26
st rategy. It is better to analyze the three main categories in students’ speaking
ability which is considered as the effective learning strategies in speaking.
2.4 Learning Strategies in Speaking
There are many strategies that students can use to promote their language skills. In speaking skill, it was found that there are several learning strategies
which can be used by the students. As mentioned previously, all taxonomies of learning strategies reflect more or less the same categorizations.
From the taxonomi es above, the researcher found that the study of O’Malley
et al. 1985 is the appropriate study that will be adapted in analyzing students’ strategies in speaking ability. Considering the focused strategy in
this study, the research will analyze the cognitive, metacognitive and social strategy as the students’ strategies in practicing speaking in order to increase
their speaking achievement.
O’Malley introduced categories that involved self awareness. In O’Malley et al.’s study 1985 the classification consists of three categories, namely:
metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy.
1. Metacognitive Strategy
In practicing speaking skill, sometimes students convey the words what they have in their mind. In order to monitor before they convey what they want to
speak they need metacognitive strategy. Oxford 1990a states that
27
metacognitive strategies include: centering learning, arranging and planning learning, and evaluating learning.
In Zakin’s study 2007 of metacognitive strategies, students would be taught to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of their own thinking processes and
how to target their common pitfalls. They would learn how to internalize such comments as, “OK, here is where I usually make the mistake of…” “What is
t he question I need to ask myself here?” and, “I know I often confuse….with
….., so I need to go slow now.” Once students feel comfortable with general questioning techniques as well as those that address their specific difficulties,
they would engage in partner and small group sharing, scaffolding their peers in self-questioning techniques tailored to individual needs. Ongoing
metacognitive training assisted by inner speech would enable students to internalize the self-guiding, self-monitoring, and self-correcting skills required
for complex problem solving.
O’Malley and Chamot’s study 1985 as cited in Setiyadi 2011:15-16 say that this strategy relates to the awareness of learning, it requires planning for
learning, thinking about the learning place, monitoring of one’s production of
comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is completed. Metacognitive strategies allow learners to control their own learning through
organizing, planning and evaluation and are employed for managing the learning process overall.
28
1. Centering your learning for example, identifying one’s own learning style preferences.
2. Arranging and planning your learning for example, arranging a study schedule, planning for an L2 task, setting goals and objectives.
3. Evaluating your learning for example, evaluating the success of any type of learning strategy self monitoring, evaluating task success.
Several studies have shown that metacognitive strategies correlated with language learning Brown et al., 1986 and Gu and Johnson, 1996.
2. Cognitive Strategy
