CHAPTER V SUMMARY
Chapter V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study is design to recognize the factors affecting individual differences among the selected residents of Princess Lawanen Hall. It also seeks to know the personal profile of the respondents based on their age, civil status, tribe, religious affiliation& academic status.
The study was conducted in MSU- Main Campus, Marawi City. The respondents of the study are the selected residents of the said dormitory who are also observing individual differences. The 74 no. of respondents were subjects of the study.
A structured questionnaire was developed & distributed personally to respondents in gathering data. Some follow-up questions were also undertaken to supplement data gathered from questionnaire. Data were analyzed, interpreted, & presented based on frequency percentage distribution & weighted mean.
Findings
Based on the gathered data, the following findings have been drawn:
1. Majority of the respondents fall between 18-20 ages with (45) respondents or 60.81 % more than half of the total respondents.
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2. It is found out that all of the respondents are female are single with (74) respondents or 100 %. It means that there is no male residing in the said dormitory.
3. Majority of the respondents are Cebuano with (22) respondents or 29.72 % and total of twelve (12) different cultures among the respondents.
4. Roman Catholic religion dominates with (25) numbers of respondents or 33.87%of the residents.
5. Majority of the residents with (36) number of respondents or 48.64% are tuition privilege students.
6. Finally as to the factors affecting individual differences of the selected residents, the study found that majority of the respondents respond that often individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance & time orientation are the factors affecting individual differences.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:
All of the residents of Princess Lawanen Hall Dormitory were female with an average age that ranges 18-20 years old. All of them were single, having the ethnicity of Cebuano and religious affiliation in Christianity. Moreover, most of the students’ current academic status was tuition privilege. Finally as to the factors affecting individual differences of the selected residents of Princess Lawanen Hall Dormitory, the results reveal that often individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, time orientation are the factors affecting individual differences. It implies that there were differences among them. It’s their discretion and they chose the one best for
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them. This also implies that there were differences among the respondents in terms of personality, beliefs, attitudes, and values due to the culture they used to have. Their uniqueness with each other as a person differed their daily actions and decisions made. As individualistic or collectivistic person, the residents showed different approach in dealing with their personal life, and social life. With regards to power distance, regardless of their differences in beliefs and attitude they wanted to have equal opportunity in all areas in the society. As to uncertainty avoidance, they tried to cope with stress by fighting uncertainty and ambiguous situations within the society. Lastly, as to time orientation they are the people who have a future-oriented culture enjoy discussing potential and future achievement. They tend to define success over a long time horizon and they are individuals who prefer to complete one task at a time and spending money carefully in the present for later enjoyment. Therefore, these individual differences that affect the residents are the common things that they perceived as individuals and the factors that determined their personality, beliefs and values as human being.
Recommendations
In the lights of the findings & conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are made:
1. On Individualism/Collectivism, it is recommended that the Management of Dormitory should conduct group activities, gatherings, or any program that will enable students to socialize with other occupants especially for the individualistic type of people. They must develop sense of belongingness among the group and act in accordance to the will of the people around them. Since all people have different types of culture and not all adapt to it, it is
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recommended that the university will give more importance to cultural differences through conducting any program that can build harmonious relationship among Christians and minorities. It would help build social relationship and camaraderie among the students.
2. On Power Distance, the respondents should be open minded and understand clearly the beliefs and behavior of other cultures in order to prevent misunderstandings and to have a harmonious relationship with each other. They should be more sensitive to the people around them in spite of their individual differences in order for them to build trust and friendship. An organization such as Princess Lawanen Hall also must address the different cultures within itself to develop a joint operating environment. Every individual has an equal rights, it is recommended that students must exercise those rights through participating and joining group affiliations where different type of individuals are brought together without exemptions. With that, equality and opportunity will be stressed. Therefore, it is more encourage joining with those organizations that helps students know their position in the society. In relation to that, there will be more student leaders calling youth individuals to participate with those activities that call for attention in the issues, problems faced by our nation today.
3. On Uncertainty Avoidance, the respondents should take an effort to welcome the beliefs and practices of new or different culture around them so that they may not consider it as risky or dangerous as their new environment. For instance, if one goes from a low uncertainty avoidance index culture to a high
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uncertainty avoidance culture then one should understand the behavior of these people, especially risk taking behavior, i.e., people with high uncertainty avoidance do not like to take risks in their personal or professional life. One should also be willing to accept the habits of people in these cultures.
