METAPHOR IN HITAM PUTIH PROGRAM ON TRANS TV CHANEL.

(1)

METAPHOR IN HITAM PUTIH PROGRAM

ON TRANS7 TV CHANNEL

by:

MASYITA

Registration Number: 809111037

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2015

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

ABSTRACT

MASYITA. Registration number: 809111037, Metaphor in Hitam Putih Program on Trans TV Chanel. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistic Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2015.

The objectives of this study are to determine the types of metaphor used in Hitam Putih Talkshow, to find out the dominant type of metaphor in Hitam Putih talkshow and to describe how metaphor occurs in Hitam Putih talkshow. The data are collected by using documentary technique in metaphor only. There are seven data of Hitam Putih talkshow that represented speaker’s intension. The data are analyzed by using Miles’ and Huberman’s theory that consists of three steps, they are data reduction, data display and conclusion. The findings are implicit metaphor is used to express personal feeling, thoughts and ideas, to compare the vehicle (source) to tenor (target), and to evoke humor, personal reason based on social context. Meanwhile, explicit metaphor is used to describe /explain personal experience based on individual knowledge, and to build understanding between speakers with the listener in conveying the speaker’s intension. As a result, Hitam Putih Talkshow uses both implicit and explicit metaphor. But not all of editions use both of them. The dominant type of metaphor in Hitam Putih Talkshow is implicit metaphor and explicit metaphor are used by the host(s) and guest star(s) to express their feeling such as happiness, humor, sadness and love. They also are use to build understanding between host(s), guest star(s) and also audience, about their intension.

Keywords: Metaphor, Explicit metaphor, Implicit metaphor, Hitam Putih Talk show

(7)

ABSTRAK

MASYITA. Nimko: 809111037, Metaphor in Hitam Putih Program on Trans TV Chanel. Thesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2015.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan tipe-tipe metafora dalam Talkshow Hitam Putih, untuk menemukan tipe metafora yang dominan dan untuk menggambarkan bagaimana keberadaan metafora dalam Talkshow Hitam Putih. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik dokumentasi yang hanya mengambil ujaran yang menggunakan metafora saja. Kemudian data tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan teori Miles dan Huberman yang mencakup tiga tahap yaitu data reduksi, data display dan kesimpulan. Hasil penemuan antara lain bahwa implisit metafora digunakan untuk mengekspresikan perasaan, pikiran dan ide-ide, untuk membandingkan vehicle (sumber) dengan tenor (target), kemudian untuk memancing humor, dan untuk menyampaikan hal yang bersifat pribadi berdasarkan konteks sosial seseorang. Kemudian eksplicit metafora digunakan untuk menggambarkan atau menjelaskan pengalaman seseorang berdasarkan pengetahuannya dan untuk membangun pemahaman antara sipembicara dengan sipendengar dalam memahami maksud si pembicara. Sebagai kesimpulannya, Talkshow Hitam Putih menggunakan dua tipe yaitu implisit metafora dan eksplisit metafora. Akan tetapi tidak disemua edisi mennggunakan keduanya. Implicit metafora merupakan tipe yang mendominasi dan eksplisit metafora digunakan oleh sipembawa acara dan bintang tamu untuk mengekspresikan perasaan seperti bahagia, humor, sedih dan mengungkapkan rasa cinta. Metafora juga digunakan untuk menciptakan pemahaman antara sipembawa acara, bintang tamu dan juga para penonton.

Kata Kunci: Metaphor, Eksplisit metafora, Implisit metafora, Hitam Putih Talk show

(8)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

All praises belong to Allah, who has commanded us to spread peace to all man kind and also who gave health, chance and capability to the writer to finish the thesis. May peace and blessing of Allah be upon Prophet Muhammad SAW who introduced us good behaviours.

Foremost, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to her advisors, Dr. Dr. Syahron Lubis, MA and Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd for the continuous support and guidance to finish the thesis, for their patience, motivation, enthhusiasm, and immense knowledge given to the writer. Moreover, the writer would like to express her thanks to the examiners, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Pd for their suggestions, comments and questions for the thesis improvement. Their guidance helped her all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Besides her advisors and examiners, she would like to thank to all lecturers of English Applied Linguistics Program for their encouragement and insights.

