39
Azo dyes Maroon Malik and Sanyal,
2004 [79] Cylindrical
reactor Cap = 20 ml
125 W MP Hg _
_ 30ºC
The decolorization involved direct photolysis and H
2
O
2
catalyzed oxidation. Complete decolorization was end at 12 min of reaction time.
Reactive Azo dye Reactive Orange dye
Muruganandhan and Swaminathan,
2004 [70] Multilamp
reactor Cap = 50 ml
8 MP Hg 8W = γ65 nm
_ 3.0
_ The degradation was dependent on pH. The best pH
was 3. Na
2
CO
3
and NaOH strongly inhibited the photooxidation.
Methyl-ter-butyl ether MTBE
Salari et al., 2005 [75] Batch
photoreactor Cap = 500 ml
30 W mercury lamp UV-C
_ _
_ HO
• has major role in the degradation.
4-nitrophenol 4-NP
Daneshvar et al., 2006 [80]
Batch reactor Cap = 0.5 L
15 W LP Hg = β54 nm
_ _
_ The light intensity, concentration of H
2
O
2
, and concentration of 4-NP are the factors affecting the
removal efficiency.
Formline
Kajitvichyanukul et al., 2006 [81]
Batch reactor Cap = 1.1 L
10 W germicidal lamp
= β54 nm [H
2
O
2
] =
0.666 M _
25ºC UV photolysis = 1.5
– 2 degradation and UVH
2
O
2
= 80 degradation for 80 min of reaction.
E. coli, B. subtilis spores and MS2, T4,
and T7 phage Mamane et al.,
2007 [76] Batch reactor
Cap = 100 ml MP Hp
= βλ5 – 400 nm.
_ _
_ The disinfection of the microbe was mostly caused
by UV lamp. The presence of HO
• gave small effect
compared to UV irradiation only.
Procion H-exl dyes Riga et al., 2007 [71]
Batch reactor Cap = 300 ml
9 W UVC = β54 nm
_ 12.0
20±1ºC. Decolorization was highly dependent on the pH and
dye photolysis proceeds was fast when pH 12.
Trichloroethene Li et al.,2007 [66]
Stainless steel reactor
Cap = 28 L 1 kW UV
= β00 – 300 nm
_ _
_ HO
• has major role in the degradation. End products
were reported as many kinds of organic acids.
39
40
Methyl tert-butyl ether and tertiary
butyl alcohol Li et al., 2008 [82]
Batch reactor LPUV MPUV
_ _
_ Energy consumption by using LPUV was lower
compared to the MPUV. Pretreatment using NaIX was shown to be the most cost effective.
Natural organic matter NOM
Alachlor Song et al., 2008 [83]
Batch reactor Cap = 6 L
8 W 16 W LP Hg
= β54 nm _
_ _
The natural organic matter NOM decomposition was due to the direct photolysis and HO
• attack.
Basic Red 2 dye BR2 Körbathi and Rauf,
2008 [74] Batch reactor
Cap = 100 ml, UVGL-58, J-129
= β54 nm [BR2]=
20 M [H
2
O
2
]=1.67 mM
7.6 25±2°C
The degradation was highly dependent to the dye concentration and H
2
O
2
concentration.
Monoethanolamine Ariff, 2010 [73]
Batch reactor Cap = 0.3 L
1.1 L LP Hg
= β54 nm _
_ _
UV dose was reported as the main controlling factor on monoethanolamine degradation.
Pharmaceutical compounds in mix
solution Giri et al., 2011 [64]
Batch reactor Cap = 1.2 L
10 W LP Hg = β54 nm,
_ alkaline
25±2 ºC More than 96 of pharmaceutical compounds were
removed by UV photolysis alone and addition of H
2
O
2
was not helpful at low pH.
Nitrogenous organic compounds
Chen et al., 2011 [84] Two reactors
Cap = 650 ml 3 L
14 W LP Hg 450 W MPUV
Hg = β54 nm
_ _
Room temp.
MPUVH
2
O
2
treatment was more effective compared to the LPUVH
2
O
2
. Ammonium was released.
Amoxicillin Jung et al., 2012 [65]
Batch reactor Cap = 500 ml
LP Hg Arc-UV = β54 nm
_ _
20±2 ºC Degradation of Amoxicillin was caused by direct
photolysis and UVH
2
O
2
process. Antibacterial activity was also removed during the process.
40
41
2.3.6.3 Photocatalytic Process