4. On Time Orientation, the respondents should continually adopt a long term view of social interaction with the people around them. To work with people of other cultures, it's important to understand their "world view”. Planning and goal setting must be prioritized, make it possible for them to accomplish miracles, to change and grow. For instance, the university must also adapt time orientation especially the administration and continually adhere the vision of going international in the year 2020. Furthermore, it is also important to have a little sacrifice today in order to bring a better tomorrow, but not to the extent of limiting the available resources that students must avail.
5. Generally, as we interact with others of different cultures, there is no good substitute for receptiveness to interpersonal feedback, good observation skills, and effective questions. There is much to be gained by observing how people of the same culture interact with each other. It is recommended for everyone to ask questions as most people respond very positively to inquiries about their culture. Asking a variety of people can make anyone get the balanced view. Making a genuine effort to find the positive historical, literary, and cultural contributions of a society; learning a few polite expressions in another person's language; and showing appreciation for the food and music of another culture can have especially positive effects.
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6. Finally, follow-up study should be made in the future
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Belcourt, M., & McBey, K. J. (2008). Strategic Human Resources (3rd ed.). Nelson Education Ltd.
Daft, R. L. (2008). Management (7th ed.).
Davis; Newstrom (2006). Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work (10th ed.). Beethoven Publishing.
Davis, (2006). Organizational Behavior.Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work (12th ed.). International Edition McGraw Hill.
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's Consequence: International Differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publication.
Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1988). Confucius & economic growth: New trends in culture's consequences. Organizational Dynamics, 16 (4), 4-21 Kluckhohn, C. (1962). Culture & Behavior. The Free Press.
Pustay, G. &. (1999). International Business: A Managerial Perspective (2nd ed.). New York: Addison- Wesley.
JOURNAL CITATION
Ana Maria Soares, M. F. (2006). Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies. Journal of Business Research, 280.
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Apao, K. (2011). Cultural Adaptation of selected freshmen residing in
Indarapatra Dormitory in Mindanao State University, Main Campus, Marawi City.
Caparino, C. (2012, October). Effects of Cultural Differences among JEC Officers of Mindanao State University.
Chato, K. L. (2011). Barriers to Cultural Adaptation among freshmen students residing in Super New Girls Dormitory, Mindanao State University, MArawi City.
INTERNET SOURCES
Retrieved July 20, 2013, from
http://www.lifeqs.com/cultural_integration Retrieved July 22, 2013, from
http://www.cyborlink.com/besite/hofstede.htm Retrieved July 22, 2013, from
http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/new LDR_66.htm Retrieved August 11, 2013, from
http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/25/2/233.short
OTHER SOURCES
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“APPENDIX “A”
REQUEST LETTER Republic of the Philippines MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY College of Business Administration and Accountancy
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT Marawi City
Date: Dear Respondents:
Greetings!
The undersigned student is a fourth year BSBA Management student of Mindanao State University (MSU) Main Campus, Marawi City who is conducting a study entitled, “FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AMONG THE SELECTED RESIDENTS IN PRINCESS LAWANEN HALL DORMITORY, MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY, MARAWI CITY”. This is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, Major in Management.
In view thereof, I would like to seek your cooperation in answering the attached questionnaire. Please be assured that your answers will be kept confidential, & data will be used only for academic purposes.
I’m looking forward for your support. Thank you very much.
Sincerely yours,
KIMBERLY S. LOGRONIO Researcher Noted by:
PROF. ANNALEE C. MALA Thesis Adviser
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APPENDIX “B”
“SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE”
Instruction: Please answer the questions by putting check ( ) in the space provided and / or fill the needed information.
PART I RESPONDENTS PROFILE
NAME (optional):
_____________________________________________________________ AGE:
( ) 17and below ( ) 21-24
( ) 18-21 ( ) 24 and above
CIVIL STATUS:
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION:
( ) Islam ( ) Protestant
( ) Roman Catholic ( ) Others: Please Specify ________________ TRIBE: ____________________
ACADEMIC STATUS:
( ) Science Scholar ( ) Tuition Privilege ( ) Academic Scholar ( ) Paying
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PART II INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Direction: Below is the list of items that determines the factors affecting the
individual differences you have observed. Please check () the answer that describes your point of view in the individual differences using the given scale.
4 - Always 3 - Often 2 - Sometimes 1 - Never
INDIVIDUALISM/COLLECTIVISM 1 2 3 4
1. I am independent & prefer to be alone than mingle ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) with other people having different culture from my
own.
2. I have sufficient time for my personal or home ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) life and others’ beliefs do not affect my choices in life.
3. I have pleasant people to work with around ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) and I became more attached to their culture.