Sincere are expressed to her parents, H.Alimudin SE and Hj. Andriza and her husband Syaiful Hendra for their support, love and care. Her special thanks are also expressed to all her children, Talita Khansa, Faiha, Dzihni Mumtaz and M. Gibran El Shaarawy for their support and love. Her special thanks also go to her sisters and brothers, her nieces and nephews, her aunt, and for the people who

(9)

has supported in completing this thesis. Last, but not least, her thanks to her friends especially of English Applied Linguistics Program for their support and suggestions.

Finally, the writer hopes that the readers will give any comments, respons, and corrections for the mistakes of this thesis. The writer realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. May this thesis be useful and may it be one of the references for the next research and enhance our knowledge. May Allah SWT bless us forever. Amin ya Rabbal ‘alamin

Medan, June, 2015

The Writer

(10)

ABSTRACT………

i

ABSTRAK………..

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……… iii

TABLE OF CONTENT……… v

LIST OF TABLE……… vii

LIST OF FIGURE………. viii

LIST OF APPENDICES……… ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……….. 1

1.1 The Background of the Study……….. 1

1.2 The Focus of the Study……… 5

1.3 The Problems of the Study……….. 5

1.4 The Objectives of the Study……… 6

1.5 The Significances of the Study……….. 6

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW……….. 8

2.1 Meaning………. 8

2.2 Metaphor………... 14

2.2.1 Types of Metaphor……….. 21

2.2.2 The Concept of Metaphor……… 33

2.3 Hitam Putih Talkshow……….. 35

2.4 Relevant Studies………... 37

2.5 Conceptual Framework………. 38

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD……… 41

3.1 Research Design………. 41

3.2 The Data and Source of Data……… 41

3.3 Technique of Collecting Data……… 41

3.4 The Technique of Data Analysis……… 42

(11)

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING, AND DISCUSSION…………. 46

4.1 Data Analysis………. 46

4.1.1 Types of Metaphor in Hitam Putih Talkshow…………. 47

4.1.2 The Percentage of Implicit Metaphor and Explicit Metaphor per-edition……….. 51

4.2 Finding……… 71

4.3 Discussion……….. 72

CHAPTER V CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS……… 75

5.1 Conclussions……….. 75

5.2 Suggestions……… 75

REFERENCES………. 77

APPENDICES………. 80

(12)

LIST OF TABLE

(13)

LIST OF FIGURE

The Percentage of the Metaphor Usage in Hitam Putih Talkshow ……… 71

(14)

LIST OF APPENDICES

(15)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Language as a means of communication always takes place within some sort of social context. Good in Thompson (2003) emphasizes that the use of language lies at the very heart of social lives. This is why effective communication requires an understanding and recognition of the connections between a language and the people who use it. Communication is defined as a means of transmitting information. To communicate means giving and getting different amounts of information and various characters and qualities of communicated messages at one time, which is conditioned by many factors such as the time, place and subject matter of what is being transmitted from the addressor to the addressee in a particular situation. The addressor communicates because he intends not only to exchange information, but he also aims at affecting the behavior of the addressee.

Then it can be said that these conditions are complex. Where, there are situations where one is required to use slang with a friend or formal language with a boss and to judge a candidate’s campaign speeches. All of these acts require knowledge of the language, as well as the cultural and social forces acting on that language. Social context is a major factor that drives one’s language choices. For example, the language used in an interview situation is much concerned with how one spoke as with what one actually said. One may have even practiced sounding

(16)

confident, for instance, or intelligent, so that one would make a good impression during the interview. One makes decisions every day, or has decisions made about her/himself by other people, based on the language use. Someone frewuently evaluates a person’s education, socioeconomic level, background, honesty, friendliness, and numerous other wualities by which a person speaks. When the speaker wants to make a particular impression on someone else, s/he consciously chooses her/his language, just as s/he chooses hair styles or clothing.

