an electronic technician’s most widely used piece of test equipment. The digital multimeter can be used for measuring voltages, currents, ohms, resistance and continuity. It combines the functions of a voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter, so that it called as multimeter [9]. Digital multimeter is more practical than analogue meters have used a digital multimeter (Fluke 289 True RMS Multimeter) in their study to measure the power consumption through the supply current usage [13]. DMMs
(23)
10 give in a direct formal data and free from parallax error of analogue meters. DMMs also show positive and negative values and have much better overload protection [11].
Other than digital multimeter, the power logger also can used to assess the power factor and electrical measurement. Dunham et al. (2005) have used power logger to measure the electrical measurement like voltages and currents. The power logger takes time to do a load study [8]. But by using the power logger, the user can understand the power consumption in the house. Furthermore, the user can pinpoint the areas in the electrical systems that are making the power factor increase.
2.3 Electricity Costs is Reducing or Not after the Installation of Energy Saving Device (ESD)
The ESD can be said as effective when it can reduce of power consumption after the installation. When the power consumption reduces, definitely the electricity costs reduce; hence give the satisfaction to the user. The focused of using ESD is the reducing of power factor, power consumptions, hence, the reducing of electricity costs.
2.3.1 Effect of Power Factor Correction
The circuit will classify 100% efficient when the demand (kVA) and power (kW) are exactly same, but this situation is difficult to get, in other word is rarely case. Basically, the demand (kVA) is higher than time power (kW) and the ratio of power and demand also called power factor [1]. The facts from the utility companies are they give out the bills in watts but actually the company provide the consumers with volt-amperes. The house must be generated with more than the minimum volt-amperes if the power factor drops below to 1.0. This situation can cause the increase of bills consumption. The following section is explained how to calculate the energy usage for electrical appliance in the house.
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11 2.3.2 Calculating Energy Usage for Electrical Appliance
The monitoring of appliances operation and making adjustments can effect to the energy efficiency. The energy consumption also can be controlled by doing the monitoring and adjusting of equipment [19]. When the energy efficient increase, the environment safe from negative impacts. In order to increase energy efficiency at home, monitoring and making adjustment must be done. According to A DDC Project Publication journal, there are four steps to audit the energy usage for electrical appliances. The step is described as follows:
1. The power rating of appliances are recorded, analyzed and estimated the operation time for the appliances at least a month.
2. The appliances that consumed much power were identified. Find out the appliances that normally on standby mode and group it into required mode or in excess mode. 3. The schedule for the electrical appliances is created based on categorization.
Planning to reduce the energy consumption by times.
4. The comparisons of data before and after were made. The new energy consumption after the improvement is recorded.
(1)
6 2.2 Effectiveness of Energy Saving Device (ESD)
The effectiveness of the ESD is related to how this device can improve power factor and stabilize the input power on different load usage. The relationship of power factor and how it can be corrected and the assessment method for power factor correction will describes in the following sections.
2.2.1 Power Factor
In an electric power system, a load with low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor, for the same amount of useful power transferred. Linear loads with low power factor can be corrected with a passive network of capacitors or inductors. Power factor (P F) is the ratio between real power (P) and apparent power (S)[12]. Power factor is a power in an alternating current (AC) electrical circuit of the electrical appliances. By measure the power factor, the efficiency of electrical power can be known [7].
(2.1) Therefore,
(2.2)
and (2.3)
where, V is voltage (volts), I is current (amperes) and is angle between apparent power and real power. The real power (P) with the unit in kilowatts (kW) is electrical energy that consumed and not stored in a magnetic field. Meanwhile, the apparent power (S) with the unit is kilowatt amperes (kVA) which is the total of reactive power and real power [12].
There are disadvantages when a house or company have low power factor. The low power factor may make the current have same value of active power, then the power usage increases. The higher current causes power loss and reduced the life of the insulation [5]. Other than that, low power factor can reduce the effective capacity of the electrical supply
(2)
7 and make the electricity costs consumption becomes expensive [7]. Besides the disadvantages, there are advantages of power factor when it became higher, the advantages described in the following section.
By improving the power factor, the user can get advantages of it. The advantages of higher power factor are improving voltage level, reduced line losses; reduce electrical system capacity [5]. In addition, the effective capacity will increase due to higher power factor [7]
The power factor can be corrected or improved by adding the capacitive or inductive loads. In other words, power factor can be corrected by adding the capacitor and inductor [10], it is called as power factor correction and have been describes in the following section.
2.2.2 Power Factor Correction
Low power factor basically is influenced by reactive load [18]. Load is containing the elements of inductive or capacitive in the circuit such as motors and lighting. Low power factor also cause by harmonic currents, this type of current is present in the load system and reflected back into system, but not in voltage. This harmonic current does not affect anything to the power supply system but it will lower the power factor [17]. Only load that purely resistive will not introduce harmonic currents such as heater and incandescent lamps.