4. I care for the people around me and look after their ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) welfare over myself.
POWER DISTANCE 1 2 3 4
1. I believe that people are not equal in this world and ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) that everybody has a right place, which is clearly marked
by countless vertical arrangements
2. I consider others culture a superior one and ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) have a higher level of power in the society.
3. I encourage myself to have a will of my own ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) and give more priority to my own point of view than the other.
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4. I consider others’ beliefs as similar to my own ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) and both has equal place in the society.
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE 1 2 3 4
1. I value clarity and usually avoid ambiguity ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) at work for it is
undesirable.
2. I consider everything that is new and ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) different around me
as risky and dangerous.
3. I am less rule-oriented type of person and take ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) risk in every challenge that comes my way.
4. I am more tolerant for a variety of opinions around ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) me & readily accept changes in my beliefs & attitude.
TIME ORIENTATION 1 2 3 4
1. I foster practical values oriented towards rewards, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) including persistence, saving and capacity for adaptation.
2. I give importance to hard work and perseverance ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) in order to survive in the future.
3. I can demonstrate personal stability and observe ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) customs such as reciprocating favors and gifts from others.
4. I embrace the values of long-term commitments, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) respect for tradition, fulfillment of social obligations.
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APPENDIX “C” COMPUTATIONS
A. Percentage of the Respondents
Formula: Percentage = [Frequency (f) / Total Respondents (n)] x 100
1. Age Range
a. 15-17 years old = (8/74) x 100 = 10.81% b. 18-20 years old = (45/74) x 100 = 60.81% c. 21-23 years old = (19/74) x 100 = 25.68% d. 24 and above = (2/74) x 100 = 2.7% 2. Civil Status
a. Single = (74/74) x 100 = 100 % b. Married = (0/74) x 100 = - 3. Religion
a. Baptist = (1/74) x 100 = 1.35% b. Born Again Christian = (11/74) x 100 = 14.86% c. IFI = (1/74) x 100 = 1.35% d. INC = (1/74) x 100 = 1.35% e. Islam = (19/74) x 100 = 18.92% f. Protestant = (12/74) x 100 = 16.22% g. Roman Catholic = (25/74) x 100 = 33.87% h. SDA = (11/74) x 100 = 14.86% 4. Tribe
a. N/A = (9/74) x 100 = 12.16% b. Cebuano = (22/74) x 100 = 29.72% c. Higaonon = (1/74) x 100 = 1.35% d. Kalagan = (1/74) x 100 = 1.35% e. Kamayo = (6/74) x 100 = 8.11% f. Lumad = (1/74) x 100 = 1.35% g. Mamanua = (1/74) x 100 = 1.35% h. Mandaya = (2/74) x 100 = 2.7% i. Manobo = (7/74) x 100 = 9.56% j. Maranao = (14/74) x 100 = 18.92% k. Subanen = (3/74) x 100 = 4.05% l. Surigaonon = (5/74) x 100 = 6.76% m. Waray = (2/74) x 100 = 2.7%
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a. Science Scholar = (0/74) x 100 = 0 b. Academic Scholar = (1/74) x 100 = 1.35% c. Tuition Privilege = (36/74) x 100 = 48.64% d. Paying = (35/74) x 100 = 47.30% e. Coco Foundation = (2/74) x 100 = 2.70%