Language is not something somehow separated from the ideas it contains, but the way language is used indicates a great deal about how the ideas have been shaped. A speaker may say words clearly and use long complex sentences with correct grammar, but s/he still has a communication problem if s/he has not mastered the rules for social language known as pragmatics. In this study, the speakers should understand appropriately the concept of the language which is included in the area of linguistics.

This study will focus on the use of metaphor in “Hitam Putih” program on trans7 TV channel. The writer chose this program because she was interested in how the speakers use language in talk show. The speakers express their anger, sadness, or happiness through their language. Sometimes, they use metaphor to express their feeling. It was used to make some analogies or similarities of characteristic of one thing and another thing. For example when Abraham Samad said,”teror itu sudah seperti sarapan pagi”. the phrase sarapan pagi means that terror has become a habit for him. He used that phrase to make the analogy.

(17)

To investigate metaphor in a media such TV text and to describe metaphors’ forms and functions, firstly they have to be reliably and systematically identified in order to create a solid basis for analysis. In order to do so, here are two major approaches to identify metaphor in discourse. Firstly, metaphor analysis can be approached top-down, i.e. the researcher starts out from (a) conceptual metaphor(s) and then searches for linguistic expressions that are compatible with that mapping (Chilton, 1996). Secondly, the search for metaphorically used words can be tackled from the bottom up (Pragglejaz Group, 2007) – without presuming a specific conceptual metaphor. Only at a later stage are conceptual metaphors derived from the linguistic expressions that have been identified.

In identify a metaphor, an approach of language in using as a symbolic system and not as a cognitive process. Steen’s (2007) proposal was used to distinguish the different levels of analysis. Such a careful separation allows for more precise formulation of metaphor identification criteria and will thus lay the groundwork for ensuing analysis that may look at metaphor processing or may examine metaphorical patterns and how they relate to, for example, register, word class, style or communicative goals, focusing on how language is used in discourse. For example, Charteris Black (2004) demonstrates the role of metaphor in the development of ideology by examining its persuasive function. Semino (2008) explores the forms and functions of metaphors in different genres and topics by examining metaphorical patterns and relating their use in specific

(18)

contexts to conventional metaphorical patterns in language generally. Similarly, Cameron (2003) puts metaphor in use at the center of attention, emphasizing the importance of taking context into account. Metaphor can be approached as a system of language or a system of thought (Steen, 2009). This thesis deals with both of these approaches. Since language and thought present two different levels of analysis, they each rewuire a different methodological treatment. One linguistic form does not necessarily correspond to one clearly delineated concept and may be connected to several levels of generality in conceptual structure.

This study referes to the use of metaphor in “Hitam Putih” a program on Trans7 TV Channel. Hitam Putih is a talk show which is broadcast on Trans7 TV channel. This program becomes one of a wanted program which is waited by society of Indonesia. In this channel, familiar public figure such as celebrity and actors or artists to be inspiration. Hitam Putih is a talk show program which is carried out through the mind reading. It means that when the participants are being interviewed by the host (Dedy Corbuzier), he/she will be powerless because of being bullied by the wuestions from the host which force them to explain about his/her life unconsciously. During the talk show, the host also will entertain the audience with some of wonderful attractions, where all the audience may laugh out loud.

Hitam Putih program is not going to be concerned in making this study, but what is going to be concerned in this study is the language use. Simply it can be means that that this study was focused on the metaphor used in Hitam Putih

(19)

program. There are some reasons for choosing the metaphor used in Hitam Putih

program on Trans7 TV Channel as the object of the study. First, this program is known for indirection in their linguistics behavior, especially the host and the participant talk about unfamiliar things. Second, the program of Hitam Putih is a program which has great aspect of language. Because the language use in the

Hitam Putih program is different among the host and the participants which are invited to be the respondents in the TV program. The language in this program is used to express the feeling that evoke among speakers. Sometimes, they s/he uses metaphor to express fear, anger or sadness. Finally, this studies which was focused on the use of metaphor in Hitam Putih program on Trans7 TV Channel was rarely found or conducted due to the limitation of data sources. These facts serve to be a motivation to conduct the present study dealing with the use of metaphor in Hitam Putih program on Trans7 TV channel in order to find out what types of metaphor which are used in the program of Hitam Putih.