By reducing the effects of reactive power, the power factor wills closer to unity and it is the aim of power factor correction on this study. Reactive power is divided to two types which are inductive and capacitive. The function of inductive load is to store energy in a magnetic field meanwhile the function of capacitive load is to store energy in magnetic charge [12]. Waveforms of voltage and current for purely inductive and purely capacitive are presented in Table 2.1.
(3)
8 Table 2.1: Waveform of Voltage and Current for Purely Inductive and Purely Capacitive
Purely Inductive Purely Capacitive
Current lag Voltage by 90° or Voltage lead current by 90°
Voltage lag Current by 90° or Current lead voltage by 90°
Phasor diagram Phasor diagram
Power factor correction is expect to have a value of apparent power (S), closes to the real power (P) so that the excessive current drawn from the supply can be reduced. This can be done by placing reactance of opposite type in parallel to the load so that the positive reactive power (Q)can be cancelled by the negative reactive power (Q) and vice versa [3]. The reactive power (Q) is energy in the system that is stored in the magnetic fields and its unit kilo volt-ampere reactive (kVAR). Reactive power also has been known as imaginary power or phantom power [12]. Figure 2.1 shows the concept of power factor correction in the electric power system.
(4)
9 Figure 2.1: Power Factor Correction Concept
If the power factor can be reduced, then it is proved the effectiveness of ESD and it gives benefits when the consumers installed the ESD in their houses. The assessment method for the power factor has been described in the following sections.
Power factor is related to the current (amperes) and voltage (volts) of the power system. A circuit can operate in 100% efficiency, which means the power factor is exactly 1.0. When the power factor drops below 1.0, the utility must generate more than its minimum power supply to the circuit. If the power factor drops, it is needed to correct or improve, so it can reduce the consumption and create efficiency system [6]. In order to make the power factor correction, the power factor must be measured.
2.2.3 Assessment Method for Power Factor
In order to assess the power factor and the electrical measurement, the digital multimeter (DMM) is used [14]. DMM is an electronic tape measure used for making electrical measurements. DMM is an electronic technician’s most widely used piece of test equipment. The digital multimeter can be used for measuring voltages, currents, ohms, resistance and continuity. It combines the functions of a voltmeter, ammeter and ohmmeter, so that it called as multimeter [9]. Digital multimeter is more practical than analogue meters have used a digital multimeter (Fluke 289 True RMS Multimeter) in their study to measure the power consumption through the supply current usage [13]. DMMs
(5)
10 give in a direct formal data and free from parallax error of analogue meters. DMMs also show positive and negative values and have much better overload protection [11].
Other than digital multimeter, the power logger also can used to assess the power factor and electrical measurement. Dunham et al. (2005) have used power logger to measure the electrical measurement like voltages and currents. The power logger takes time to do a load study [8]. But by using the power logger, the user can understand the power consumption in the house. Furthermore, the user can pinpoint the areas in the electrical systems that are making the power factor increase.
2.3 Electricity Costs is Reducing or Not after the Installation of Energy Saving Device (ESD)
The ESD can be said as effective when it can reduce of power consumption after the installation. When the power consumption reduces, definitely the electricity costs reduce; hence give the satisfaction to the user. The focused of using ESD is the reducing of power factor, power consumptions, hence, the reducing of electricity costs.
2.3.1 Effect of Power Factor Correction
The circuit will classify 100% efficient when the demand (kVA) and power (kW) are exactly same, but this situation is difficult to get, in other word is rarely case. Basically, the demand (kVA) is higher than time power (kW) and the ratio of power and demand also called power factor [1]. The facts from the utility companies are they give out the bills in watts but actually the company provide the consumers with volt-amperes. The house must be generated with more than the minimum volt-amperes if the power factor drops below to 1.0. This situation can cause the increase of bills consumption. The following section is explained how to calculate the energy usage for electrical appliance in the house.
(6)
11 2.3.2 Calculating Energy Usage for Electrical Appliance
The monitoring of appliances operation and making adjustments can effect to the energy efficiency. The energy consumption also can be controlled by doing the monitoring and adjusting of equipment [19]. When the energy efficient increase, the environment safe from negative impacts. In order to increase energy efficiency at home, monitoring and making adjustment must be done. According to A DDC Project Publication journal, there are four steps to audit the energy usage for electrical appliances. The step is described as follows:
1. The power rating of appliances are recorded, analyzed and estimated the operation time for the appliances at least a month.
2. The appliances that consumed much power were identified. Find out the appliances that normally on standby mode and group it into required mode or in excess mode. 3. The schedule for the electrical appliances is created based on categorization.
Planning to reduce the energy consumption by times.
4. The comparisons of data before and after were made. The new energy consumption after the improvement is recorded.