B. Weighted Mean as to Individual Differences Formula: Weighted Mean (Wm) = ∑ (fxi) / n 1. Individualism/Collectivism
Question 1
Wm= [(2) (4) + (14) (3) + (44) (2) + (1) (14)] / 74 = (8 + 42 + 88+ 14) / 74
= 152/74 = 2.05 Question 2
Wm= [(18) (4) + (24) (3) + (30) (2) + (2) (1)] / 74 = (72 + 72 + 60 + 2) / 74
= 206/74 = 2.78 Question 3
Wm= [(13) (4) + (35) (3) + (24) (2) + (2) (1)] / 74 = (52 + 105 + 48 + 2) / 74
= 207/74 = 2.80 Question 4
Wm= [(21) (4) + (33) (3) + (20) (2) + (0) (1)] /74 = (84 + 99 + 40 + 0) / 74
= 223/74 = 3.01
Over-all Weighted Mean
Xw = (2.05 + 2.78 + 2.80 + 3.01)/ 74 = 10.64/74
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Question 1
Wm= [(25) (4) + (15) (3) + (19) (2) + (15) (1)] / 74 = (100 + 45 + 38+ 15) / 74
= 198/74 = 2.68 Question 2
Wm= [(15) (4) + (16) (3) + (19) (2) + (24) (1)] / 74 = (60 + 48 + 38 + 24) / 74
= 170/74 = 2.30 Question 3
Wm= [(12) (4) + (26) (3) + (30) (2) + (6) (1)] / 74 = (48 + 78 + 60 + 6 / 74
= 192/74 = 2.59 Question 4
Wm= [(39) (4) + (18) (3) + (15) (2) + (2) (1)] / 74 = (156 + 54 + 30 + 2) / 74
= 242/74 = 3.27
Over-all Weighted Mean
Xw = (2.68 + 2.30+ 2.59 + 3.27)/ 4 = 10.84/4
= 2.71
3. Uncertainty Avoidance
Question 1
Wm= [(26) (4) + (25) (3) + (23) (2) + (0) (1)] / 74 = (104 + 75 + 46+ 0) / 74
= 225/74 = 3.04 Question 2
Wm= [(6) (4) + (21) (3) + (35) (2) + (12) (1)] / 74 = (24 + 63 + 70 + 12) / 74
= 169/74 = 2.28 Question 3
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= (36 + 81 + 68 + 4) / 74 = 189/74
= 2.55 Question 4
Wm= [(14) (4) + (16) (3) + (36) (2) + (8) (1)] / 74 = (56 + 48 + 72 + 8) / 74
= 184/74 = 2.49
Over-all Weighted Mean
Xw = (3.04 + 2.28 + 2.55 + 2.49)/ 4 = 10.64/4
= 2.59
4. Time Orientation Question 1
Wm= [(19) (4) + (37) (3) + (17) (2) + (1) (1)] / 74 = (76 + 111 + 34 + 1) / 74
= 222/74 = 3.0 Question 2
Wm= [(44) (4) + (26) (3) + (3) (2) + (1) (1)] / 74 = (176 + 78 + 6 + 1) / 74
= 261/74 = 3.53 Question 3
Wm= [(8) (4) + (40) (3) + (25) (2) + (1) (1)] / 74 = (32 + 120 + 50 + 1) / 74
= 195/74 = 2.74 Question 4
Wm= [(40) (4) + (23) (3) + (9) (2) + (2) (1)] / 74 = (160 + 69 + 18 + 2) / 74
= 249/74 = 3.36
Over-all Weighted Mean
Xw = (3.0 + 3.53 + 2.74 + 3.36)/ 4 = 12.63/4
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APPENDIX “D”
MSU MAP
Princess Lawanen Hall Dormitory
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APPENDIX “E”
CURRICULUM VITAE
Biographical Sketch:
Name: Kimberly Sotto Logronio Nickname: khimz, kim
Home Address: STC, Jagobiao Mandaue City, Cebu Tribe: Cebuano
Religion: Born Again Christian Date of Birth: February 12, 1990 Place of Birth: Cebu City
Name of Father: Bonifacio Monleon Logronio Name of Mother: Ma. Theresa Sotto Logronio
Educational Background:
Elementary: Consolacion Central School Consolacion, Cebu
A.Y. 1997- 2002
Secondary: St. Louis School of Mandaue Sudlon, Maguikay, Mandaue City A.Y. 2002-2006
Tertiary: Mindanao State University, Main Campus Marawi City, Lanao Del Sur
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BS in Business Administration Major in Management A.Y. 2011-2014
BS in Civil Engineering A.Y. 2010-2011
Affiliation:
Junior Executive Club Member (JEC) A.Y. 2011-2014
Junior People Management Association of the Philippines (JPMAP) A.Y. 2012-2014
Seniors’ Council Member (SC) A.Y. 2013-2014
Work Experience:
On-the-job training (OJT) at Development Bank of the Philippines Bridgestown Square, Alang-alang, Mandaue City, Cebu
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a. Science Scholar = (0/74) x 100 = 0 b. Academic Scholar = (1/74) x 100 = 1.35% c. Tuition Privilege = (36/74) x 100 = 48.64%