1.2 The Focus of the Study

The study is focused on Lexical metaphors. Lexical metaphors concerns with the lexemes or words in primary meaning that are compared to the other. The concept of lexical metaphors is related to the explicit meaning and implicit meaning which is used by the speakers in Hitam Putih Talk Show.

1.3 The Problems of the Study

(20)

following:

(1) What types of metaphor are realized in Hitam Putih program on Trans7 TV Channel?

(2) What is the dominant type of metaphor used in Hitam Putih program on Trans7 TV Channel?

(3) How do the metaphors occure in relating to the speakers’ intension in

Hitam Putih program on Trans7 TV Channel?

1.4 The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are

(1) to find out the types of metaphor which are realized in Hitam Putih program on Trans7 TV Channel

(2) to find out the dominant type of metaphor that useful in Hitam Putih

program on Trans7 TV Channel

(3) to describe how the context of using metaphors in Hitam Putih program on Trans7 TV Channel

1.5 The Significances of the Study

The findings of the study are expected to be useful relevant theoretically and practically, where they are expected to enrich the theories of linguistics especially about metaphor, specifically the spoken language of certain aspect such as media or in a certain community and this study considers being useful initially to provide the information of metaphor used by participants of a talk show when

(21)

they express metaphor in the situation. Consewuently, it will give better understanding and new insight on how metaphor is related to the aspect of linguistics study. This contribution will in turn give tentative framework for a comprehensive analysis of metaphorical expressions.

Since this research was focused on metaphor used in Hitam Putih program on Trans7 TV Channel, hopefully the findings will be useful for teachers and lecturers of linguistics to apply the metaphorical expression specifically in linguistics to the students either in university or high school which occur in daily conversation, then the students knowledge about the metaphor can be enlarged and brightened and also for the general people, they would have a clear understanding about the metaphorical expressions such as media or in a certain community, they can practice the metaphor which are used in a certain ceremony.

(22)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclussions

After describing and analyzing the metaphors in Hitam Putih Talkshow, the writer can draw some conclussions as follows:

(1) Hitam Putih Talkshow used implicit and explicit metaphor. But not all

editions used both of them. Sometimes only implicit metaphor occured in Hitam Putih Talkshow

(2) The dominant type of metaphor in Hitam Putih Talkshow is implicit type.

There is 79.57% of implicit metaphor used in Hitam Putih Talkshow.

(3) Implicit and explicit metaphor were used by the host(s) and guest star(s) to

express their feeling of happiness, humor, sadness and love. They also were used to build understanding between host(s), guest star(s) and also audience, about their intension.

5.2 Suggestions

Metaphor as part of language is often used both by ordinary people and educated people. Based on the purposes, metaphors can be used to inform, or to explain, even to refer to humor hence people understand the speakers’ intension. in this study, the writer limited to one of Talkshow program especially Hitam Putih talkshow. The writer would like to sugges three things as follow:

(23)

(1) The students especially of linguistics should study sematic especially metaphors in order to find out the variation of metaphor based on its theme. (2) The lecturers who teach language, should provide a lot information in

semantics field and discourse. In addition, they also should enrich it through translation because the metaphor is arbitrary.

(3) For the other reserchers, the information of metaphor in Hitam Putih Talkshow is based on linguistic needs more extensive research from the other field to complete it.

(24)

REFERENCES

Ary D. J. & Razarviech, H. 1979. Introduction to Research in Education. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston

Azis, A. 1994. Introduction to Linguistic. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikaan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jenderal Pendidkan Dasar dan Menengah Proyek Peningkatan Mutu Guru SLTP Setara D-III

Cameron, L., & Deignan, A. (2003). Combining large and small corpora to investigate tuning devices around metaphor in spoken discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 18(3), 149-160.