d. Paying = (35/74) x 100 = 47.30%
e. Coco Foundation = (2/74) x 100 = 2.70%
B. Weighted Mean as to Individual Differences
Formula: Weighted Mean (Wm) = ∑ (fxi) / n
1. Individualism/Collectivism
Question 1
Wm= [(2) (4) + (14) (3) + (44) (2) + (1) (14)] / 74 = (8 + 42 + 88+ 14) / 74
= 152/74 = 2.05
Question 2
Wm= [(18) (4) + (24) (3) + (30) (2) + (2) (1)] / 74
= (72 + 72 + 60 + 2) / 74 = 206/74
= 2.78
Question 3
Wm= [(13) (4) + (35) (3) + (24) (2) + (2) (1)] / 74
= (52 + 105 + 48 + 2) / 74
= 207/74
= 2.80
Question 4
Wm= [(21) (4) + (33) (3) + (20) (2) + (0) (1)] /74 = (84 + 99 + 40 + 0) / 74
= 223/74 = 3.01
Over-all Weighted Mean
Xw = (2.05 + 2.78 + 2.80 + 3.01)/ 74
= 10.64/74
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2. Power Distance
Question 1
Wm= [(25) (4) + (15) (3) + (19) (2) + (15) (1)] / 74 = (100 + 45 + 38+ 15) / 74
= 198/74 = 2.68
Question 2
Wm= [(15) (4) + (16) (3) + (19) (2) + (24) (1)] / 74
= (60 + 48 + 38 + 24) / 74 = 170/74
= 2.30
Question 3
Wm= [(12) (4) + (26) (3) + (30) (2) + (6) (1)] / 74
= (48 + 78 + 60 + 6 / 74
= 192/74
= 2.59
Question 4
Wm= [(39) (4) + (18) (3) + (15) (2) + (2) (1)] / 74 = (156 + 54 + 30 + 2) / 74
= 242/74 = 3.27
Over-all Weighted Mean
Xw = (2.68 + 2.30+ 2.59 + 3.27)/ 4
= 10.84/4
= 2.71
3. Uncertainty Avoidance
Question 1
Wm= [(26) (4) + (25) (3) + (23) (2) + (0) (1)] / 74 = (104 + 75 + 46+ 0) / 74
= 225/74 = 3.04
Question 2
Wm= [(6) (4) + (21) (3) + (35) (2) + (12) (1)] / 74
= (24 + 63 + 70 + 12) / 74 = 169/74
= 2.28
Question 3
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= (36 + 81 + 68 + 4) / 74
= 189/74
= 2.55
Question 4
Wm= [(14) (4) + (16) (3) + (36) (2) + (8) (1)] / 74 = (56 + 48 + 72 + 8) / 74
= 184/74 = 2.49
Over-all Weighted Mean
Xw = (3.04 + 2.28 + 2.55 + 2.49)/ 4
= 10.64/4
= 2.59
4. Time Orientation
Question 1
Wm= [(19) (4) + (37) (3) + (17) (2) + (1) (1)] / 74 = (76 + 111 + 34 + 1) / 74
= 222/74 = 3.0
Question 2
Wm= [(44) (4) + (26) (3) + (3) (2) + (1) (1)] / 74
= (176 + 78 + 6 + 1) / 74 = 261/74
= 3.53
Question 3
Wm= [(8) (4) + (40) (3) + (25) (2) + (1) (1)] / 74
= (32 + 120 + 50 + 1) / 74
= 195/74
= 2.74
Question 4
Wm= [(40) (4) + (23) (3) + (9) (2) + (2) (1)] / 74 = (160 + 69 + 18 + 2) / 74
= 249/74 = 3.36
Over-all Weighted Mean
Xw = (3.0 + 3.53 + 2.74 + 3.36)/ 4
= 12.63/4
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APPENDIX “D”
MSU MAP
Princess Lawanen Hall Dormitory
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APPENDIX “E”
CURRICULUM VITAE
Biographical Sketch:
Name: Kimberly Sotto Logronio
Nickname: khimz, kim
Home Address: STC, Jagobiao Mandaue City, Cebu
Tribe: Cebuano
Religion: Born Again Christian Date of Birth: February 12, 1990 Place of Birth: Cebu City
Name of Father: Bonifacio Monleon Logronio Name of Mother: Ma. Theresa Sotto Logronio
Educational Background:
Elementary: Consolacion Central School Consolacion, Cebu
A.Y. 1997- 2002
Secondary: St. Louis School of Mandaue Sudlon, Maguikay, Mandaue City A.Y. 2002-2006
Tertiary: Mindanao State University, Main Campus Marawi City, Lanao Del Sur
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BS in Business Administration Major in Management A.Y. 2011-2014
BS in Civil Engineering A.Y. 2010-2011
Affiliation:
Junior Executive Club Member (JEC) A.Y. 2011-2014
Junior People Management Association of the Philippines (JPMAP) A.Y. 2012-2014
Seniors’ Council Member (SC) A.Y. 2013-2014
Work Experience:
On-the-job training (OJT) at Development Bank of the Philippines
Bridgestown Square, Alang-alang, Mandaue City, Cebu March 25, 2013- May 17, 2013