Cameron, L. (2006). MetNet: The metaphor analysis project. Retrieved 2/3/2007, from http://creet.open.ac.uk/projects/metaphor-analysis/index.cfm

Chaer, Abdul. 2003. Psikolinguistik: Tinjauan Teoretis. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis. Houndmills, Basingstoke; Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus approaches to critical metaphor analysis.

Houndmills, Basingstoke; Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Chilton, P. (1996). Security metaphors: Cold war discourse from containment to

common house. New York: Peter Lang.

Gleason and Ratner. 1998. Psycholinguistics. Orlando: Harcourt Brace College. G. N. Leech and M. H. Short. 1981. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to

English Fictional Prose, London: Longman. G. Leech. 1974. Semantics, London: Penguin.

Haser, V. (2005). Metaphor, metonymy, and experientialist philosophy. Challenging cognitive semantics. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Heywood, J., & Semino, E. (2007). Metaphors for speaking and writing in the British press. In A. Esslin & S. Johnson (Eds.), Language in the media: Representations, identities, ideologies. London: Continuum.

(25)

Katz, A. N. (1996). Experimental psycholinguistics and figurative language: Circa 1995. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 11(1), 17-37.

Kovecses, Z. (2000). Metaphor and Emotion:Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kovecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor. A Practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Marpaung, S. 2011. Thesis; Metaphor in Barack Obama’s Speeches. Medan;

Unimed

Palmer, F. R. 1976. Semantic A New Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pragglejaz Group. (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1-39.

Santa Ana, O. (1999). ‘Like an animal I was treated’: Anti-immigrant metaphor in US public discourse. Discourse Society, 10, 191-224.

Saragih and Perdana. 2004. Journal; Interpersonal Metaphor in Mata Najwa’s Talk Show. Medan; Unimed.

Searle, John. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University.

Semino, E. (2008). Metaphor in discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Steen, G. J. (2007). Finding metaphor in grammar and usage. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Steen, G. J. (2009). From linguistic form to conceptual structure in five steps: analyzing metaphor in poetry. In G. Brône & J. Vandaele (Eds.), Cognitive poetics (pp. 197-226). Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

(26)

Steen, G. J., Dorst, A. G., Kaal, A. A., Herrmann, J. B., & Krennmayr, T. (2010). A method for linguistic metaphor identification: From MIP to MIPVU. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Taiwo, R. 2007. Metaphors in Nigerian Political Discourse Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria/ University of Freiburg, Germany. University of Freiburg Press

Thompson, N. 2003. Communication and Language: A handbook of Theory and Praxis. Pelgrave Macmilan: London.

van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News as discourse. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

(27)

Katz, A. N. (1996). Experimental psycholinguistics and figurative language: Circa 1995. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 11(1), 17-37.

Kovecses, Z. (2000). Metaphor and Emotion:Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kovecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor. A Practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Marpaung, S. 2011. Thesis; Metaphor in Barack Obama’s Speeches. Medan;

Unimed

Palmer, F. R. 1976. Semantic A New Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pragglejaz Group. (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1-39.

Santa Ana, O. (1999). ‘Like an animal I was treated’: Anti-immigrant metaphor in US public discourse. Discourse Society, 10, 191-224.

Saragih and Perdana. 2004. Journal; Interpersonal Metaphor in Mata Najwa’s Talk Show. Medan; Unimed.

Searle, John. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University.

Semino, E. (2008). Metaphor in discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Steen, G. J. (2007). Finding metaphor in grammar and usage. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

(28)

Steen, G. J., Dorst, A. G., Kaal, A. A., Herrmann, J. B., & Krennmayr, T. (2010). A method for linguistic metaphor identification: From MIP to MIPVU. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Taiwo, R. 2007. Metaphors in Nigerian Political Discourse Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria/ University of Freiburg, Germany. University of Freiburg Press

Thompson, N. 2003. Communication and Language: A handbook of Theory and Praxis. Pelgrave Macmilan: London.

van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News as discourse. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

(1)

semantics field and discourse. In addition, they also should enrich it through translation because the metaphor is arbitrary.

(3) For the other reserchers, the information of metaphor in Hitam Putih Talkshow is based on linguistic needs more extensive research from the other field to complete it.

(2)

REFERENCES

Ary D. J. & Razarviech, H. 1979. Introduction to Research in Education. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston

Azis, A. 1994. Introduction to Linguistic. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikaan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jenderal Pendidkan Dasar dan Menengah Proyek Peningkatan Mutu Guru SLTP Setara D-III

Cameron, L., & Deignan, A. (2003). Combining large and small corpora to investigate tuning devices around metaphor in spoken discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 18(3), 149-160.

Cameron, L. (2006). MetNet: The metaphor analysis project. Retrieved 2/3/2007, from http://creet.open.ac.uk/projects/metaphor-analysis/index.cfm

Houndmills, Basingstoke; Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Chilton, P. (1996). Security metaphors: Cold war discourse from containment to

common house. New York: Peter Lang.

Gleason and Ratner. 1998. Psycholinguistics. Orlando: Harcourt Brace College. G. N. Leech and M. H. Short. 1981. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to

English Fictional Prose, London: Longman. G. Leech. 1974. Semantics, London: Penguin.

(3)

Katz, A. N. (1996). Experimental psycholinguistics and figurative language: Circa 1995. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 11(1), 17-37.

Kovecses, Z. (2000). Metaphor and Emotion:Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kovecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor. A Practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Marpaung, S. 2011. Thesis; Metaphor in Barack Obama’s Speeches. Medan;

Unimed

Palmer, F. R. 1976. Semantic A New Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pragglejaz Group. (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1-39.

Santa Ana, O. (1999). ‘Like an animal I was treated’: Anti-immigrant metaphor in US public discourse. Discourse Society, 10, 191-224.

Saragih and Perdana. 2004. Journal; Interpersonal Metaphor in Mata Najwa’s Talk Show. Medan; Unimed.

Searle, John. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University.

Semino, E. (2008). Metaphor in discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Steen, G. J. (2007). Finding metaphor in grammar and usage. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

(4)

Steen, G. J., Dorst, A. G., Kaal, A. A., Herrmann, J. B., & Krennmayr, T. (2010). A method for linguistic metaphor identification: From MIP to MIPVU. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Taiwo, R. 2007. Metaphors in Nigerian Political Discourse Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria/ University of Freiburg, Germany. University of Freiburg Press

Thompson, N. 2003. Communication and Language: A handbook of Theory and Praxis. Pelgrave Macmilan: London.

van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News as discourse. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

(5)

Katz, A. N. (1996). Experimental psycholinguistics and figurative language: Circa 1995. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 11(1), 17-37.

Kovecses, Z. (2000). Metaphor and Emotion:Language, Culture and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kovecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor. A Practical introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Marpaung, S. 2011. Thesis; Metaphor in Barack Obama’s Speeches. Medan;

Unimed

Palmer, F. R. 1976. Semantic A New Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pragglejaz Group. (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1-39.

Santa Ana, O. (1999). ‘Like an animal I was treated’: Anti-immigrant metaphor in US public discourse. Discourse Society, 10, 191-224.

Saragih and Perdana. 2004. Journal; Interpersonal Metaphor in Mata Najwa’s Talk Show. Medan; Unimed.

Searle, John. 1979. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University.

Semino, E. (2008). Metaphor in discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Steen, G. J. (2007). Finding metaphor in grammar and usage. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

(6)

Steen, G. J., Dorst, A. G., Kaal, A. A., Herrmann, J. B., & Krennmayr, T. (2010). A method for linguistic metaphor identification: From MIP to MIPVU. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Taiwo, R. 2007. Metaphors in Nigerian Political Discourse Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria/ University of Freiburg, Germany. University of Freiburg Press

Thompson, N. 2003. Communication and Language: A handbook of Theory and Praxis. Pelgrave Macmilan: London.

van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News as discourse. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

METAPHOR IN HITAM PUTIH PROGRAM ON TRANS TV CHANEL.